List of largest domes explained

A dome is a self-supporting structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere.

Every dome in the world which was the largest diameter dome of its time is listed.

Notes:

1. Each structure is only described in detail once (the appearance closest to the top of the page), even if it appears on multiple lists. A link to the row where the structure is described in detail is provided.
2. The dimension given is the inner diameter (also called inside diameter, or clear span). The thickness of the dome is not included. If the inner diameter of a dome is not available, a footnote follows the structure's name.
3. If a dome has an elliptical rather than circular shape, the dome's shorter dimension (i.e. width) is used for ranking, and, contra convention, its dimensions are listed as width × length, rather than length × width.
4. If the structure is part of a well-known complex of buildings, the name of the entire site is listed first, with the name of the dome structure listed in small text below.
5. These lists exclude structures that are not self-supporting, such as The O2 in London which is in diameter but is supported by masts.
6. The name of a structure used is the name it had when it was constructed or first opened. This is particularly relevant regarding stadiums.

Chronology of the largest dome

List of dome structures that have been the largest dome in the world:

Held record	Diameter	Name	Location	Builder	Notes	References
m	ft
1250 BC1st century BC	14.5m (47.6feet)	Treasury of Atreus	Mycenae, Greece	City-state of Mycenae	Corbel dome
1st century BC19 BC	21.55m (70.7feet)	Temple of Mercury	Baiae, Italy	Roman Empire	First monumental dome	^[1]
19 BCstart of 2nd century AD*	25m (82feet)	Baths of Agrippa Arco della Ciambella	Rome, Italy	Roman Empire	First thermae in Rome with a domed central building	^[2]
Start of 2nd century AD128*	30m (100feet)	Baths of Trajan	Rome, Italy	Roman Empire	Half dome
1281436	43.4m (142.4feet)	Pantheon	Rome, Italy	Roman Empire	Largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world. Archetype of Western dome construction.	^[3] ^[4]
14361871	45.5m (149.3feet)	Florence Cathedral	Florence, Italy	City-state of Florence	Largest brick and mortar dome in the world. First double-dome structure of the Renaissance. Octagonal dome. Architect Filippo Brunelleschi.	^[5]
18711873	NaNx	Royal Albert Hall	London, United Kingdom	Lucas Brothers	Wrought iron and glazed (glass) elliptical dome. Architects Captain Francis Fowke and Henry Young Darracott Scott.	^[6] ^[7]
18731937*	101.7m (333.7feet)	Rotunde	Vienna, Austria		Destroyed by a fire in 1937. Architect Baron Karl von Hasenauer.	^[8]
19371955	65.8m (215.9feet)		Leipzig, Germany	Dyckerhoff & Widmann	Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Franz Dischinger.
19551957	NaNfeet	Charlotte Coliseum	Charlotte, United States	Thompson and Street	Structural steel dome. Architect Odell Associates.	^[9]
19571963	109m (358feet)	Belgrade Fair Hall 1	Belgrade, Serbia	Belgrade Fair in Construction	World's largest prestressed concrete dome	^[10]
19631964	400feet	Assembly Hall	Champaign, United States	Felmley-Dickerson Co.	Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Abramovitz.	^[11]
19641975	642feet	Astrodome	Houston, United States	H.A. Lott, Inc.	First domed stadium.^[12] First air-conditioned stadium. Structural steel dome (3,000 tons of structural steel). Architects Lloyd & Morgan, and Wilson, Morris, Crain and Anderson.^[13]	^[14]
19751984	680feet	Louisiana Superdome	New Orleans, United States	Blount International^[15]	Structural steel construction (18,000 tons of structural steel in entire structure). Architects Curtis and Davis Architects and Engineers, Edward 8. Silverstein and Associates, and Nolan, Norman and Nolan.^[16] ^[17]
19841985*	236.5m (775.9feet)	Istra dome	Istra, Russia		Steel construction (≈10,000 tons of steel and ≈363 tons of aluminum).^[18] Collapsed on 25 January 1985, later demolished.	^[19] ^[20]
20012013	274m (899feet)	Oita Stadium	Ōita, Japan	Takenaka Corporation, SATO BENEC, and Takayama Sogo Kogyo^[21]	Retractable steel roof (12,500 tonnes of steel).^[22] Architects Kisho Kurokawa Architect & Associates, Takenaka Corporation, Satobenec, and Takayama Sogo Kogyo.	TAKENAKA CORPORATION">Web site: 2023-09-17. Oita Stadium “Big Eye”(Oita Bank Dome) 2001 TAKENAKA CORPORATION. takenaka.co.jp.		TAKENAKA CORPORATION" />^[23]
since 2013	312m (1,024feet)	Singapore National Stadium	Singapore	Dragages	Retractable roof. Height of dome: .^[24] Architect Arup Group.

