M982 Excalibur Explained

M982 Excalibur
Origin:Sweden, United States
Type:Guided artillery shell
Is Ranged:yes
Is Explosive:yes
Is Artillery:yes
Is Missile:yes
Used By:Canada, Germany, India, Italy, Jordan, Netherlands, Sweden, United States, United Kingdom, and Ukraine
Manufacturer:BAE Systems AB

Bofors
Raytheon Missiles & Defense

Unit Cost:US$112.8k (FY2021 President's Budget Request)
Weight:[1]
Diameter:155mm
Caliber:155 mm
Range:


ERCA test: 70 km (cancelled)[2]
Filling:PBXN-9
Filling Weight:5.4kg (11.9lb)[3]
Guidance:GPS, inertial navigation
Accuracy:4m (13feet) CEP

The M982 Excalibur (previously XM982) is a 155 mm extended-range guided artillery shell developed in a collaborative effort between the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and the United States Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC).[4] The Excalibur was developed and/or manufactured by prime contractor Raytheon Missiles & Defense, BAE Systems AB (BAE Systems Bofors) and other subs and primes in multiple capacities such as Camber Corporation and Huntington Ingalls Industries. It is a GPS and inertial-guided munition capable of being used in close support situations within 75- of friendly troops or in situations where targets might be prohibitively close to civilians to attack with conventional unguided artillery fire. In 2015, the United States planned to procure 7,474 rounds with a FY 2015 total program cost of US$1.9341 billion at an average cost of US$258,777 per unit. By 2016, unit costs were reduced to US$68,000 per round.[5] Versions that add laser-guidance capability and are designed to be fired from naval guns began testing in 2015.[6] [7] [8] By October 2018, over 1,400 rounds had been fired in combat.[9]

Description

Excalibur, named after the mythical sword of King Arthur, was developed as a longer-range alternative to conventional artillery shells, with GPS guidance for improved accuracy. Excalibur has a range of approximately 40kmto57kmkm (30milesto35mileskm) depending on configuration, with a circular error probable (CEP) of 4spell=inNaNspell=in,[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] while unguided Western artillery shells can land up to 150m (490feet) from the target at a range of 24km (15miles). While much more expensive at $68,000 per shell compared to an $800 unguided M777 shell, it is less expensive than the $150,000 rocket used in US guided-missile systems like M142 HIMARS and M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System.[16] Excalibur's extended range is achieved through the use of folding glide fins, which allow the projectile to glide from the top of a ballistic arc toward the target. A lower cost alternative to the Excalibur is to use the US Army designed M1156 Precision Guidance Kit to turn existing 155 mm shells into precision weapons.[17]

The munition was co-developed by United States-based Raytheon Missiles & Defense (guidance system) and the Swedish BAE Systems Bofors (body, base, ballistics, and payload).[18] Excalibur is used to minimize collateral damage, for targets beyond the range of standard munitions, for precise firing within 150m (490feet) of friendly troops, or when terrain prevents direct fire.[18] [19] It has a multi-function fuze that can be programmed to explode in the air, once it hits a hard surface, or after it penetrates a target.[20] One Excalibur projectile can accurately hit an intended target that would require the use of between 10 and 50 unguided artillery rounds.[21]

Initial combat experience with Excalibur in Iraq in the summer of 2007 was highly successful, with 92% of rounds falling within 4m (13feet) of their targets. Its performance was so impressive that the U.S. Army planned to increase production to 150 rounds per month from the previous 18 rounds per month.[22] [23] In 2012, Excalibur rounds reached new record ranges in combat of 36km (22miles).[24] In December 2020, the round was successfully tested out to a range of using a supercharged propellant out of a 58-caliber-long Extended Range Cannon Artillery (ERCA) gun tube.[25] [26]

