| Wymysorys | |
| Also Known As: | Vilamovian |
| Nativename: | Wymysiöeryś |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /vɨmɨˈsʲøːrɪɕ/ |
| States: | Poland |
| Region: | Wilamowice, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland |
| Ethnicity: | Vilamovians |
| Speakers: | 20 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| Ref: | [1] |
| Familycolor: | Indo-European |
| Fam2: | Germanic |
| Fam3: | West Germanic |
| Fam4: | Weser–Rhine Germanic |
| Fam5: | Central German |
| Fam6: | East Central German |
| Fam7: | Schlesisch–Wilmesau |
| Script: | Latin |
| Ancestor: | Proto-Indo-European |
| Ancestor2: | Proto-Germanic |
| Ancestor3: | Old Thuringian |
| Iso3: | wym |
| Glotto: | wymy1235 |
| Glottorefname: | Wymysorys |
| Pushpin Map: | Silesian Voivodeship#Poland |
| Coordinates: | 49.92°N 19.15°W |
| Map2: | Lang Status 20-CR.svg |
Wymysorys (Wymysiöeryś, pronounced as /vɨmɨˈsʲøːrɪɕ, vɨmɨˈɕœ̯ɛrɪɕ/), also known as Vilamovian or Wilamowicean, is a West Germanic language spoken by the Vilamovian ethnic minority in the town of Wilamowice, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland (Wymysoü in Wymysorys), on the border between Silesia and Lesser Poland, near Bielsko-Biała.[2] [3] It is considered an endangered language, possibly the most so of any of the Germanic languages.[4] There are probably fewer than 20[5] native users of Wymysorys, virtually all bilingual; the majority are elderly.
The status of Wymysorys is complex because, genealogically, it belongs to the East Central dialect group of High German. Nevertheless, based on the self-identification of its users as a group separate from the Germans and the existence of a literary language (or, more precisely, a microlanguage), it can be considered a separate language.
It belongs to the dialect group of the former, which includes the Alzenau dialect.
In origin, Wymysorys is considered to derive from 12th-century Middle High German, with a strong influence from Polish, and presumably also some influence from Low German, Dutch, Old English and perhaps Frisian.[6] The inhabitants of Wilamowice are thought to be descendants of German, Flemish and Scottish settlers who arrived in Poland during the 13th century. Many of the inhabitants claim that they are descended from the people of Flanders, Friesland, and Holland, with others claiming to be descended from the Anglo-Saxons.[7] Although historically derived from the German dialect continuum, Wymysorys is not mutually intelligible with Standard German.[8] Unlike in other West Germanic enclave communities in Polish-speaking territory, where closely related dialects (e.g. Halcnovian) were spoken, Wymysorys speakers did not self-identify as Germans and used Polish, not German, as Dachsprache.[9] Wymysorys was the vernacular language of Wilamowice until World War II. However, it seems it has been in decline since the late 19th century. In 1880 as many as 92% of the town's inhabitants spoke Wymysorys (1,525 out of 1,662 people), in 1890 – only 72%, in 1900 – 67%, in 1910 – 73% again.[8] Although Wymysorys was taught in local schools (under the name of "local variety of German"), since 1875 the basic language of instruction in most schools in Austro-Hungarian Galicia was Polish.[8] During World War II and the German occupation of Poland, Wymysorys was openly promoted by the Nazi administration, but after the war the tables turned: local communist authorities forbade the use of Wymysorys in any form.[8] The widespread bilingualism of the people saved most local residents from being forcibly resettled to Germany, but many of them stopped teaching their children their language or even using it in daily life.[8] Although the ban was lifted after 1956, Wymysorys has been gradually replaced by Polish, especially among the younger generation. Most of the inhabitants have the same surnames (Mozler, Rozner, Figwer, Biba, Foks, Sznajder), which led to the use of nicknames (Fliöer-Fliöer, Hȧla-Mockja, i.e. Florian, son of Florian or Maciej, son of Elżbieta).
Nowadays, as part of saving the Wymysorys culture, new songs and lyrics are written in this language. The play Hobbit. Hejn ȧn cyryk was written in Wymysorys, based on the prose of J. R. R. Tolkien, and was staged, among others, at the Polish Theatre in Warsaw in February 2016.[10] Acting on a proposal by Tymoteusz Król, the Library of Congress added the Wymysorys language to the register of languages on 18 July 2007.[11] It was also registered in the International Organization for Standardization, where it received the wym ISO 639-3 code.[12] In a 2009 UNESCO report Wymysorys has been reported as "severely endangered" and nearly extinct.[11]
Members of the Wikimedia Polska association were also involved in saving this dying language. As part of the "Wilamowice" project, Wymysorys words read by Józef Gara were recorded, and the Wymysorys dictionary in Wiktionary was supplemented (in 2018, the dictionary consisted of over 7,000 words).