By structural material

Lists of buildings that have been the largest dome built with a given structural material:

Held record	Diameter		Name	Location	Builder	Notes	References
	m	ft
Stone
1250 BC150175 AD			Treasury of Atreus (details earlier)
150175 AD2006	15disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Western Thermae	Jerash, Jordan	Roman Empire	One of the earliest voussoir domes with square ground plan
since 2006	85.15disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Global Vipassana Pagoda	Mumbai, India		The stone dome was completed in October 2006. The monument was officially inaugurated on February 8, 2009.	^[25]
Concrete
1st century BC1st century BC	6.52disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Stabiae Thermae Laconicum	Pompeii, Italy	Roman Empire	Cone vault (early form of a dome). Oldest known dome built with Roman concrete.
1st century BC19 BC			Temple of Mercury (details earlier)
since 128			Pantheon (details earlier)
Masonry
2nd century150	11.5disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Red Basilica	Pergamon, Turkey	Roman Empire	Brick
150*	23.85disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Sanctuary of Asclepius Temple of Asclepius	Pergamon, Turkey	Roman Empire	Earliest monumental brick dome	^[26]
563	24.15disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Rotunda of Galerius	Thessaloniki, Greece	Roman Empire	Radially laid bricks
5631436	30.87x	Hagia Sophia	Istanbul, Turkey	Byzantine Empire	First pendentive dome in history, completed in 537, rebuilt in 563 after earthquake. Architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus	^[27]
since 1436			Florence Cathedral (details earlier)
Clay hollowware
Beginning of 3rd century216	12disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Aquae Flavianae	El Hamma District, Algeria	Roman Empire	Earthenware pipes put together
2166th-9th century*	35.08disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Baths of Caracalla Caldarium	Rome, Italy	Roman Empire	Amphorae put together	^[28]
Wood
6911781	20.4disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Dome of the Rock	Jerusalem, Israel	Umayyad Empire		^[29]
17811957	36disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Saint Blaise Abbey	Sankt Blasien, Germany	Pierre Michel d'Ixnard	Third-widest dome in Europe at the time of its construction	^[30] ^[31]
19571977	91.4disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Brick Breeden Fieldhouse	Bozeman, United States	Montana State University Bozeman	Second-largest dome in United States at the time of its construction	^[32]
19771983	153disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Walkup Skydome	Flagstaff, Arizona, United States	Northern Arizona University	Geodesic dome
19831991	530feet	Tacoma Dome	Tacoma, United States	Merit Co.	Geodesic dome
since 1991	163.4disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Superior Dome	Marquette, United States	State of Michigan/Northern Michigan University	Geodesic dome
Cast iron
18111881	39disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Bourse de commerce (previously the Halle aux blés)	Paris, France	First French Empire	Engineer François Brunet. Architect François-Joseph Bélanger.
since 1881	46.9disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Devonshire Royal Hospital	Buxton, United Kingdom		Converted from a horse stables to a hospital. Slate-covered iron frame. Architects John Carr and Robert Rippon Duke.	^[33]
Wrought iron
18711873			Royal Albert Hall (details earlier)
18731937			Rotunde (details earlier)
Steel
19021955	195feet	West Baden Springs Hotel	West Baden, United States	Lee Wiley Sinclair	Steel and glass dome. Architect Harrison Albright.	^[34]
19551964			Charlotte Coliseum (details earlier)
19641975			Harris County Domed Stadium (details earlier)
19751984			Louisiana Superdome (details earlier)
19841985			Istra dome (details earlier)
20012013			Oita Stadium (details earlier)
since 2013			Singapore National Stadium (details earlier)
Reinforced concrete
19131930	65disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Centennial Hall	Wrocław, Poland		Architect Max Berg	^[35]
19301957			Wholesale Market Leipzig (details earlier)
19571963	100.6disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Palazzetto dello Sport	Rome, Italy		Built for the 1960 Summer Olympics. Consulting engineer Pier Luigi Nervi.
19631971			Assembly Hall (details earlier)
19711976	134.1disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Norfolk Scope	Norfolk, Virginia, United States	City of Norfolk	Consulting engineer Pier Luigi Nervi
19762000*	660feet	King County Stadium	Seattle, United States	King County	Reinforced concrete dome. Demolished on 26 March 2000. Architects NBBJ, John Skilling, and Emil Praeger.	^[36]
Glazed
since 2002	70.1disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Desert Dome	Omaha, United States	Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium	Glazed geodesic dome. Holds the world's largest indoor desert.	^[37] ^[38]

