Xanthophyllum lanceatum explained

Xanthophyllum lanceatum is a tree in the Polygalaceae family. It grows across Southeast Asia from Sumatera to Bangladesh. The leaves are used as a hops-substitute in beer making and the wood as fuel. Fish in the Mekong regularly eat the fruit, flowers and leaves.

Description

Xanthophyllum lanceatum is a tree that grows some 8-15m tall.^[1] Flowering occurs in February and March in Thailand and Cambodia, with fruit appearing from April to July in Thailand.^[2]

The wood has an unusual anatomical feature in that amongst the ray cells there are procumbent, square and upright cells mixed throughout.^[3]

Distribution

Xanthophyllum lanceatum is found across Southeast Asia, from Sumatera to Bangladesh. Countries and regions that it grows in include: Indonesia (Sumatera); Malaysia (Peninsular); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Laos; Myanmar; and Bangladesh.

Habitat and ecology

It is found in wetland communities of Southeast Asia.^[1]

Along the Phra Prong River (Sa Kaeo Province, eastern Thailand), the riparian vegetation community has large trees scattered along the river bank.^[4] The common taxa are Hydnocarpus castaneus, this species, Dipterocarpus alatus, and Crateva magna. They show low natural regeneration, with few saplings and seedling. The two species, H. castaneus and X. lanceatum do show strong tolerance for flooding.^[5] Seedlings of the two taxa showed no elongation or biomass suppression, and adventitious roots were found. This indicates that they may play a strong role in vegetation restoration. Elsewhere on the river is the Bodhivijjalaya College campus of Srinakharinwirot University. The riparian forest associated with this campus has the following trees: H. castaneus, Garuga pinnata, C. magna, Hopea odorata, D. alatus, Streblus asper, Knema globularia, Nauclea orientalis, and X. lanceatum.^[6]

In the vegetation communities alongside the Mekong in Kratie and Steung Treng Provinces, Cambodia, this taxa is rare in the dense diverse strand community (last to be flooded each year, first to drain).^[2] It grows on soils derived from metamorphic sandstone bedrock, at 20-25m altitude.

The fruit, flowers and leaves of this tree have been observed to be regularly eaten by fish by fishers in the Mekong at Khong District, Champasak Province, southern Laos, and the fruit was found amongst the stomach contents of Pangasius polyuranadon fish examined in that area.^[7]

Vernacular names

In Thai the tree is known as chumsaeng.^[6] Kânsaëng and pumsaèn are names used in Cambodia (Khmer).^[1] . In Lao the plant is called soum seng^[7]

Uses

The leaves have been used as a hops-substitute in beer making.^[1] The wood is used as firewood. The bark is used in folk medicine to treat chickenpox

The extract from the fruit displayed excellent inhibitory activity against the plant-pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea^[8]

History

The Nederlander botanist Johannes Jacobus Smith (1867-1947) described this species in 1912 in the publication Icones Bogorienses (Leiden).^[9]

Further reading

• Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
• Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution
• Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thục vật Việt Nam [Checklist of Plant Species of Vietnam] 3: 1–1248. Hà Noi : Nhà xu?t b?n Nông nghi?p
• Mostaph, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh
• Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh
• Pendry, C.A. 2001. Polygalaceae. Pp. 498–538 in Santisuk, T. & Larsen, K. (eds.) (2001). Flora of Thailand 7(3): 351-654. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department
• Pendry, C.A. 2014. Polygalaceae. Flora of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, Fasc. 34. 63 pp., 4 pl. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris
• Turner, I.M. (1995 publ. 1997). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(2): 347-655
• Van der Meijden, R. 1982. Systematics and evolution of Xanthophyllum (Polygalaceae). (Leiden Botanical Series 7). 159 pp. E. J. Brill/Leiden University Press, Leiden, The Netherlands.
• Van der Meijden, R. 1988. Polygalaceae. Pp. 455–539 in Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. & De Wilde, W.J.J.O. (eds.), Flora Malesiana, Ser. I, Vol. 10(3). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
• Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. & De Wilde, W.J.J.O. (eds.) (1984-1989). Flora Malesiana 10: 1-748. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta

Notes and References

1. Book: Pauline Dy Phon . Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge . 2000 . Imprimerie Olympic . Phnom Penh . 14, 15 . Pauline Dy Phon .
2. Maxwell . James F. . Vegetation and vascular flora of the Mekong River, Kratie and Steung Treng Provinces, Cambodia . Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology . 2009 . 3 . 1 . 143–211 . 4 February 2021 . 1905-7873.
3. Wheeler . Elisabeth . Baas . Pieter . Gasson . Peter . IAWA List of Microcopic Features for Hardwood Identification . IAWA Journal . 1989 . 10 . 3, January . 219–332 . 10.1163/22941932-90000496 . 9 February 2021.
4. Moungsrimuangdee . Boontida . with four others . Reproductive Phenology and growth of riparian species along Phra Prong River, Sa Kaeo Province, Eastern Thailand . Journal of Landscape Ecology . 2017 . 10 . 2 . 35–48 . 10.1515/jlecol-2017-0003 . 90684064 . 9 February 2021. free .
5. Moungsrimuangdee . Boontida . Waiboonya . Panya . Yodsa-nga . Prapatsorn . Larpkern . Panadda . Responses to Flooding of Two Riparian Tree Species in the Lowland Tropical Forests of Thailand . Environment and Natural Resources Journal . 2020 . 18 . 2 . 200–208 . 10.32526/ennrj.18.2.2020.19 . 9 February 2021. free .
6. Moungsrimuangdee . Boontida . Nawajongpan . Thonyaporn . A Survey of Riparian Species in the Bodhivijjalaya College's Forest, Srinakharinwirot University, Sa Kaeo . Thai J. For. . 2016 . 35 . 3 . 15–29 . 9 February 2021.
7. Baird . Ian G. . Fishes and forests: the importance of seasonally flooded riverine habitat for Mekong River fish feeding . Nat. HRSR. Bull. Siam Soc. . 2007 . 55 . 1 . 121–148 . 17 February 2021.
8. Jantasorn . Arom . Moungsrimuangdee . Boontida . Dethoup . Tida . In vitro antifungal activity evaluation of five plant extracts against five plant pathogenic fungi causing rice and economic crop diseases . Journal of Biopesticides . 2016 . 9 . 1 . 1–7 . 9 February 2021.
9. Web site: Xanthophyllum lanceatum J.J.Sm., Icon. Bogor. [Boerlage] 4: t. 334 (1912). ]. International Plant Name Index (IPNI) . The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . 9 February 2021.