Worrorran languages explained

Worrorran
Region:Northern Kimberley region, west of Wyndham
Familycolor:Australian
Family:One of the world's primary language families
Glotto:worr1236
Glottorefname:Worrorran
Child1:Wunambal
Child2:Ungarinyin
Child3:Worrorra
Map:Worrorran map.svg
Mapcaption:Map of the Worrorran languages[1]

The Worrorran (Wororan) languages are a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Western Australia.

The Worrorran languages fall into three dialect clusters:

In addition, Gulunggulu is unattested but presumably a Worrorran lect.

Validity

thumb|left| Worrorran languages (purple), among other non-Pama-Nyungan languages (grey)

There has been debate over whether the Worrorran languages are demonstrably related to one another, or constitute a geographical language group.

Dixon (2002) considers them to be language isolates with no demonstrable relationship other than that of a Sprachbund.

However, more recent literature differs from Dixon:

Vocabulary

Capell (1940) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Worrorran languages:[3]

EnglishMunumburu Woljamidi Unggumi Wunambal (1) Wunambal (2) Gambre Bargu Gwiːni
manaɽi, aɽu aɽi aɽi aɖi idja ɛndjin ɛndjin bɛndjin bɛndjin bɛndjin
womanwɔŋai, wulun wɔŋai wulun wɔŋaiinja wɔŋaiinja wɔŋai wɔŋai ŋaːli ŋaːli ŋaːli
head-alaŋgun -alaŋgun buŋguru -bama (ar)bri waːra baːndi baːndi baːndi baːndi
eye-ambul aiambul ambul jumbul ombula wumbul wumbul wumbul wumbul wumbul
nose-aiil njindjuru njindjuru jininde (ad)biŋu windji windji windji windji windji
mouthmindjäl mindjäl mɔga mindjäl (ar)djamundu mindjäl mindjäl mindjäl mɔga mɔga
tongueanbula mɔga almbɽa wanbulema anbula anbulɛ anbulɛ mindjäl mɔga mɔga
stomachŋujen, mandu ŋuje mandu duduŋga (ar)gulum mɛːwur, mandu mɛːwur mala, ŋuju mala mala
boneaːnɔr awur ɔːnɔr janaurge inari bunar bunar awur bunar bunar
bloodguli guli wundäbun guliːnga gulu ŋanda guli guli guli guli
kangarooiali iali iali ware aːrura amba amba amba amba amba
opossumandäri, garimba andäri guman gundumanja burgumba gaiɛmba, ganari burgumba, garimba wuraba, guman wudɔɖa guman
emudjebara djebara djebara djebarinja djebarinja jiluluŋari wiɛri wiɛri wiɛri wiɛri
crowwa̱ŋgara wa̱ŋgara maɖiwa wa̱ŋgaranja wa̱ŋgaranja waːwanja waŋguɽa waŋguɽa waŋguɽa
flyŋanauɛra wurŋun wurŋun wurŋare ŋanauara ŋanauara gaualjɛra ŋaːwan gaŋgu worŋa
sunmaɽaŋi meɽiŋun maːri wandinja maraŋanja maɽaŋo maɽaŋi maɽaŋo mɔɽɔŋ mɔɽɔŋ
moongunjili, gaɳgi gaɳgi gaːgiri ginjila gunjila goɽa, gaɳgi gunjili girŋal wamara gagari
firewindjäŋun windjäŋu wurgala wianga wianu windjäŋum buː windjäŋun buː wunar
smokebindjän ŋundjur ŋundjur bindjäŋga bidjugu bindjän bindjägun ŋundjur ŋundjur ŋundjur
waterŋabun ŋawa jaːwal jaŋga agu jaːwal jaːwal ŋawa, jaːwal ŋawa ŋawa

References

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Adapted from Alan. Rumsey . Language & Communication . 62 . 0271-5309 . The sociocultural dynamics of indigenous multilingualism in northwestern Australia. 2018 . 10.1016/j.langcom.2018.04.011 . 91–101 . 150007441 . 7 November 2020.
  2. Bowern, Claire. 2011. "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, December 23, 2011 (corrected February 6, 2012)
  3. Capell, Arthur. 1940. The Classification of Languages in North and North-West Australia. Oceania 10(3): 241-272, 404-433.