By continent

List of structures that have been the largest dome on their continent:

Europe

Held record	Diameter	Name	Location	Builder	Notes	References
	m						ft
1250 BC1st century BC			Treasury of Atreus (details earlier)
1st century BC19 BC			Temple of Mercury (details earlier)
19 BC109 AD			Baths of Agrippa Arco della Ciambella (details earlier)
109128			Baths of Trajan (details earlier)
1281436			Pantheon (details earlier)
14361871			Florence Cathedral (details earlier)
18711873			Royal Albert Hall (details earlier)
18731937			Rotunde (details earlier)
19371957			Wholesale Market Leipzig (details earlier)
19571990			Belgrade Fair Hall 1 (details earlier)
since 1990	129m (423feet)	Swedish: {{ill|Kupolen|sv	Borlänge, Sweden		Originally an exposition hall with a few stores at ground level, became a three level mall. Architect .	^[39]

North America

Held record	Diameter	Name	Location	Builder	Notes	References
	m						ft
18641867	96feet	United States Capitol	Washington, D.C., United States		Architect Thomas Ustick Walter	^[40]
18671902	150feet	Salt Lake Tabernacle	Salt Lake City, United States		Largely built without nails. Architect Henry Grow.	^[41]
19021955			West Baden Springs Hotel (details earlier)
19551963			Charlotte Coliseum (details earlier)
19631964			Assembly Hall (details earlier)
19641975			Harris County Domed Stadium (details earlier)
19752009			Louisiana Superdome (details earlier)
since 2009	230m (760feet)	Cowboys Stadium	Arlington, United States	HKS, Inc.	Diameter is estimated. Retractable structural steel roof (14,100 tons of structural steel).^[42]

South America

Held record	Diameter	Name	Location	Builder	Notes	References
	m						ft
			Palace of the Argentine National Congress	Buenos Aires, Argentina	Government of Argentina	Bronze-plated dome. Architect Vittorio Meano.
1960	38m (125feet)	Palace of the Brazilian National Congress	Brasília, Brazil	Government of Brazil	Architect Oscar Niemeyer	^[43]

