Women in warfare and the military in the 19th century explained

The following is a list of women in war and their exploits from about 1800 up to about 1899.

For women in warfare in the United States at this time, please see Timeline of women in war in the United States, pre-1945.

Only women active in direct warfare, such as warriors, spies, and women who actively led armies are included in this list.

1800s

• Early 19th century: Geertrudia van den Heuvel served as corporal in the Netherlands dressed as a man under the name Jacobus Philippus Vermeij.^[1]

• 1802: Bùi Thị Xuân, the general of rebel forces during the Tây Sơn Rebellion in Vietnam, is captured and executed by her enemies.^[2]
• 1802: Marie-Jeanne Lamartinière served at the Battle of Crête-à-Pierrot.^[3]
• 1802: Mai Sukhan defends the town of Amritsar against Ranjit Singh.^{[4] [5]}
• 1802: La Mulâtresse Solitude participates in the former slaves fight for freedom in the Battle of 18 May, when slavery was reintroduced on Guadeloupe by Napoleon.^{[6] [7]}
• 1803: Lorenza Avemanay led a revolt against Spanish occupation in Ecuador.^[8]
• 1803: Madame d'Oettlinger served as a spy for Napoleon in Germany.^[9]
• 1805: Jane Townsend served aboard HMS Defiance during the Battle of Trafalgar.^[10]
• 1806-1812: Virginie Ghesquière took her brother's place in the 27th Line regiment of Napoleon's army, served during the Peninsular War under Andoche Junot, was promoted to lieutenant,^[11] and in 1857 awarded the Saint Helena medal.^[12]
• 1805: Marie-Jeanne Schellinck served in the Battle of Austerlitz.^[13]
• 1806: Manuela Pedraza fought in the reconquest of Buenos Aires after the first British invasion of the Río de la Plata.^[14]
• 1807–1816: Nadezhda Durova served in the Russian army. She earned the cross of St George for valour in combat and became the Russian army's first female officer.^[15]
• 1808: Juana Galán was a guerrilla fighter of the Peninsular War (1808–1814).^[16]
• 1808: Manuela Malasaña participated in The 2nd of May Uprising in Madrid (1808) against the troops of Napoleon I of France during the Peninsular War.^[16]
• 1808: Agustina de Aragón defended Spain during the Spanish War of Independence.^[17] During the bloody sieges of Saragossa, French General Jean-Antonie Verdier started the attack with a twenty-seven-hour bombardment of Zaragoza. At the Portillo Gate, most of the Spanish defenders had been killed or wounded, and on 2 July 1808 a French column launched an assault on the unmanned Portillo Gate battery. Observing the danger, twenty-two-year-old Agustina rushed forward to a twenty-four-pound cannon, retrieved the still-burning wick from the hands of a fallen gunner, and fired the cannon loaded with grapeshot at the advancing French column that decimated it and gave time to arrive Spanish reinforcements from a near battery to reject the attack. Agustina herself explained the facts in a memorial signed in Sevilla city in date 12 August 1810.
• 1808–1809: Elisa Servenius enlisted in the Swedish army dressed as a man because "She had decided to live and to die with her husband", the soldier Bernhard Servenus; she participated in the war between Sweden and Russia over Finland and, during one battle, she collected ammunition from the Russians and gave them to her comrades. She was later discovered and discharged but decorated with a medal for bravery in battle.^[18]
• 1809–1813: Joanna Żubr served in the Polish army.^[19] She received the Virtuti Militari, the first woman to be granted the highest Polish military award.
• 1809–1825: Juana Azurduy de Padilla acted as a guerrilla leader in Bolivia.^[20]

