Wronki Prison Explained

Wronki Prison (Polish: Zakład Karny Wronki) is the largest^{[1] [2] [3]} prison in Poland, holding over 1400 prisoners. Established by the German Empire in 1889, it is located in the town of Wronki, within the Greater Poland Voivodeship.

History

Wronki Prison, three four-story buildings in a cross formation, was designed to accommodate 750–800 prisoners, accompanied by buildings housing the guards and other auxiliary personnel. It was built in 1889 by the Prussian government of Germany and brought into use in 1894 as the Zentralgefängnis für die Provinz Posen.^{[4] [5] [6]} It was modeled on contemporary American prisons (the Philadelphia System).^{[4] [6]} Prisoners were employed in production of stockings and in other tasks.^{[4] [6]}

On 30 December 1918 the prison was taken over by Polish insurgents of the Greater Poland Uprising.^[5] The prisoners were set free while the prison became a temporary barracks for the insurgents. The prison resumed operations in late July 1919 as part of the new prison system of the Second Polish Republic.^[5] In interwar Poland the prison was used as a site for political prisoners.^[4]

During the invasion of Poland, the prisoners were set free.^[4] It was then taken over by Nazi Germany, first used as a temporary holding place for prisoners of war and incorporated into the Nazi Germany prison system in Reichsgau Wartheland.^[5] Most prisoners at that time were Polish political prisoners; the prison was heavily overpopulated (it was during that time that the highest number of prisoners was reported: 4,358),^{[5] [6]} and prisoners were mistreated.^[5] At least 804 people (out of about 20,000 who passed through it at that time) died in the Wronki Prison during German occupation of Poland.^{[5] [6]}

In 1945 when the prison was taken over by the Soviet and Polish forces, it was used briefly to hold German prisoners of war and other German prisoners.^[5] After the war, from 1945–1955, the prison was attached to the Ministry of Public Security and again used for political prisoners.^[4] A notable group of prisoners early on was formed from former soldiers of the Polish Home Army.^[5] The prison was still overcrowded, often holding about 3,000 prisoners,^[5] and prisoners were again mistreated.^{[5] [7]} About 250 prisoners died during that period, out of over 15,000 imprisoned.^{[5] [6]}

In 1958 a metalwork business was added to the prison.^[4]

Currently, the prison employs 400 personnel.^[4] Its official capacity is 1474 inmates; overcrowding (in late June 2009 it held 1658; in 2004 it had 1783) is causing concern.^{[2] [8] [9] [10]}

Structure and organization

The prison has an infirmary, a section for mentally ill patients, a chapel, library, sports center and secondary level educational institution (capacity of 90 prisoners).^[4]

Currently the prison is designed to hold male prisoners serving repeated terms from 3 months to 25 years.^[6]

Prisoners are employed by the prison, attached metalwork business and other workplaces, as well as for the town and gmina Wronki.^[4]

Notable prisoners

• Irena Bobowska^[11]
• Stepan Bandera^{[6] [12]}
• Wiesław Chrzanowski^{[13] [14]}
• Stanisław Karolkiewicz^[15]
• Jacek Kuroń^[16]
• Rosa Luxemburg^[6]
• Stefan Mossor^[14]
• Stanisław Skalski^[14]
• Carl Maria Splett^[13]
• Stanisław Tatar^[14]
• Wojciech Korfanty
• Zenon Kossak

External links

• A Polish prisoner from the time of Nazi German occupation of Poland recalls his experiences in Wronki Prison
• X sędzią w stanie spoczynku Wojciechem Cyruliczkiem rozmawia Krzysztof Bachorzewski, Gazeta Sądowa, PAŹDZIERNIK 2007 (interview with a former judge and director of Wronki prison)
• Model of a prison made by one of the inmates

Further reading

• Excerpt of memoirs from a prisoner of Wronki Prison shortly before 1950: Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer, The black book of communism: crimes, terror, repression, Harvard University Press, 1999,, Google Print, p.383
• J. Stępień, Wspomnienia z wiezienia w Wronkach (Memoirs of an ex-prisoner from the Wronki Prison), Rocznik Nadnotecki 21, 1990, p. 63–80
• Zygmunt Pociecha, System Wronki (dot. Centralnego Wiezienia Karnego w latach 50-tych) (System Wronki, concerning the Central Prison in Wronki during the 50s), in ZH (Zeszyty Historyczne) 98/1991, p. 107–137
• Eligiusz Grupiński, Ofiary zakladu karnego we Wronkach w latach 1946–1956 pochowane na cmentarzu parafialnym we Wronkach (The victims of the prison in Wronki in the years 1946–1956 buried on the cemetery in Wronki), Rocznik Nadnotecki 21, 1990, p. 89–102
• Władysław Minkiewicz, Mokotów—Wronki—Rawicz: wspomnienia 1939–1954 (Mokotów – Wronki – Rawicz: memoirs 1939–1954), Niezależna Oficyna Wydawnicza & Oficyna Wydawnicza "Pokolenie", 1988
• Tadeusz Wolsza, W cieniu Wronek, Jaworzyna i Piechcina—1945–1956: życie codzienne w polskich więzieniach, obozach i ośrodkach pracy więźniów (In the shadow of Wronki, Jaworzyn and Piechcin – 1945–1956: everyday life in Polish prisons camps and labor centers for prisoners), Instytut Historii PAN, 2003,
• Anna Walendowska-Garczarczyk, Eksterminacja Polaków w zakładach karnych Rawicza i Wronek w okresie okupacji hitlerowskiej 1939–1945 (Extermination of Poles in Rawicz and Wronki prisons during Nazi occupation 1939–1945), Issue 91 of Seria Historia Volume 91, Wydawn. Nauk. Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 1981

Notes and References

1. Agata Pilarska-Jakubczak, Biją bo lubią, Forum Penitencjarne, 2009-8, Centralny Zarząd Służby Więziennej
2. Anna Frankowska, 63 zł kosztuje jeden dzień w więzieniu, 2008-08-05, Money.pl
3. Jacek Deptuła, Ciasno i duszno, Wysoki Sądzie, Gazeta Pomorska, 27 września 2008
4. Ogólnopolski Portal Służby Więziennej – ZK Wronki
5. Henryk Czarnecki, Centralne Więzienie Wronki – Rys historyczny
6. http://www.wronki.pl/spacer.php?pan_id=1101-1001-1070 Więzienie
7. Marek Jan Chodakiewicz: The Dialectics of Pain: The Interrogation Methods of the Communist Secret Police in Poland, 1944–1955. Glaukopis, vol. 2/3 (2004–2005), Reproduced online.
8. Piotr Żytnicki, Do sądu, bo cela była za ciasna, Gazeta Wyborcza, 13 August 2009
9. Piotr Żytnicki, Więźniowie chcą odszkodowań. Mają za ciasno, Gazeta Wyborcza Poznań, 13 August 2009
10. Wronki głodują spokojnie, BAS, PM, 27 May 2004
11. Irena "Nenia" Bobowska – patronka "Więzi"
12. Janusz Marciszewski, Uwolnić Banderę, NaszeMiasto.pl
13. Listy w sprawie biskupa Spletta, Tygodnik Powszechny, Nr 46 (2746), 18 listopada 2001
14. IPN umorzył śledztwo ws. zbrodni w stalinowskim więzieniu, Money.pl, 8 December 2008
15. Były prezes związku żołnierzy AK, gen. Karolkiewicz, walczy o dobre imię, Money.pl, 18 January 2007
16. Elżbieta Tarkowska, Ścieżki Jacka Kuronia, Tygodnik Powszechny, Nr 46 (2784), 17 listopada 2002