Asia

Held record	Diameter	Name	Location	Builder	Notes	References
	m						ft
2nd century150			Red Basilica (details earlier)
1501312			Sanctuary of Asclepius Temple of Asclepius (details earlier)
13121659	25.6m (84feet)	Dome of Soltaniyeh	Soltaniyeh, Iran		Persian architects were building double shell domes at the start of the 5th century, but the Dome of Soltaniyeh is the earliest such architecture extant, dating to 1312, over 100 years before Brunelleschi used the same technique to build the dome of Florence Cathedral. This makes the Dome of Soltaniyeh the earliest existing double shell dome. The Florence Cathedral's dome has octagonal supporting walls, like the Dome of Soltaniyeh. The Dome of Soltaniyeh is the third largest brick dome in the world (after Florence Cathedral and Hagia Sophia). Hagia Sophia is older than the Dome of Soltaniyeh, but the Hagia Sophia is a single shell brick dome.	^[44]
16591937	44m (144feet)	Gol Gumbaz	Bijapur, India	Sultanate of Bijapur	Mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah II (16271657) of the Sultanate of Bijapur	^[45]
19371944	45m (148feet)	Phnom Penh Central Market	Phnom Penh, Cambodia		Reinforced concrete. Engineer Wladimir Kandaouroff. Architects Jean Desbois and Louis Chauchon.
19441960	60m (200feet)	Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theatre	Novosibirsk, Russia		Reinforced concrete
19602001	108m (354feet)	Araneta Coliseum	Quezon City, Philippines	J. Amado Araneta	Also known as the Big Dome. Opened as the world's biggest indoor venue in 1960. Architect Dominador Lugtu.
20012013			Oita Stadium (details earlier)
since 2013			Singapore National Stadium (details earlier)

Africa

Held record	Diameter	Name	Location	Builder	Notes	References
	m						ft
19881997	90m (300feet)	Basilica of Our Lady of Peace	Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast	Dumez	Modeled after the St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. World's tallest dome.
19972018	140m (460feet)	MTN Sundome	Johannesburg, South Africa		Sports arena	^[46]
since 2018	247m (810feet)	Glory Dome	Abuja, Nigeria		Reputed to be the largest church auditorium in the world, the size of three football pitches.

Australia

Held record	Diameter	Name	Location	Builder	Notes	References
	m						ft
19131959	34.75m (114.01feet)	State Library Victoria	Melbourne, Australia		Designed by Norman G. Peebles
19591988	47.4m (155.5feet)	The Shine Dome	Canberra, Australia		Designed by Sir Roy Grounds
since 1988	133m (436feet)	Burswood Dome	Perth, Australia		Designed by James Wilkinson

Other famous large domes

List of famous large domes that have never held any of the size records:

Completion date	Diameter	Name	Location	Builder	Notes	References
	m						ft
	13.48disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Domus Aurea	Rome, Italy	Roman Empire	First dome with a polygonal ground plan (octagon)
1227	16.9x	St. Gereon's Basilica	Cologne, Germany		Elliptical dome. Largest dome to be constructed in the Occident in the years between the construction of Hagia Sophia's dome in 563 and the completion of Florence Cathedral in 1436.	^[47]
1405	18.2disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasavi	Turkistan, Kazakhstan	Timur	Double dome
1557	27.2disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Süleymaniye Mosque	Istanbul, Turkey	Ottoman Empire	Architect Mimar Sinan
1575	31.25disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Selimiye Mosque	Edirne, Turkey	Ottoman Empire	Architect Mimar Sinan
1626	42.3disp=tableNaNdisp=table	St. Peter's Basilica	Rome, Italy	Holy See	World's tallest dome until 1990. Tallest dome interior (including lantern). Two layer dome. Architect Michelangelo.
1641	58feet	Taj Mahal	Agra, India	Mughal Empire	Double dome^[48]	^[49]
1710	102feet	St Paul's Cathedral	London, United Kingdom	Christopher Wren	Double dome. The two domes are separated by a cone over the top of the inner which helps support the outer. Height of dome: .^[50]	^[51]
1732	24.1x	Sanctuary of Vicoforte	Vicoforte, Italy	House of Savoy	Largest elliptical dome in the world. Height of dome: . Architects Ascanio Vitozzi and Francesco Gallo.^[52]
1871	130feet	Mosta Dome	Mosta, Malta		Third-largest unsupported dome in the world. Architect Giorgio Grognet de Vassé.	^[53] ^[54]
1894	31m (102feet)	Frederik's Church	Copenhagen, Denmark	Frederick V	Built from 1749 to 1894 by three different architects, with no construction done from 1770 to 1877	^[55]
1904	50feet	Rhode Island State House	Providence, United States		Third-largest unsupported marble dome in the world.	^[56] ^[57]
1912	18m (59feet)	Alexander Nevsky Cathedral	Sofia, Bulgaria	Bulgarian people	Groundbreaking: 3 March 1882. Completed: 19041912. Consecrated: 1924. Has gold-plated domes. Believed to be among the 10 largest Eastern Orthodox church buildings, and the largest completed Orthodox cathedral located in Southeast Europe.	^[58] ^[59] ^[60] ^[61]
1944	61disp=tableNaNdisp=table	La Coupole V-2 rocket bunker	Wizernes, France	Nazi Germany	Reinforced concrete dome. thick.	^[62] ^[63]
1952	27disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Rotunda of Xewkija	Xewkija, Malta		Height: 75m (246feet). Weight: 45000t. Circumference: 85m (279feet). Architect Joseph D'Amato.
1988	51.8disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque	Shah Alam, Malaysia		Largest mosque in Malaysia. Second largest mosque in South East Asia. Also known as Blue Mosque. Can accommodate up to 16,000 worshippers.
1992	192x	Georgia Dome	Atlanta, United States	Brasfield & Gorrie	Elliptical tensegrity structure. Demolished on 20 November 2017.	^[64] ^[65]
2005	21.3disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Long Island Green Dome	Baiting Hollow, United States	Kevin Michael Shea	Largest residential wood geodesic dome in North America. Serves as a home and advocate of sustainable living. Picture.
2009	78disp=tableNaNdisp=table	Medgidia clinker storage facility	Medgidia, Romania			^[66]
2014	179x	Philippine Arena	Bocaue, Philippines	Iglesia ni Cristo	Elliptical dome. Dome with the largest indoor arena by capacity in the world.	^[67]

See also

• List of tallest domes
• List of Roman domes

Sources

• Rasch. Jürgen. 1985. Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur. Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion. Architectura. 15. 117139.