1810s

• 1810s: Juana Ramírez commands a group of female rebel soldiers during the Venezuelan War of Independence.
• 1810s: Teriitaria II personally leads armies into battle.^{[21] [22]}
• 1810, Sweden: Maria Nilsdotter i Ölmeskog dissolves a potential rebel army and are rewarded by the monarch for having prevented a rebellion.^[23]
• 1811–1812: María Feliciana joined the pro-independence rebellion in El Salvador along with her sisters and helped in the capture of Sensuntepeque.
• 1811–1817: Gertrudis Bocanegra serves as a spy, a messenger and a guerrilla fighter during the Mexican War of Independence.^[24]
• 1811–1817: María Martínez provides reports as a spy to the rebel army during the Mexican War of Independence. She is fined and jailed several times, and is eventually executed.^[25]
• 1812: Vasilisa Kozhina leads a Russian partisan group against Napoleon.^[26]
• 1812: Marie Manuel and her husband Blaise Peuxe serve together as gunners in a French artillery unit during the Peninsular War. They are captured together when the British Army enters Madrid in August 1812, and become prisoners of war in Scotland, where Marie is officially acknowledged as an enemy combatant rather than simply a camp follower, wearing uniform and avoiding the repatriation imposed on other prisoners' attendant families. The memoirs of another prisoner hint that she was a Spanish girl who had met her husband when she saved him from guerrillas in 1811, but this source may combine the story of the husband-and-wife gunners with elements of the biographies of other female prisoners-of-war in the same group.^[27]
• 1812–1814: Francina Broese Gunningh serve in the French, the Prussian and finally in the Dutch army dressed as a male under the name Frans Gunningh Sloet.^{[28] [29]}
• 1813: Eleonore Prochaska killed fighting for the Lützow Free Corps.^[30]
• 1813: Manuela Medina participates in active warfare in the Battle of Acapulco during the Mexican War of Independence.^[31]
• 1813–1815: Anna Lühring^[32] and Friederike Krüger^[33] serve in the Prussian army during the Napoleonic Wars.
• 1813: Laura Secord Canadian heroine of the War of 1812
• 1813: Johanna Stegen participate in the defense of the city of Lüneburg against the French.^[34]
• 1814: Ghaliyya al-Wahhabiyya defend Mecca against the Ottomans with her own Wahhabi army at the Battle of Turaba.^[35]
• 1814: Úrsula Goyzueta participate in the defense of Santa Barbara the Bolivian War of Independence.^[36]
• 1815: William Brown (birth name unknown), a Royal Navy sailor, is discovered to be a woman. She is the first black woman to serve in the Royal Navy.^[37]
• 1815: Several women are found dead in British uniforms after the Battle of Waterloo, among them Mary Dixon, who dies in service after having served sixteen years in the British army dressed as a man.^[38]
• 1817: La Pola is executed by the Spanish after having served as a spy during the Colombian war of Independence.^[39]
• 1817: Martha Christina Tiahahu fights against the Dutch colonial government in Molucca, Indonesia.^{[40] [41] [42]}
• 1819: Manono II, fought along with her husband Keaoua Kekuaokalani, in the Battle of Kuamoo, where both perished in defense of the kapu system.^[43]
• 1819: María Antonia Santos Plata, a Neogranadine (now Colombia) peasant, galvanized, organized, and led the rebel guerrillas in the Province of Socorro against the invading Spanish troops during the Reconquista of the New Granada; she was ultimately captured, tried, and found guilty of lese-majesty and high treason, sentenced and ultimately put to death by firing squad.^[44]