Self-propelled guns compatible with the Excalibur projectile are the American M109A6 Paladin and M109A7, British AS-90, German PzH 2000, South African G6, Swedish Archer and French Caesar. Towed guns compatible with the Excalibur projectile are the American M198 and M777 howitzers.[27] According to media, Excalibur ammunition was also used with AHS Krab in 2022 in combat in Ukraine, obtaining range above 40km (30miles).[28]

The U.S. Navy had considered using the Excalibur in the Zumwalt-class destroyer's Advanced Gun System following the cancelation of the Long Range Land Attack Projectile, but the plan was later abandoned.[29]

The Excalibur has been shown to be vulnerable to GPS jamming. When shells were first supplied to Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, they initially hit targets with a 70% efficiency rate. However, within six weeks the Russians had adapted their electronic warfare systems and reduced its efficiency to only 6%.[30]

Variants

There are three versions of the system. Initial development effort was toward Increment I; Milestone C decisions were to be made on Increment II and III in FY2013, with a demonstration of those capabilities by 2020.

History

Excalibur started as a development program in 1992. The Operational Requirements Document (ORD) of May 1997 called for 200,000 rounds of an unguided munition with increased range at an estimated cost of $4,000/round, and Texas Instruments was awarded the initial EMD contract on 23 January 1998. In November 2001 the volume was cut to 76,677 rounds and soon after this was further reduced to 61,483, but the developers were encouraged by the Indian experience of using Russian Krasnopol guided shells against Pakistani bunkers in the Kargil War of 1999.[37]

In March 2004 the program was merged with a Swedish/U.S. program to create Trajectory Correctable Munitions, reflected in a new ORD in September 2004 which removed the Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition "cluster bomb" variant in favor of the discriminating munition variant. Later that year the U.S. Army reduced its planned order to 30,000 rounds. Low-rate production of 500 rounds was approved in May 2005 and Raytheon was awarded a contract to produce 165 rounds in June 2005, worth $22.1 million.[38] In September of that year, the round was successfully demonstrated at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona.[39] Raytheon was awarded a $42.7 million contract for production of 335 Excalibur projectiles and related test articles and services in June 2006 for that fiscal year.[40]

In August 2006, technical problems relating to environmental sensitivity and GPS signal lock were discovered, pushing the expected in-service date to spring 2007.[31] [41] Testing in September demonstrated an actual average CEP of or better.[42]

Increment Ia-1 completed testing in early 2007 and in April that year the U.S. Army approved an Urgent Material Release to allow deployment to Iraq.[36] The Excalibur was first operationally fired in Iraq in May 2007.[43] Increment Ia-2 achieved a 40km (30miles) range in a live-fire demonstration in April 2007 and in July the Army Acquisition Executive approved the Milestone C decision for Ia-2 to enter low-rate production.[36] The munition was developed with US$55.1 million in financial assistance from Sweden, which expected to receive service rounds in 2010. The Excalibur debuted in Afghanistan in February 2008.[20] The Australian Army ordered US$40 million of Excalibur rounds in October 2007, an order revised in April 2008 to an estimated US$58 million.[44] [45] In 2008 unit cost was US$85,000.[46]

In September 2008 both Raytheon and Alliant Techsystems were awarded competitive development contracts for Increment Ib mass production, but Raytheon secured the final manufacturing contract in August 2010.[47] Test firings of Increment Ia-1 rounds in March 2009 revealed that the Honeywell inertial measurement unit was not up to standard, and it was replaced by a unit from Atlantic Inertial Systems. In April 2010 the U.S. Army's planned order was cut further, from 30,000 rounds to 6,264, which increased the unit cost sufficiently that it triggered an investigation under the Nunn–McCurdy Amendment. Normally a Nunn-McCurdy breach signals a program in trouble, but a 2012 RAND report concluded that the unit cost increases were caused by the cuts in procurement numbers: fewer shells were needed for the same effect, due to the improved accuracy of modern artillery.