Notes and References

1. Robert Mark, Paul Hutchinson: "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon", Art Bulletin, Vol. 68, No. 1 (1986), p.24
2. Werner Heinz: "Römische Thermen. Badewesen und Badeluxus im römischen Reich", München 1983,, p.60-64
3. Web site: Romanconcrete.com . 2006-12-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141006012615/http://www.romanconcrete.com/ . 2014-10-06 . dead .
4. Werner Müller: "dtv Atlas Baukunst I. Allgemeiner Teil: Baugeschichte von Mesopotamien bis Byzanz", 14. Aufl., 2005,, p.253
5. Figures vary. archINFORM gives a 45m (148feet) wide tambour, while gives a 43m (141feet) diameter of the cupola. Other estimates are as low as 42m (138feet).
6. Book: The British Foreign Mechanic and Scientific Instructor. 23 July 1870. J. Sydal. 30. 9 July 2020. 19 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200819201942/https://books.google.com/books?id=qIfhW-sNCI0C&pg=PA30. live.
7. Web site: Roof . royalalberthall.com . Royal Albert Hall . 9 July 2020 . 11 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210511134349/https://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the-hall/our-history/explore-our-history/building/roof/ . live .
8. 2023-09-12. . 1873. 10.1016/0016-0032(73)90149-x. Wilhelm H. [Heinrich]. 0016-0032. 3. Journal of the Franklin Institute. Uhland. 1044760573. 1872-11. 186. Leipsic [Leipzig]. Philadelphia. Published by the Franklin Institute at their Hall. the interior circumference is 319·6 meters, and the space available for the purposes of the Exhibition and accommodation of the visitors is 8129 square meters. [{{Google Books URL | 1=SjI5AQAAMAAJ | p=PA186}} Notes on the Vienna Universal exposition ]. 95.
9. Web site: Survey and Research Report on the Charlotte Coliseum . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160118115529/http://www.cmhpf.org/S%26Rs%20Alphabetical%20Order/Surveys%26rCharlotte%20Coliseum%20Update.htm . 2016-01-18 .
10. Web site: 2023-09-17. 2016-03-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175930/http://www.sajam.co.rs/active/en/home/o_nama_v01/mapa_sajma__hale/hala_1.html. 2009-07-19. Belgrade Fair - Hall 1. dead. sajam.co.rs.
11. Web site: 2023-09-16. 2008-08-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20080828131244/http://static.monolithic.com/thedome/thinshells/. 2008-10-20. Melinda. South. Reinforced Concrete Thin Shell Sports Facilities. live. monolithic.com.
12. Web site: 2023-09-17. 2012-05-25. Mark. Byrnes. The first domed stadiums were hailed as architectural marvels. In 1965, the first (Houston's Astrodome) was called the "8th Wonder of the World.". The End of the Domed Stadium. Bloomberg.com.
13. Web site: Historic American Engineering Record. Historic American Buildings Survey. Historic American Landscapes Survey. Library of Congress. 727359923. Justine Christianson prepared the documentation for transmittal to the Library of Congress. Jet Lowe produced the large format photography.. Washington, D.C.. Library of Congress. Houston Astrodome, 8400 Kirby Drive, Houston, Harris County, TX. Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscapes Survey.
14. Web site: 2023-09-16. 2020-02-13. General Meeting: Astrodome: Engineering and Construction History. ACI - Houston.
15. Web site: Air University: Eagle Biography: Winton M. "Red" Blount . 2010-08-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111223193451/http://www.au.af.mil/au/goe/eagle_bios/2001/blount_2001.asp . 2011-12-23 . live .
16. 2023-09-16. 1976. M. C.. W. [William] R.. 0026-8445. Modern steel construction. Williams. Gibson. 1 & 2 : First & Second Quarter 1976. 2251245. 3–7. New York, N.Y.. American Institute of Steel Construction. Louisiana Superdome. 16.
17. Web site: Pastier. John. Hurricane Coverage The Superdome. Architectural Record. 2005-12-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20080704143102/http://archrecord.construction.com/news/katrina/superdome.asp. 2008-07-04. dead. 2023-09-14.
18. Web site: 2023-09-14. 2017-03-10. ru. Величайший "Купол" науки из Истры / Хабр. Хабр.
19. Web site: Упавшая капля. ИД «Панорама». ru. 2023-09-14.
20. Web site: Schmidt. Ron. Strange Towers in a Russian Forest. Welcome to Pegasus Research Consortium. 2007-12-02. 2023-09-14.