Notes and References

1. Web site: Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland. djr. 20 March 2017. www.historici.nl.
2. Book: Turner, Karen. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=PA265. 2008. Oxford University Press. 978-0195148909. 265. Bui Thi Xuan .
3. Web site: Femmes d'Haiti : Marie-Jeanne. Webmaster. www.haiticulture.ch.
4. Book: Bhagata. Siṅgha. A History of the Sikh Misals. 1993. Punjabi University. 197.
5. Book: Chhabra. G. S.. Advanced History of the Punjab, vol 2: Ranjit Singh & post Ranjit Singh period. 1972. New Academic Publishing Company. Punjab. 106. 2.
6. Web site: 20 mai 1802 – Bonaparte légalise l'esclavage . www.herodote.net.
7. Web site: LVC 23 – la mulâtresse solitude . 24 June 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110103163100/http://lemondeavenir.com/LVC/lvc23/23mulatresse.htm . 3 January 2011 . dead . dmy-all .
8. The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography: Revised by Maggy Hendry
9. Wilhelmina Stålberg (Swedish): Anteqningar om Svenska kvinnor (Notes on Swedish women)
10. Book: Lincoln P. Paine: Warships of the World To 1900. 6 October 2014. 48. 0395984149. Paine. Lincoln P.. 2000. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt .
11. Book: Bernard A. Cook. Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present. 2006. ABC-CLIO. 978-1851097708. 229.
12. A. Forrest, K. Hagemann, J. Rendall: Soldiers, Citizens and Civilians: Experiences and Perceptions
13. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k73417z/f472 Léonce Grabilier: Jeanne Schellinck
14. [Lily Sosa de Newton]
15. Durova, Nadezhda, The Cavalry Maiden: Journals of a Russian Officer in the Napoleonic Wars trans. Mary Fleming Zirin. Indiana University Press, 1989.
16. Rudorff, Raymond (1974) War to the death: the sieges of Saragossa, 1808–1809, p. 101. Hamilton. At Google Books. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
17. Queralt del Hierro, María Pilar, Agustina de Aragón, la mujer y el mito, Madrid, La Esfera de los Libros, 2008.
18. Cecilia af Klercker (översättning och redigering) (1942). Hedvig Elisabeth Charlottas dagbok VIII. P.A. Norstedt & Söners förlag.
19. Encyklopedia Wojen Napoleońskich – R. Bielecki ("Encyclopedia of the Napoleonic Wars" in Polish)
20. Pallis, Michael Slaves of Slaves: The Challenge of Latin American Women (London: Zed Press, 1980) pg. 24
21. Book: O'Reilly. Patrick. Teissier. Raoul. Tahitiens: répertoire bio-bibliographique de la Polynésie française. 1st. 1962. Musée de l'homme. Paris. 1001078211. fr.
22. Book: Adams, Henry. Henry Adams. Tahiti: Memoirs of Arii Taimai. 1901. The Gregg Press. Ridgewood, NJ. 21482.
23. Hedvig Elisabet Charlotta; Klercker Cecilia af (1942). Hedvig Elisabeth Charlottas dagbok. 9, 1812–1817. Stockholm: Norstedt. p. 689
24. (Spanish) "Bocanegra de Lazo de la Vega, Gertrudis," Enciclopedia de México, v. 2. Mexico City, 1988.
25. Book: Notable Latin American Women: Twenty-nine Leaders, Rebels, Poets, Battlers and Spies. 1995. McFarland & Co.. 137.
26. Creatures, p. 138 Leonid Tishkov, 1994
27. Ian MacDougall, All Men are Brethren: French, Scandinavian, Italian, German, Dutch, Belgian, Spanish, Polish, West Indian, American, and Other Prisoners of War in Scotland, 1803–1814 (John Donald, Edinburgh 2008), pp. 162–64, 227, 723–24
28. Web site: Broese Gunningh, Francina (1783-1824).
29. Rudolf Dekker en Lotte van de Pol, Vrouwen in mannenkleren. De geschiedenis van een tegendraadse traditie. Europa 1500–1800 (Amsterdam 1989)
30. Berlinische Nachrichten von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen (in German) (120). 7 October 1813
31. Secretaría de Educación Pública. Comisión Nacional de Libros de Texto Gratuitos. (2007) (en español). Historia. Cuarto Grado. .
32. (German) Herbert Schwarzwälder: Berühmte Bremer. Paul-List-Verlag, Munich 1976,, S. 62–70.
33. Anita Heiden-Berndt: Friederike Auguste Krüger. Historisch-biographischer Roman. Neubrandenburg, 1994.
34. Germany in the Modern World: A New History By Sam A. Mustafa p.103
35. Vassiliev, Alexei (2000). The History of Saudi Arabia. NYU Press. . (Chapter 5).
36. Roca, José Luis (2007). Ni con Lima ni con Buenos Aires: la formación de un estado nacional en Charcas. Plural editores. .
37. "Jane Tars:The Women of the Royal Navy" by Susan Lucas from Aboutnelson.co.uk, last accessed 12 February 2006
38. Book: Isabelle Baudino. Jacques Carré. Marie-Cécile Révauger. The Invisible Woman: Aspects of Women's Work in Eighteenth-century Britain. 2005. Ashgate. 978-0754635727. 82.
39. Adams, Jerome R. (1995). "8, La Pola". Notable Latin American Women. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 75–82. . .