The Excalibur gives U.S. brigade commanders a precision weapon that is locally available, regardless of weather conditions (unlike bombs dropped from aircraft). Because the M982 is so accurate, the risks of friendly-fire casualties and collateral damage are no longer deterrents to using gun artillery in urban environments, and the Excalibur is sometimes called in only away from friendly infantrymen. In February 2012, a U.S. Marine Corps M777 howitzer in Helmand province, Afghanistan, fired a single Excalibur round that killed a group of insurgents at a Marine-record range of 36km (22miles).[48]

In December 2012, Raytheon received a $56.6 million contract for low-rate initial production of Excalibur Ib projectiles.[49] On 10 September 2013, Raytheon received a $54 million contract for a second lot of Excalibur Ib artillery rounds. The Excalibur Ib has improved reliability and lower unit cost than the previous Excalibur Ia-1 and Ia-2. At the time of the award, over 690 Excalibur projectiles had been fired in theater.[50] In February 2014, the U.S. Army and Raytheon fired 30 Excalibur Ib shells at test targets to confirm the performance and reliability of the configuration before full-rate production. Projectiles were fired from Paladin and M777 howitzers at ranges from, each hitting within an average of from the target.[21]

On 3 April 2014, the last Excalibur Ia projectile was assembled, signaling the transition to Increment Ib focus. Over 6,500 Ia shells were delivered to the U.S. Army and Marine Corps as well as several international customers.[51] Initial Operational Test and Evaluation (IOT&E) for the Excalibur Ib was completed in May 2014, moving the projectile closer to full-rate production. Testing of the Excalibur Ib averaged a miss distance of less than .[52] On 31 July 2014, Raytheon received a $52 million contract to begin full-rate production of the Excalibur Ib shell.[53]

In June 2014, Raytheon successfully test-fired its Excalibur S shell with a dual-mode GPS/SAL guidance system. The variant incorporates a laser spot tracker (LST) into the Excalibur Ib shell. The test was to validate the LST's ability to survive being fired from a howitzer and was initialized with GPS coordinates, then a laser designator guided the round to the target.[54] In February 2020, Raytheon announced the Excalibur S had been successfully tested against a moving target using its laser seeker.[55]

Excalibur N5

In September 2015, Raytheon conducted a live fire guided test flight of the Excalibur N5, a company-funded initiative to reduce the 155 mm Excalibur shell to 127 mm (5") for use with naval guns mounted on destroyers and cruisers.[7] The Excalibur Ib and N5 have 70% commonality, 99% identical software, and the same guidance and navigation unit (GNU). Its primary uses would be to allow warships to accurately fire shells against land targets in support of troops ashore and inexpensively destroy fast attack craft (FAC) at longer ranges.[5]

Unguided shells from Mark 45 naval guns have a range of, but can deliver accurate fire only out to, while small cruise missile-carrying attack boats can launch from away. Like the land-based version, the Excalibur N5's guidance fins pop out after launch to glide the round out to longer ranges before turning nose-down and diving to the target, extending range to depending on gun barrel length; although range would be greater with rocket assistance, cost would also be greater. Alternative seekers will be added to hit maneuvering targets, such as laser guidance that requires a spotter to designate it, and millimeter wave radar that needs no outside guidance.[5]