21. Web site: 2023-09-17. Makoto. Takahashi. Soccer Stadiums with Membrane Structures. MakMax TAIYO KOGYO CORPORATION.
22. Web site: Steel underpins infrastructure at World Cup in Japan. worldsteel.org. 2022-05-09. 2023-09-16.
23. Web site: 2010-02-25. 2014-04-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20140408230532/http://www.windfallfilms.com/show/1078/Episode+9++Dome.aspx. "Big Bigger Biggest Series 2: Episode 9 Dome", Windfall Films Ltd.. dead.
24. 2010. 10.1260/1478-0771.8.3.257. Pavel. Clive J. 1478-0771. 3. International Journal of Architectural Computing. Hladik. Lewis. 4795865180. 261. Singapore National Stadium Roof. CumInCAD. 8.
25. Web site: Salient Features Global Pagoda website. 2009-02-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20090213224628/http://globalpagoda.org/Default3.aspx?parentid=3&levelid=18. 2009-02-13. dead.
26. Web site: 2023-09-17. Asklepieion, Pergamon (Site). Perseus Digital Library.
27. Web site: 2013-02-25. 2010-02-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20100218011327/http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=343. istanbul.gov.tr. Hagia Sofia Museum. dead.
28. Erwin Heinle, Jörg Schlaich: "Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen", Stuttgart 1996,, p.27
29. Web site: H. Hagedann & Ch. Plato . Kuppeln historisch . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070612133011/http://www.fh-erfurt.de/ar/go/bwa2004/27.pdf . June 12, 2007 .
30. Web site: Website of the Dom St. Blasien . 2008-08-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081009164717/http://www.dom-st-blasien.de/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=43 . 2008-10-09 . live .
31. Schnell Kunstführer: "St. Blasien/Schwarzwald", No. 555, Regensburg 2001,, p.7
32. Web site: Brick Breeden Fieldhouse: 50 years and going strong . Diana . Setterberg . Spring 2007 . montana.edu . 2 December 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100604175306/http://www.montana.edu/mountainsandminds/spring2007/athletics/index.html . 4 June 2010 . dead .
33. E. P. Copp: "The Devonshire Royal Hospital Buxton", Rheumatology, Vol. 43 (2004), p.385
34. Web site: West Baden Springs Hotel, State Route 56, West Baden Springs, Orange County, IN . The Library of Congress . 2016-04-17 . 2023-09-14.
35. Web site: Centennial Hall in Wroclaw - UNESCO World Heritage Centre . whc.unesco.org . 2006-07-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071021061944/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1165/ . 2007-10-21 . 2023-09-14.
36. Web site: Kingdome . . EMPORIS GMBH . 10 July 2020 . 11 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200711152351/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/102757/kingdome-seattle-wa-usa . dead .
37. Web site: Desert Dome. Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo . 2023-08-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080422082131/http://www.omahazoo.com/exhibits/index.asp?page=exhibits%2Fdesertdome.htm . 2008-04-22 . dead .
38. Web site: Largest glazed geodesic dome. Guinness World Records . 2023-08-31.
39. Web site: Kupolen, Borlänge. SkyscraperPage.com. 2023-09-14.
40. Web site: H. Hagedann & Ch. Plato . Kuppeln historisch . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070612133011/http://www.fh-erfurt.de/ar/go/bwa2004/27.pdf . June 12, 2007 .
41. "The Great Mormon Tabernacle at Salt Lake". Scientific American. 8 June 1867
42. Web site: 2023-09-16. 2015-02-27. AT&T Stadium. Walter P Moore.
43. Web site: Ordens tectônicas no Palácio do Congresso Nacional . Macedo. Danilo Matoso. da Silva . Élcio Gomes . April 2011. Vitruvius . 25 August 2021.
44. Ashkan . Maryam . Ahmad . Yahaya . Discontinuous Double-shell Domes through Islamic eras in the Middle East and Central Asia: History, Morphology, Typologies, Geometry, and Construction . Nexus Network Journal . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 12 . 2 . 2010-02-05 . 1590-5896 . 10.1007/s00004-010-0013-9 . 287319.
45. Manfred Görgens: "Kleine Geschichte der indischen Kunst", DuMont, Köln 1986,, p.226
46. Coca-Cola Dome: Dimensions of Coca-Cola Dome