40. Web site: Martha Christina Tiahahu: The 'kabaressi' heroine of Maluku . . Tunny . Azis . Jakarta . The Jakarta Post . 27 April 2008 . 27 December 2011 . 29 May 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130529164803/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/04/27/martha-christina-tiahahu-the-039kabaressi039-heroine-maluku.html.
41. Web site: Martha Christina Si Pemberani dari Timur . Martha Christina, the Brave One from the East . id . . Alaidrus . Syarivah . Jakarta . Kompas . 27 April 2010 . 27 December 2011 . 22 April 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120422044804/http://oase.kompas.com/read/2010/08/18/06024133/Martha.Christina.Si.Pemberani.dari.Timur.
42. Book: Azizah , Jiz . Wanita-Wanita Perkasa dari Jawa . The Gallant Women from Java . id . Bantul . IN AzNa Books . 2011 . 978-9793194967.
43. Ellis, William (1827). Narrative of a Tour through Hawaii (2 ed.). London: H. Fisher, son, and P. Jackson.
44. Fodor's Essential Greek Islands: with Great Cruises & the Best of AthensBy Fodor's Travel Guides
45. Jennifer S. Uglow, Maggy Hendry. The Northeastern dictionary of women's biography. UPNE, 1999
46. Jean-Loup Avril 1000 Bretons: dictionnaire biographique. 2002, p. 133 "Marie-Angélique Duchemin quitte l'armée, puis est admise à l'Hôtel des Invalides où elle passera 61 ans. ... Ce ne sera que par décret du 15 août 1851 à l'occasion de la fête impériale que Marie-Angélique Duchemin, veuve Brulon, figurera ..."
47. Brazilian biographical annual, Volume 2, By Joaquim Manoel de Macedo, pp. 493–496
48. A Life to Remember: An Autobiography Balawant Shankar Joshi · 2015
49. Australian Dictionary of Biography
50. Stefan Kieniewicz, Emilia Plater, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XXVII, Zakład Narodowy Imenia Ossolińskich I Wydawnictwo Polskieh Akademii Nauk, 1983, p.652
51. Web site: Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland. djr. 20 March 2017. www.historici.nl.
52. Mouser, Bruce L. (17 October 1980). "Women Traders and Big-Men of Guinea-Conakry" (PDF). tubmaninstitute.ca. Tubman Institute. pp. 6–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
53. Valdivia, Francisca (4 July 2011). "La importancia de la mujer en la guerra de 1879 a 1884" (in Spanish). Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
54. Restrepo, José Manuel (1952). Historia de la Nueva Granada. Bogotá: Editorial Cromos.
55. Ana Lucia Araujo. Shadows of the Slave Past: Memory, Heritage and Slavery (Routledge Studies in Cultural History). Routledge, 2014. p. 198. .
56. Web site: Concepción Bona. educando.edu.do. 25 July 2016.
57. Web site: Concepción Bona. hoy.com.do. Ángela Peña. 23 November 2003 . 26 July 2016.
58. Web site: Origen y evolución de la bandera dominicana. Origin and development of the Dominican flag. Periódico Digital Dominicano. 26 February 2015. 1 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180419022447/http://www.7dias.com.do/portada/2015/02/26/i183270_origen-evolucion-bandera-dominicana.html#.V5bpMqLAt-8. 19 April 2018. dead.
59. Web site: Bandera Nacional. Dominican Flag. Presidency of the Dominican Republic. 26 July 2016.
60. Adams, Henry Gardiner, ed. (1857). A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography. London: Groombridge. p. 94.
61. [Gunhild Kyle]
62. Benda: Lebstück Maria. In: Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Band 5, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1972, S. 68
63. Păcăţian, Teodor V. – Cartea de aur sau luptele politice-naţionale ale românilor de sub coroana ungară, volumul I, ediţia a II-a, Sibiu, Tipografia Iosif Marschall
64. Magyar Nagylexikon. Főszerk. Élesztős László (1–5. k.), Berényi Gábor (6. k.), Bárány Lászlóné (8-). Bp., Akadémiai Kiadó, 1993–.
65. Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Clara Lau, A.D. Stefanowska: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644–1911
66. Book: Dahomey and the Dahomans, Being the Journals of Two Missions to the King of Dahomey, and Residence at His Capital, in the Year 1849 and 1850, Volume 1. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. Frederick Edwyn Forbes.
67. Book: Strachey, Lytton . Eminent Victorians . Chatto and Windus . London . 1918.
68. Book: Kristine Swenson. Medical Women and Victorian Fiction. registration. 2005. University of Missouri Press. 978-0826264312. 15.
69. Book: Boles, Janet K. . Hoeveler, Diane Long . amp . Historical Dictionary of Feminism (Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies and Movements). 2004 . 28 May 2004. The Scarecrow Press, Inc.; 2nd ed.. 0810849461. 488.
70. Web site: Imperialism in North Africa. Women in World History: Module 9. Center for History and New Media. 2017-08-25.
71. Book: Sarala, Srikrishna . Indian revolutionaries: a comprehensive study, 1757–1961 . Prabhat Prakashan . 1999 . I . 978-8187100164 .
72. News: 8 April 2014 . A link to Indian freedom movement in Nepal . The Hindu.