Operators

Current operators

Future or pending operators

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Development of the XM982 Excalibur Fuzing System. 7 April 2005. 18 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20160224054943/http://proceedings.ndia.org/5560/Wednesday/Session_III-A/Gudjohnsen.pdf. 24 February 2016. live.
  2. Web site: 【本周軍事新聞】2020/12/20－12/26 . 【Military News of the Week】2020/12/20－12/26. 26 December 2020. vocus.cc.
  3. Web site: ARG . M982 Excalibur Extended-Range GPS-Guided Projectile . Military-Today.com . 10 March 2022.
  4. Web site: Lyons . John W. . Some Recent Sensor-Related Army Critical Technology Events . Defense Technical Information Center . National Defense University . 22 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170620174307/http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA586199 . 20 June 2017 . dead .
  5. http://breakingdefense.com/2016/01/excalibur-goes-to-sea-raytheon-smart-artillery-shoots-back/ Excalibur Goes To Sea: Raytheon Smart Artillery Shoots Back
  6. Web site: GAO-15-342SP DEFENSE ACQUISITIONS Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs . 79 . US Government Accountability Office . March 2015 . 15 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043422/http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/668986.pdf#page=87 . 24 September 2015 . live . Program cost is $1,934.1m (FY15) of which $790.4m is procurement cost, for 7,474 rounds for the US Army
  7. http://raytheon.mediaroom.com/2015-09-30-Raytheons-combat-proven-Excalibur-moves-closer-to-sea-based-application "Raytheon's combat-proven Excalibur moves closer to sea-based application."
  8. http://raytheon.mediaroom.com/2016-02-16-US-Army-awards-Raytheon-31-8-million-contract-for-continued-Excalibur-production – Raytheon news release, 16 February 2016. Contract amount was $31.8 million for 464 rounds.
  9. https://www.armyrecognition.com/october_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/raytheon_us_army_upgrade_excalibur_precision_guided_projectile.html Raytheon, US Army upgrade Excalibur precision guided projectile
  10. https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2012/annual_psr/Milner.pdf
  11. Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) – Excalibur. US Department of Defense. live . 31 December 2011. DD-A&T(Q&A)823–366. https://web.archive.org/web/20120916105134/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/logistics_material_readiness/acq_bud_fin/SARs/DEC%202011%20SAR/EXCALIBUR%20-%20SAR%20-%2031%20DEC%202011.pdf . 16 September 2012 .
  12. Web site: Raytheon Company: Excalibur . Raytheon.com . 6 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121002052030/http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/excalibur/index.html . 2 October 2012 . live .
  13. Web site: Clark . Colin . Excalibur Use Rises In Afghanistan . DoD Buzz . 27 October 2010 . 6 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111012032818/http://www.dodbuzz.com/2010/10/27/excalibur-use-rises-in-afghanistan/ . 12 October 2011 . dead .
  14. Web site: John Pike . XM982 Excalibur 155mm Precision Guided Extended Range Artillery Projectile . Globalsecurity.org . 6 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120301050012/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/m982-155-program.htm . 1 March 2012 . live .
  15. Web site: Raytheon-BAE Systems Bofors' Excalibur Closer to Fielding . Spacewar.com . 19 September 2006 . 6 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120928192647/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Raytheon_BAE_Systems_Bofors_Excalibur_Closer_to_Fielding_999.html . 28 September 2012 . live .
  16. News: MacDonald . Alistair . Michaels . Daniel . 9 October 2022 . BAE, U.S. in Talks to Restart M777 Howitzer Production After Ukraine Success . en-US . Wall Street Journal . 10 October 2022 . 0099-9660.
  17. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/m1156.htm XM1156 Precision Guidance Kit (PGK)
  18. Web site: XM982 Excalibur 155mm Precision Guided Extended Range Artillery Projectile. 27 May 2007. Globalsecurity.org. https://web.archive.org/web/20060904112207/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/m982-155.htm. 4 September 2006. live.
  19. Web site: Big Guns . MichaelYon.com . 10 June 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100609065749/http://www.michaelyon-online.com/big-guns.htm . 9 June 2010 . live .