Some new revitalisation efforts were started in the first decade of the 21st century, led by speaker Tymoteusz Król, whose efforts include private lessons with a group of pupils as well as compiling language records, standardising written orthography and compiling the first ever dictionary of Wymysorys. Additionally, a new project called The Wymysiöeryśy Akademyj – Accademia Wilamowicziana or WA-AW was established under the "Artes Liberales" program at the University of Warsaw with the intention of creating a unified scholastic body for the study of the Wymysorys language.[13]
| Glottal | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ret. | pal. | |||||||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Stop | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| voiced | (pronounced as /link/) | (pronounced as /link/) | (pronounced as /link/) | (pronounced as /link/) | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Trill | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||||
| Lateral | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | (pronounced as /link/) | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Near-close | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Close-mid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Open-mid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| Open | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| ascending | descending | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /i̯ø/ | |||
| Close-mid | pronounced as /ɪ̯ɘ̟/ | pronounced as /ei̯/ | ||
| Open-mid | pronounced as /œʏ̯/ | pronounced as /ɔi̯/ | ||
| Open | pronounced as /ai̯/ | |||
| Triphthong | pronounced as /ʏ̯øœ̯/ | |||
Wymysorys has been for centuries mostly a spoken language. It was not until the times of Florian Biesik, the first author of major literary works in the language, that a need for a separate version of a Latin alphabet arose. Biesik wrote most of his works in plain Polish alphabet, which he considered better-suited for the phonetics of his language.[8] In recent times Józef Gara (1929–2013), another author of works in the local language, devised a distinct Wymysorys alphabet, consisting of 34 letters derived from the Latin script and mostly based on Polish as well:
| Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X[14] | Ż | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ż | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wymysorys orthography includes the digraph "AO", which is treated as a separate letter.
A sample of Wymysorys words with German, Dutch and English translations. Note that '''ł'''|italic=no is read in Wymysorys like English w (as in Polish), and '''w'''|italic=no like v (as in Polish and German):
| English | Wymysorys | Comment | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| alone | ałan|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: alein(e)|italic=no | German: allein|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: alleen|italic=no | Western Frisian: allinne|italic=no | ||
| and | ana, an|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: und(e), unt|italic=no | German: und|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: en|italic=no | Western Frisian: en|italic=no | ||
| bridge | bryk|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: brücke, brucke|italic=no | German: Brücke|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: brug|italic=no | Western Frisian: brêge|italic=no | ||
| dolt | duł|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: tol, dol|italic=no 'foolish, nonsensical' | German: toll|italic=no 'mad, fantastic, wonderful' | Dutch; Flemish: dol|italic=no 'crazy' | Western Frisian: dol|italic=no 'furious' | ||
| hear | fulgia|italic=no | volgen | German: hören|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: horen|italic=no | Western Frisian: folgje|italic=no | < Frisian; cf. WFris. Western Frisian: folgje, EFris Eastern Frisian: foulgje 'to follow'. cf. German German: folgen, Dutch Dutch; Flemish: volgen 'to follow' | |
| wholly | ganc|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: ganz|italic=no | German: ganz|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: gans|italic=no | Western Frisian: gâns|italic=no | ||
| court | gyrycht|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: geriht|italic=no | German: Gericht|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: gerecht|italic=no | Western Frisian: rjocht|italic=no | cf. German German: Recht, Dutch Dutch; Flemish: recht '(legal) right', English right) | |
| dog | hund|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: hunt|italic=no | German: Hund|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: hond|italic=no | Western Frisian: hûn|italic=no | cf. English hound | |
| heaven | hymuł|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: himel|italic=no | German: Himmel|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: hemel|italic=no | Western Frisian: himel|italic=no | ||
| love | łiwa|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: liebe|italic=no | German: Liebe|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: liefde|italic=no | Western Frisian: leafde|italic=no | ||
| a bit | a mikieła|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: michel|italic=no 'much' | German: ein bisschen|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: een beetje|italic=no | Western Frisian: in bytsje|italic=no | Scots Scots: mickle, English much; antonymic switch 'much' → 'little' | |
| mother | müter|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: muoter|italic=no | German: Mutter|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: moeder|italic=no | Western Frisian: mem|italic=no | ||