73. Book: Begum Hazrat Mahal Summary & Analysis . BookRags.com . 2 November 2010 . 18 October 2012.
74. Michael Edwardes (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere Books; p. 104
75. [Christopher Hibbert]
76. Saul David (2002) The Indian Mutiny, Viking; p. 185
77. Web site: Begum Hazrat Mahal . Mapsofindia.com . 18 October 2012.
78. Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present, By Bernard A. Cook, p.199
79. Book: Leonard, Elizabeth D. . All the Daring of the Soldier: Women of the Civil War Armies . 1999 . W.W. Norton . New York . 1st . 978-0393047127 . 40543151 . registration . 165, 310–311. Alt URL
80. Dioniza Wawrzykowska-Wierciochowa, Najdziwniejszy z adiutantów. Opowieść o Annie Henryce Pustowójtównie. Warsaw, 1968. (Polish).
81. Web site: Pain, Stephanie. 6 March 2008. The 'male' military surgeon who wasn't. NewScientist.com. 16 March 2008.
82. Dourado, Maria Teresa Garritano (November 2004). "Tropas femininas em marcha". Nossa História Ano (in Portuguese) (São Paulo) 2 (13): 39. ISSN 1679-7221
83. Khalid, Zainab, "Rise of the Veil: Islamic Modernity and the Hui Woman" (2011). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 1074.https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1074
84. Yamakawa Kenjirō; Munekawa Toraji (1926). Hoshū Aizu Byakkotai jūkyūshi-den. Wakamatsu: Aizu Chōrei Gikai.
85. Adams, Amanda, Ladies of the Field: Early Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure, Douglas & McIntyre,
86. Web site: Les femmes de Colmar et de Strasbourg honorent Marie-Antoinette Lix Le blog des collections. 27 April 2017 . 2021-10-17. fr-FR.
87. Wim van den Bosch, René Grémaux, Merkus, Jeanne, in: Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland. URL: http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Merkus [12/08/2018]
88. Rethinking Islam and Liberal Democracy: Islamist Women in Turkish Politics By Yesim Arat, p.76
89. Escala Escobar, Manuel; Fortin, Carlos; Fuentealba Jiménez, Fernando (1985). Historia didáctica de Chile crono-antológica: desde la época precolombina hasta 1973 (2nd ed.). Ediciones Hernández-Blanco.
90. Valdivia, Francisca (4 de julio de 2011). "La importancia de la mujer en la guerra de 1879 a 1884". Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2016.
91. Book: Afghanistan: the mirage of peace. Johnson. Chris. Jolyon Leslie . 2004. Zed Books. 1842773771. 171. registration. Malalai Maiwand.. 2010-08-22.
92. Web site: Afghan Women's History. Abdullah Qazi. Afghanistan Online. 2010-09-12.
93. La importancia de la mujer en la Guerra de 1879 a 1884", Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez, 4 de julio de 2011. Consultado el 26 de julio
94. Enciclopedia del Ecuador. Grupo Editorial Océano, 1999. Madrid, España. Marieta de Veintimilla, pp. 771.
95. Йордан Венедиков, „История на доброволците от Сръбско-българската война – 1885 г.“, Изд. Доброволческа организация „Сливница“, С. 1935 г., стр.29
96. News: Women in the Canadian military . CBC News . 30 May 2006.
97. The History of Ethiopia, By Saheed A. Adejumobi p.166
98. Book: Chronology of women's history. 978-0313288036. 6 October 2014. Olsen. Kirstin. 1994. Bloomsbury Academic .
99. Book: Language Arts for the Filipino Learners: An Integrated Language and Reading WorkText for Grade Four, p. 106. Rex Bookstore . 978-9712314025. 6 October 2014.
100. Christine Doran. Women in the Philippine Revolution. Philippine Studies. 1998. 46. 3. 367–368. PDF.
101. Web site: Chapter 8: Iloilo Nationalism. Research Center for Iloilo. 20 June 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140508023546/http://ilongo.weebly.com/iloilo-history-part-8.html. 8 May 2014.
102. News: Henry F. Funtecha. Nay Isa, the bravest woman fighter of Iloilo. The News Today. 20 June 2014. 20 October 2006.
103. Yvonne Vera: The fearless taboo queen, Ivor Hartmann, Munyori Literary Journal, March / April 2009 http://archive.kubatana.net/html/archive/artcul/090415ih.asp?sector=ARTCUL&year=0&range_start=1
104. Horacio Rodríguez Plata, 978-1555534219}}, p. 81: "Greek freedom fighter."
     • 1821–1823: Manto Mavrogenous fights in the Greek War of Independence.^[44]
     • 1821: Rallou Karatza participates in the Greek war of Independence.^[45]
     • 1822: Angélique Brûlon, a female soldier who had in defence of Corsica from 1792 to 1799, is promoted to lieutenant. She had originally fought while disguised as a man, but eventually fought openly as a woman. She retires the same year.^[46]
     • 1822: Maria Quitéria fights in the Brazilian war of independence.^[47]
     • 1824: Queen Kittur Chennamma of the Kittur kingdom in India participates in several campaigns against the East India Company.^[48]
     • 1828–1830: Tarenorerer leads a guerrilla band of Aboriginal Australians of both sexes during the Black War in Tasmania.^[49]

