Xenoturbella profunda explained

Xenoturbella profunda, the purple sock or sock worm,[1] is a marine, benthic, deep-water worm-like species that belongs to the genus Xenoturbella. It was discovered in eastern Pacific Ocean by a group of Californian and Australian scientists.[2] [3] [4] The species was described in 2016 from seven specimens.[5]

X. profunda shares morphological similarities with other species of the genus Xenoturbella, and is known for lacking respiratory, circulatory and an excretory system.[6]

Description

The etymology of the species name refers to the fact that it lives deepest of the known xenoturbellids.[7]

Xenoturbella profunda individuals were sampled at ca. depth near a carbonate-hosted hydrothermal vent in the Gulf of California.[8] This animal is in length, with a uniform pale pink colouration. The body wall displays several furrows: on the circumference, on the side, and two deep, longitudinal, dorsal ones. The longitudinal orientation involves a rounded anterior end, while the posterior end gradually reduces in thickness. The mouth is orientated ventrally, anterior to the ring furrow. The live specimens exhibited an epidermal ventral glandular network branching over two-thirds of the ventral surface. The species is gonochoric, and gametes are present dorsally and ventrally in the body wall.[5] Tissues contain exogenous DNA corresponding to a bivalve mollusk, the vesicomyid Archivesica gigas.[5]

Phylogeny

Comparison of mitochondrial DNA and protein sequences showed that the species X. profunda is the sister group to X. churro. In turn, these two species share evolutionary affinities with X. monstrosa into a clade of 'deep-water' taxa.

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The deep sea: Where poisons become nutrients . Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com) . en-GB . 2020-03-11.
  2. Web site: Newly discovered deep-sea worms, including one named 'churro,' could shed light on animal evolution . Khan . Amina . 2016-02-05 . Los Angeles Times . en-US . 2020-03-10.
  3. News: Morelle . Rebecca . Rebecca Morelle . Mystery of 'sock of the deep' solved . 2016-02-03 . BBC News . 2020-03-10 . en-GB.
  4. Web site: We finally know what to make of these 'purple sock' creatures that litter the sea floor . 2016-02-05 . ZME Science . en-US . 2020-03-11.
  5. Rouse . Greg W. . Wilson . Nerida G. . Carvajal . Jose I. . Vrijenhoek . Robert C. . 2016-02-04 . New deep-sea species of Xenoturbella and the position of Xenacoelomorpha . Nature . en . 530 . 7588 . 94–97 . 10.1038/nature16545 . 26842060 . 2016Natur.530...94R . 3870574 . 0028-0836.
  6. Nakano, Hiroaki . What is Xenoturbella? . Zoological Letters . 2015 . 1 . 22 . 22 . 10.1186/s40851-015-0018-z . 26605067 . 4657256 . free .
  7. Web site: Around the Pier: Churro-Like Marine Worm Discovered by Scripps Scientists Is One of the 'Top 10 Species of 2017'. 2017-05-30. Scripps Institution of Oceanography. en. 2020-03-10.
  8. Goffredi . Shana K. . Johnson . Shannon . Tunnicliffe . Verena . Caress . David . Clague . David . Escobar . Elva . Lundsten . Lonny . Paduan . Jennifer B. . Rouse . Greg . Salcedo . Diana L. . Soto . Luis A. . 2017-07-26 . Hydrothermal vent fields discovered in the southern Gulf of California clarify role of habitat in augmenting regional diversity . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 284 . 1859 . 20170817 . 10.1098/rspb.2017.0817 . 5543219 . 28724734.

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