  20. http://www.army.mil/article/12329/ Picatinny's GPS-guided Excalibur artillery round deemed 'amazingly accurate' by troop
  21. http://www.armyrecognition.com/february_2014_global_defense_security_news_uk/us._army_raytheon_successfully_fired_30_gps-guided_excalibur_projectiles_during_firing_test_0802142.html US. Army and Raytheon successfully fired 30 GPS-guided Excalibur projectiles during firing test
  22. Aviation Week & Space Technology, 2007-09-03, page 20
  23. http://www.thelocal.se/13880/20080822/ Swedish missile among U.S. Army's favourites in Iraq
  24. http://www.spacewar.com/reports/US_Marines_fire_Excalibur_from_record_range_in_Afghanistan_999.html "US Marines fire Excalibur from record range in Afghanistan."
  25. Web site: Judson. Jen. 21 December 2020. Army long-range cannon gets direct hit on target 43 miles away. 24 December 2020. Defense News. en-US.
  26. https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/12/23/new-army-cannon-hits-target-43-miles-away-test.html New Army Cannon Hits Target 43 Miles Away in Test
  27. Excalibur demonstrates unparalleled precision in live-fire testing from PzH2000 self-propelled howitzer . 10 December 2013 . Raytheon News Release Archive . https://web.archive.org/web/20140810155806/http://www.deagel.com/news/German-Army-PzH-2000-Howitzer-Test-Fires-Excalibur-155mm-Artillery-Projectile_n000012199.aspx . 10 August 2014 . live.
  28. Web site: Jakub Palowski. Kraby walczą Excaliburem . 14 November 2022. Defence24.pl . pl.
  29. https://news.usni.org/2019/01/21/navy-studying-hyper-velocity-projectile-ammo-zumwalt-guns Navy Studying Hyper Velocity Projectile, Other Ammo for Zumwalt Guns
  30. https://www.twz.com/air/jdam-er-winged-bombs-with-seekers-that-home-in-on-gps-jammers-headed-to-ukraine JDAM-ER Winged Bombs With Seekers That Home In On GPS Jammers Headed To Ukraine
  31. Web site: Strategy Page – Excalibur Delayed Again . 21 September 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061031211557/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htart/articles/20060821.aspx . 31 October 2006 . live .
  32. http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2012annual_psr/Milner.pdf Precision Strike Association Excalibur Overview
  33. http://www.deagel.com/news/Raytheon-Unveils-Excalibur-with-Dual-GPS-and-Semi-Active-Laser-Guidance_n000011678.aspx Raytheon Unveils Excalibur with Dual GPS and Semi-Active Laser Guidance
  34. http://defensesystems.com/Articles/2014/06/16/Excalibur-S-GPS-laser-guidance.aspx?Page=2 Excalibur S artillery shell can change course in flight
  35. Web site: Excalibur Projectile . Raytheon (an RTX business). 27 July 2024. 31 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115345/https://www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com/what-we-do/land-warfare/precision-weapons/excalibur-projectile . live.
  36. Web site: Excalibur XM982 Precision Engagement Projectiles . Office of the Director, Operational Test & Evaluation . 2007 . 29 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160126220400/http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2007/pdf/army/2007excalibur.pdf . 26 January 2016 . dead .
  37. Web site: 'One Shot, One Kill' May Not Be Worth It . 7 February 2006 . StrategyPage . https://web.archive.org/web/20121214184946/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htart/articles/20060207.aspx . 14 December 2012 . live .
  38. Web site: Raytheon Receives $22.1M to Deliver Excalibur GPS Shells Ahead of Schedule . Defense Industry Daily . 30 June 2005 . 29 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121021034017/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/raytheon-receives-221m-to-deliver-excalibur-gps-shells-ahead-of-schedule-0782/ . 21 October 2012 . live .
  39. http://www.rdecom.army.mil/rdemagazine/200510/itf_excalibur.html Troops could have new Picatinny-developed smart artillery munition by March – RDECOM Magazine
  40. Web site: XM982 Excalibur. Deagel . https://web.archive.org/web/20060925051114/http://deagel.com/pandora/xm982-excalibur_mn00010001.aspx . 16 May 2022. 25 September 2006 . live.
  41. Web site: Strategy Page – Excalibur Freeze Out . 21 September 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061101002225/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htart/articles/20060810.aspx . 1 November 2006 . live .