     1830s

     • 1831–32: Countess Emilia Plater compose and command a company of Infantry as captain during the Polish November uprising.^[50]
     • 1838–1839: Johanna Martens serve in the Dutch army dressed as a man to be near to her lover, a soldier.^[51]
     • 1838-1840: African slave trader magnate Mary Faber de Sanger conduct warfare with her private army against her rival William Ormond in Bangalan.^[52]
     • 20 January 1839: Sergeant Candelaria Perez fights in the Battle of Yungay.^[53]

     1840s

     • 1841: Ana María Martínez de Nisser participated in the Battle of Salamina 5 May 1841 during the War of the Supremes.^[54]
     • 1842: African slave trader magnate Mary Faber de Sanger conducts warfare with her private army against the British and their allies the Susu tribe with her ally Elizabeth Bailey Gomez, and plunder the Susu capital.
     • 1843: The slave Carlota was one of the three leaders of the slave rebellion of Year of the Lash on Cuba.^[55]
     • 1844–1846: María Trinidad Sánchez participate as a courier in the Dominican War of Independence.^{[56] [57] [58] [59]}
     • 1848: Luisa Battistati defends Milan during the Revolution of 1848.^[60]
     • 1848: Luise Aston serves in the Freikorps during the war in Schleswig.^[61]
     • 1848: Mária Lebstück (1831–1892) was a Hussar officer during the Hungarian War of Independence of 1848 and 1849 under the name Károly Lebstück.^[62]
     • 1848: Pelaghia Roşu commands a battalion of females in defense of her village during the failed revolutionary attempt.^[63]
     • 1848: Júlia Bányai serve as a spy as well as an officer in the Hungarian army during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.^[64]

     1850s

     • 1850s: Su Sanniang joins the Taiping Rebellion with her army of outlaws and commands them in combat against the Imperial forces.^[65]
     • 1850s: Qiu Ersao commands 500 female rebel soldiers against the Imperial forces during the Taiping Rebellion.
     • 1850s: Hong Xuanjiao commands the female units of the rebel army against the Imperial forces during the Taiping Rebellion.
     • 1851: Júlia Bányai participates in the uprising against Austria in Transylvania.
     • 1851: Seh-Dong-Hong-Beh of the Dahomey Amazons is documented.^[66]
     • 1852-1855: The African slave traders Mary Faber de Sanger and Elizabeth Bailey Gomez conducts warfare against the British and their allies the Susus tribe with their private armies.
     • 1854: Florence Nightingale (a British nurse) revolutionised both the care of sick soldiers in the Crimean War, and also expectations of the role of women of her status.^{[67] [68]}
     • 1856: Pancha Carrasco takes part in the Second Battle of Rivas in Costa Rica. While serving the militia as a cook and impromptu medic, filled her apron pockets with bullets, grabbed a discarded rifle and shamed some of the retreating Costa Ricans forestalling what might have become a rout.^[69]
     • 1857: Last stand of Lalla Fatma N'Soumer, an Algerian woman who resisted French colonialism.^[70]
     • 1857–1858: Indian queen Rani of Jhansi leads severals battles against the East India Company. A member of her army, Jalkari Bai, defended Jhansi fort for the duration of the Rebellion.^[71]
     • 1857–1858: Begum Hazrat Mahal leads a band of her supporters against the East India Company in the Indian rebellion of 1857.^{[72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77]}
     • 1858, 28 March: After personally leading a campaign against the East India Company to regain her throne, Avantibai of the Indian state of Ramgarth kills herself when defeat seems imminent.^[78]