47. Werner Schäfke: "Kölns romanische Kirchen. Architektur, Ausstattung, Geschichte", Köln, 1985, 5. ed.,, p.100&118
48. Web site: Outlying Building.
49. On the Symmetry of the Central Dome of the Taj Mahal . 10.18520/cs/v110/i6/996-999 . Ahuja . Dilip . Rajani . M.B. . 2016-03-01 . 996 . 110 . Current Science . ResearchGate.
50. Book: 2023-09-17. Ward Lock & Co., Limited. 1914. Thirty-Eighth Edition—Revised. 437623827. 209. London. Ward Lock & Co., Limited. [{{Google Books URL | 1=tQdUAAAAYAAJ | pg=209}} A Pictorial and Descriptive Guide to London and Its Environs ].
51. Robert Mark, Paul Hutchinson: "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon", Art Bulletin, Vol. 68, No. 1 (1986) p.34
52. Book: Rivoira , Giovanni Teresio . 2023-09-17. 1921. it. 7096469. 347. Milano. Ulrico Hoepli. [{{Google Books URL | 1=Vm4vAAAAMAAJ | pg=347}} Architettura romana: costruzione e statica nell'età imperiale ].
53. Book: Cauchi , Raymond . 2016-09-24. 624455034. 79. Mosta, Malta. Cauchi's Emporium. [{{Google Books URL | 1=DlG0AAAAIAAJ | pg=79 | dq="Internal diameter: 130 feet."}} The Mosta Rotunda: short history & guide ]. 1988.
54. Book: Wizards , Travelling . 2023-09-17. 978-1-4609-2101-2. 24. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. [{{Google Books URL | 1=OjNZClRQHK4C | pg=24}} Malta - The Mythical Island ]. 2011.
55. Marmorkirken.dk: Marble Church
56. Web site: Facts and Figures . rilin.state.ri.us . 2 December 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070223014709/http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/FactFig/ . 23 February 2007 .
57. Web site: The Providence Heritage Trail . visitrhodeisland.com . 2 December 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120714172538/http://www.visitrhodeisland.com/what-to-do/heritage-trails/providence-heritage-trail/ . 14 July 2012 . dead .
58. Web site: 2023-09-17. 2018-04-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183233/http://15veka.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ENG_PATRIARCHAL-CATHEDRAL-STAUROPIGIAL.pdf. The Managing Board of The Monumental Church „St. Alexander Nevski". 2016-07-04. Patriarchal cathedral stauropigial memorial church "St. Alexander Nevski". dead. 15veka.org.
59. Web site: 2012-02-23. 2011-11-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20111124193554/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/categories/largest. World's Largest Religious Buildings and Religious Art. dead.
60. Web site: 2023-09-17. The Hitotoki Tokyo Boys. 2010-03-30. Sofia, Bulgaria — "I love early morning Sofia. " — Mihail Dyuzev [hitotoki ]]. hitotoki.org.
61. Web site: 2023-09-17. bg. София 1968 г. - ОБИКОЛКА НА ГРАДА. OMDA.
62. Inventaire général des monuments et des richesses artistiques de la France: Schotterwerk Nord West (SNW) : Base V2 (the number of 71.0 m given here refers to the outer diameter)
63. Web site: Dimensioned cross section of the central part of the bunker complex in Wizernes, France . 2008-08-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090304062153/http://www.v2rocket.com/start/deployment/wiz_blueprint1.jpg . 2009-03-04 . live .
64. 10.2749/101686694780601980. Matthys P.. Tian-Fang. 1016-8664. 3. Structural Engineering International. Levy. Jing. 148150. Informa UK Limited. Floating Saddle Connections for the Georgia Dome, USA. 4. 1994.
65. Web site: 2023-09-17. TensiNet. Georgia Dome. www.tensinet.com.
66. Scope of Work, Web site: Lafarge Cement Plant Clinker Bulk Storage Romania - Dome Technology . www.dometechnology.com . 1 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170401232835/https://www.dometechnology.com/projects/lafarge-cement-plant-clinker-bulk-storage-romania/ . 1 April 2017 . live .
67. Kim . Jong-soo . Cho . Duck-won . Choi . Eun-gyu . Cho . Hyun-wook . http://www.csse.kr/kor/bbs.html?bid=tech_ann&sk=&kc=0&kt[=&ks=&pop=&bno=47&act=hitfile&fileno=1 Structural health monitoring during construction in Philippine Arena ]. Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2015 . 2015 . 2020-11-06 . 2021-06-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210620014413/http://www.csse.kr/kor/bbs.html?bid=tech_ann&sk=&kc=0&kt%5B%5D=&ks=&pop=&bno=47&act=hitfile&fileno=1 . live .