| middle | mytuł|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: mittel|italic=no | German: Mitte|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: middel|italic=no | Western Frisian: midden/mid|italic=no | ||
| no one | nimanda|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: nieman|italic=no | German: niemand|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: niemand|italic=no | Western Frisian: nimmen|italic=no | ||
| no | ny|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: ne, ni|italic=no | German: nein|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: nee(n)|italic=no | Western Frisian: nee|italic=no | ||
| picture | obrozła|italic=no | -- | German: Bild|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: beeld|italic=no | Western Frisian: byld|italic=no | < Slavic; cf. Polish Polish: obraz | |
| breath | ödum|italic=no | Middle German German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: ādem|italic=no | German: Atem|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: adem|italic=no | Western Frisian: azem|italic=no | cf. archaic/poetic German German: Odem, Central Franconian Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch: Öödem | |
| elephant | olifant|italic=no | elefant | German: Elefant|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: olifant|italic=no | Western Frisian: oaljefant|italic=no | < Dutch | |
| evening | öwyt|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: ābent|italic=no | German: Abend|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: avond|italic=no | Western Frisian: jûn|italic=no | ||
| welcome | sgiöekumt|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: wil(le)kōme(n)|italic=no | German: wilkommen|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: welkom|italic=no | Western Frisian: wolkom|italic=no | ||
| write | śrajwa|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: schrīben|italic=no | German: schreiben|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: schrijven|italic=no | Western Frisian: skriuwe|italic=no | ||
| stone | śtaen|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: stein|italic=no | German: Stein|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: steen|italic=no | Western Frisian: stien|italic=no | ||
| sister | syster|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: swester|italic=no | German: Schwester|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: zuster|italic=no | Western Frisian: suster|italic=no | ||
| drink | trynkia|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: trinken|italic=no | German: trinken|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: drinken|italic=no | Western Frisian: drinke|italic=no | ||
| world | wełt|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: werlt|italic=no | German: Welt|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: wereld|italic=no | Western Frisian: wrâld|italic=no | ||
| winter | wynter|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: winter|italic=no | German: Winter|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: winter|italic=no | Western Frisian: winter|italic=no | ||
| seven | zyjwa|italic=no | Middle German German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: siven|italic=no | German: sieben|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: zeven|italic=no | Western Frisian: sân|italic=no | ||
| silver | zyłwer|italic=no | German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500);: silber|italic=no | German: Silber|italic=no | Dutch; Flemish: zilver|italic=no | Western Frisian: sulver|italic=no |
Lord's Prayer in Wymysorys
Our Father, thou (who) art in heaven,Thy name shall be hallowed;Thy kingdom shall come here;Thy will shall be in heaven and on earth;give our daily bread to us today;and forgive us our debts/sins,as we, too, forgive our debtors/sinners;don't lead us to sin;but save us from evil.[For Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever.]Amen.
A lullaby in Wymysorys with English translation:
de:Maria Katarzyna Lasatowicz
. 1992. Die deutsche Mundart von Wilamowice zwischen 1920 und 1987. The German dialect of Wilamowice between 1920 and 1987. de. University of Opole. Higher Pedagogical School of Silesian Insurgents in Opole. Opole. 9788385012948.pl:Józef Latosiński
. Monografia miasteczka Wilamowic: na podstawie źródeł autentycznych: z ilustracyami i mapką. Monograph of the town of Wilamowice: based on authentic sources: with illustrations and a map. pl. Drukarnia Literacka under the management of L. K. Górskiego. Kraków. 1909.pl:Adam Kleczkowski
. Dialekt Wilamowic w zachodniej Galicji. Fonetyka i fleksja. The dialect of Wilamowice in western Galicia. Phonetics and inflection. pl. Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. Kraków. 1920.pl:Adam Kleczkowski
. Dialekt Wilamowic w zachodniej Galicji. Składnia. The dialect of Wilamowice in western Galicia. Syntax. pl. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. Poznań. 1921.pl:Antoni Barciak
. Wilamowice: przyroda, historia, język, kultura, oraz społeczeństwo miasta i gminy. Wilamowice: nature, history, language, culture and society of the town and commune. pl. Urząd Gminy. Wilamowice. 2001. 9788391588802.pl:Justyna Olko
. 10 November 2017 . Awakening the Language and Speakers' Community of Wymysiöeryś . . 26 . 1 . 179–191 . 10.1017/s1062798717000424 . 1062-7987 . free.pl:Justyna Olko
. 10 November 2017 . Awakening the Language and Speakers' Community of Wymysiöeryś . . 26 . 1 . 179–191 . 10.1017/s1062798717000424 . 1062-7987 . free.