     1860s

     • 1860–1865: Some 500 to 1,000 women fought as soldiers in the American Civil War disguised as men.^[79]
     • 1863: Anna Henryka Pustowojtowna fights in the Polish uprising dressed as a man.^[80]
     • 25 July 1865: Retired military Inspector General, H.M. Army Hospitals, Doctor James Barry, dies. Upon inspection of the corpse, it is discovered that Barry was in fact, female assigned at birth.^[81]
     • 1865: Jovita Feitosa joins the Brazilian army during the Paraguayan War.^[82]
     • 1867-1870: Du Fengyang commands her own rebel army during the Panthay rebellion in China.^[83]
     • October 1868: In Japan, Nakano Takeko and a group of other women take part in the Battle of Aizu.^[84]

     1870s

     • 1870: Jane Dieulafoy serve as a soldier in the French army alongside her spouse dressed as a man during the Franco-Prussian war.^[85]
     • 1870: Marie-Antoinette Lix participated in the defense of Vosges and the city of Langres, and distinguished herself during the Battle of Nompatelize.^[86]
     • 1870-1871: Women communards in Paris organise in the Federated Legion of Women to defend the Paris Commune as soldiers.
     • 1873-1876: The Duch deaconess Jeanne Merkus dress like a man and leads her own group of rebel warriors within the rebel gerilla of Mićo Ljubibratić, who fights the Turks in Herzegovina, and is dubbed the "Joan of Arc of the Balkans" in the international press.^[87]
     • 1877: Nene Hatun fought against Russian forces during the recapture of Fort Aziziye in Erzurum from Russian forces at the start of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.^[88]
     • 1879: Irene Morales serve in the Chilean army during the War of the Pacific dressed as a man.^[89]
     • 1879: Filomena Valenzuela Goyenechea serve in the Chilean army during the Battle of Pisagua, Battle of Dolores and Battle of Los Ángeles during the War of the Pacific.^[90]

     1880s

     • 1880: Malalai of Maiwand rallies local Pashtun fighters at the Battle of Maiwand during the Second Anglo-Afghan War.^[91] She fought alongside Ayub Khan and was responsible for the Afghan victory.^[92]
     • 1881: Antonia Moreno Leyva accompanies her spouse on the Breña campaign during the War of the Pacific, and actively commands battalions during his absence.^[93]
     • 1883: Marieta de Veintemilla, the niece and first lady of president Ignacio de Veintemilla, takes control of the capital, the government and its military forces in the name of her absent uncle and commands the defense of the capital of Quito when it is attacked by the rebels.^[94]
     • 1885: Yona Markova serve in the Bulgarian army dressed as a man during the Serbo-Bulgarian War.^[95]
     • 1885: Women started serving with the Canadian military in 1885, as nurses.^[96]

     1890s

     • 1 March 1896: Taytu Betul marches to the Battle of Adwa with the Ethiopian imperial army, and commands a force of cannonners.^[97]
     • 1896: Philippine Revolution breaks out. Filipina woman Melchora Aquino becomes known as the "Grand Woman of the Revolution" and the "Mother of Balintawak" for her direct assistance to the revolutionaries.^{[98] [99]} Teresa Magbanua also takes part, fighting against the Spanish,^{[100] [101]} and later fighting against American colonial forces during the Philippine–American War.^[102]
     • 1896: Shona spiritual leader Nehanda Nyakasikana rebels against colonization of Zimbabwe.^[103]
     • 1899–1900: Lin Hei'er commands the Red Lantern Unit of women rebel soldiers during the Boxer Rebellion.

     See also

     • Women in the Mexican–American War

     References