  42. Web site: Successful Safety Testing of GPS-Guided Artillery Projectile Puts Raytheon-BAE Systems Bofors' Excalibur Closer to Fielding – Raytheon . 31 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090714061659/http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=910473&TICK=RTNB12&STORY=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F09-18-2006%2F0004434703&EDATE=Sep+18%2C+2006 . 14 July 2009 . dead .
  43. Web site: America's First Team first-ever to fire Excalibur precision munition in combat. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120226095441/http://www.hood.army.mil/1stcavdiv/custom_errors/404.asp. 26 February 2012.
  44. http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2007/Australia_08-09.pdf Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 1 October 2007
  45. http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2008/Australia_08-51.pdf Defense Security Cooperation Agency, April 2008
  46. Web site: Cannot Get Enough Excalibur . 29 August 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080829021058/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htart/articles/20080828.aspx . 29 August 2008 . live .
  47. Web site: Raytheon Beats ATK to Win Excalibur Job . https://archive.today/20130121083949/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20100827/DEFSECT02/8270303/Raytheon-Beats-ATK-Win-Excalibur-Job . dead . 21 January 2013 . 27 August 2010 . Kate . Brannen.
  48. Web site: Long shot: Artillery battery sets lethal record . Marine Corps Times . 30 June 2012 . 11 October 2013 . Lamothe, Dan . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131012102151/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20120630/NEWS/206300308/Long-shot-Artillery-battery-sets-lethal-record . 12 October 2013 . dmy-all .
  49. http://raytheon.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=2281 Raytheon's new precision artillery ready for low-rate initial production
  50. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-army-awards-raytheon-54-million-for-excalibur-ib-223077421.html US Army awards Raytheon $54 million for Excalibur Ib
  51. http://www.pica.army.mil/PicatinnyPublic/highlights/archive/2014/04-14-14.asp Picatinny completes Excalibur 1a-2 production, transitions to 1b
  52. http://www.deagel.com/news/Excalibur-Ib-Completes-US-Armys-Initial-Operational-Test-and-Evaluation_n000012708.aspx Excalibur Ib Completes US Army's Initial Operational Test and Evaluation
  53. http://www.deagel.com/news/Excalibur-Ib-Enters-Full-Rate-Production_n000013034.aspx Excalibur Ib Enters Full Rate Production
  54. http://raytheon.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=2581 Raytheon conducts first live fire test of Excalibur S
  55. https://www.defensenews.com/land/2020/02/05/raytheons-advanced-excalibur-hits-moving-targets-in-test/ Raytheon’s advanced Excalibur weapon hits moving targets in test
  56. Web site: Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) - Excalibur Precision 155mm Projectiles (Excalibur) As of FY 2017 President's Budget. DD-A&T(Q&A)823-366. 21 March 2016. US Department of Defense. 30 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210830215925/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1019147.pdf . dead .
  57. Web site: Netherlands buys Raytheon Excalibur Ib projectiles . Army Recognition . 20 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204952/http://www.armyrecognition.com/september_2015_global_defense_security_news_uk/netherlands_buys_raytheon_excalibur_ib_projectiles_40909154.html . 16 February 2018 . 9 September 2015 . live.
  58. Web site: Fiorenza . Nicholas . Netherlands qualifies Excalibur precision-guided round . IHS Jane's 360 . 20 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181020232059/https://www.janes.com/article/83923/netherlands-qualifies-excalibur-precision-guided-round . 20 October 2018 . London . 19 October 2018 . live.
  59. Web site: Brewster . Murray . 22 April 2022 . Canada sends four pieces of field artillery to Ukraine as country braces for renewed Russian attack . 27 April 2022 . CBC News.
  60. Web site: Ukraine's New Heavy Artillery Will Cause Russia a World of Pain . Mizokami . Kyle . Popular Mechanics . 6 May 2022 .
  61. Web site: Canada is Sending Ukraine Excalibur Precision-Guided, Extended-Range Artillery Shells . McCardle . Guy . SOFREP . 24 April 2022 .
  62. https://www.dsca.mil/sites/default/files/mas/Press%20Release%20-%20Denmark%2024-61%20CN.pdf

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "M982 Excalibur".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.