| Putian | |
| Nativename: | / 仙遊話 |
| States: | Southern China |
| Region: | Xianyou, Putian, Fujian |
| Speakers: | ? |
| Familycolor: | Sino-Tibetan |
| Fam2: | Sinitic |
| Fam3: | Chinese |
| Fam4: | Min |
| Fam5: | Coastal Min |
| Fam6: | Pu-Xian Min |
| Ancestor: | Proto-Sino-Tibetan |
| Ancestor2: | Old Chinese |
| Ancestor3: | Proto-Min |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Glotto: | xian1252 |
| Glottorefname: | Xianyou |
| Lingua: | 79-AAA-ida |
| Notice: | IPA |
The Xianyou dialect (Pu-Xian Min: / 仙遊話; pronounced as /ɬiŋ˨˨ iu˨˦ ua˨˩/) is a dialect of Pu-Xian Min Chinese spoken in Xianyou, Putian in the southeast coast of Fujian province, China.
The Xianyou dialect has 15 initials, 45 rimes and 7 tones.
| Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | Unaspirated voiceless | pronounced as /link/ 巴 | pronounced as /link/ 打 | pronounced as /link/ 家 | pronounced as /link/ 烏 | ||
| Aspirated voiceless | pronounced as /link/ 彭 | pronounced as /link/ 他 | pronounced as /link/ 卡 | ||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ 麻 | pronounced as /link/ 拿 | pronounced as /link/ 雅 | ||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | pronounced as /link/ 沙 | pronounced as /link/ 下 | ||||
| Voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Affricate | Unaspirated voiceless | pronounced as /link/ 渣 | |||||
| Aspirated voiceless | pronounced as /link/ 査 | ||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ 拉 | ||||||
| pronounced as /link/ 鴉 | pronounced as /ã/ 平 | pronounced as /au/ 拗 | pronounced as /aŋ/ 江 | pronounced as /aʔ/ 壓 | ||
| pronounced as /link/ 奥 | pronounced as /ɒ̃/ 泛 | pronounced as /ɒŋ/ 王 | pronounced as /ɒʔ/ 屋 | |||
| pronounced as /link/ 科 | pronounced as /ɔu/ 烏 | |||||
| pronounced as /link/ 裔 | pronounced as /ai/ 愛 | pronounced as /ɛŋ/ 煙 | pronounced as /ɛʔ/ 黑 | |||
| pronounced as /link/ 改 | ||||||
| pronounced as /link/ 伓 | ||||||
| pronounced as /link/ 衣 | pronounced as /ĩ/ 反 | pronounced as /iu/ 油 | pronounced as /iũ/ 張 | pronounced as /iŋ/ 引 | pronounced as /iʔ/ 益 | |
| pronounced as /ia/ 夜 | pronounced as /iã/ 丙 | pronounced as /ieu/ 要 | pronounced as /iɛŋ/ 鹽 | pronounced as /iɛʔ/ 葉 | ||
| pronounced as /link/ 夫 | pronounced as /ui/ 位 | pronounced as /uĩ/ 風 | ||||
| pronounced as /ua/ 画 | pronounced as /uoi/ 歪 | pronounced as /uã/ 搬 | pronounced as /uaŋ/ 碗 | pronounced as /uoʔ/ 活 | ||
| pronounced as /link/ 余 | pronounced as /ỹ/ 頓 | pronounced as /yŋ/ 恩 | pronounced as /yʔ/ 役 | |||
| pronounced as /ya/ 鵝 | pronounced as /yã/ 然 | pronounced as /yøŋ/ 羊 | pronounced as /yøʔ/ 藥 |
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tones | dark level 陰平 | light level 陽平 | rising 上聲 | dark departing 陰去 | light departing 陽去 | dark entering 陰入 | light entering 陽入 |
| Tone contour | pronounced as /˥˦˦/ (544) | pronounced as /˨˦/ (24) | pronounced as /˧˧˨/ (332) | pronounced as /˥˨/ (52) | pronounced as /˨˩/ (21) | pronounced as /ʔ˨/ (ʔ2) | pronounced as /ʔ˦/ (ʔ4) |
| Example Hanzi | 詩巴 | 時爬 | 始把 | 試霸 | 寺罷 | 濕北 | 實拔 |
| Coda of the Former Syllable | Initial of the Latter Syllable | Assimilation | Coda of the Former Syllable | Initial of the Latter Syllable | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group A | Open syllable | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | → | remain unchanged | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ |
| pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Group B | pronounced as //-ŋ// (nasal coda) | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //-m// | pronounced as /link/ | |
| pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //-n// | pronounced as /link/, remain unchanged | |||
| pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, null initial | remain unchanged, or pronounced as //-n// | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //-m//, pronounced as //-n//, pronounced as //-ŋ// | remain unchanged | |||
| Group C | pronounced as //-ʔ// (glottal coda) | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //-p̚// | remain unchanged | |
| pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //-t̚// | ||||
| pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as //-k̚// | ||||
| null initial | pronounced as //-ʔ// | ||||
| Group E | Open syllable | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | nasalization | remain unchanged | |
| nasalized rime | nasalization | ||||
| nasalized rime | remain unchanged | pronounced as /link/ | |||
The Xianyou dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.
The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):
| dark level 544 | light level 24 | rising 332 | dark departing 52 | light departing 21 | dark entering ʔ2 | light entering ʔ4 | |
| dark level 544 | 24 | 22 | 24 | 22 | |||
| light level 24 | 22 | 44 | 52 | 22 | |||
| rising 332 | 24 | 44 | 24 | ||||
| dark departing 52 | 44 | 33 | 44 | 52 | 44 | ||
| light departing 21 | 22 | 44 | 52 | 22 | |||
| dark entering ʔ2 | ʔ4 | ||||||
| light entering ʔ4 | ʔ2 | ʔ4 | ʔ2 | ||||