Women in the Mexican drug war explained

Since the beginning of the Mexican Drug War in 2006, many women, of Mexican and other nationalities, have been victims of extortion, rape,[1] [2] torture,[3] [4] [5] [6] and murder,[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] as well as forced disappearance, by belligerents on all sides.[12] Women have been sex trafficked in Mexico by the cartels and gangs.[13] The criminal organizations, in turn, use the profits to buy weapons and expand. They have harmed[14] [15] and carried out sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States. The violence against women in the drug war has spread beyond Mexico to bordering and nearby countries in Central America and North America. The number of women killed in the conflict is unknown because of the lack of data.[16] Women officials, judges, lawyers,[17] paralegals,[18] reporters,[19] business owners, social media influencers, teachers, and non-governmental organizations directors have also been involved in the conflict in different capacities. There have been female combatants in the military, police,[20] cartels, and gangs. Women have lost loved ones in the conflict.[21] [22]

Victimization of women

See also: Violence against women in Mexico. Civilian women, as well as young women and girls,[23] in Mexico have been physically and psychologically harmed in the conflict. A number have had little protection because of corruption, impunity, and apathy. Businesswomen and female farmers and laborers are threatened and coerced to pay taxes to drug gangs.[24] Other women are forced to cultivate or pack drugs. Women have been forced to be mules.[25] [26] They have been killed in the crossfire of gun fights and assassinations.[27] [28] [29] Some women have been killed for refusing the romantic advances of men, witnessing crimes,[30] [31] being informants,[32] activists against crime,[33] [34] and other reasons. Women have also been murdered for being the grandmothers, mothers, wives, daughters, nieces, sisters, aunts, cousins, coworkers, or friends of persons targeted for assassination.[35] [36] [37] [38] Women have been bound and tortured.[39] Women's corpses have been decapitated and mutilated in other ways.[40] [41] [42] Female bodies have been disemboweled and hung from bridges. The bodies and body parts of women have been displayed in other ways, including being dumped on and along highways.[43] [44] The perpetrators sometimes leave written signs with threats and why they murdered the victims.

Women have been raped, tortured, and murdered by Mexican military forces and police.[45]

Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States, many who are escaping the drug war violence, is pervasive.[46]

Government employees, politicians, lawyers

See also: List of politicians killed in the Mexican drug war and María Santos Gorrostieta Salazar. Female officials and their family members have been murdered in the drug war.[47] [48] [49] Female police and military officers, as well as federal agents and their family members[50] [51] [52] have been murdered because of their occupation and or anti-cartel efforts.[53] [54] [55] [56] Female lawyers have been killed too.[57]

Journalists and media workers

See also: List of journalists and media workers killed in Mexico, Anabel Flores Salazar, María Esther Aguilar Cansimbe, María Isabella Cordero, Marisol Macías, Miroslava Breach, Regina Martínez Pérez and Yolanda Ordaz de la Cruz. Female reporters and their family members have been murdered in the drug war for writing anti-cartel articles for newspapers or posting messages on the internet.[58] [59]

The girlfriends,[60] wives, and daughters of male journalists and media workers have been murdered.[61]

Sex trafficking and rape

See main article: Sex trafficking in Mexico.

See also: Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States.

Sex trafficking in Mexico is a significant problem.[62] [63] Cartels and gangs fighting in the Mexican War on Drugs have sex trafficked women and girls in order to obtain additional profits.[64] [65] [66] [67] The cartels and gangs also abduct women to use as their personal sex slaves and force them into unfree labour. The sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States by members of these criminal organizations is a problem.

Number of casualties

See also: Corruption in Mexico. The number of women killed in the conflict cannot be known because the absence of data from corruption, cover-ups, bad record keeping, and failures in interagency communication.[68] A number of cases involving murders and disappearances have gone uninvestigated or unsolved because the authorities feared being harmed by cartel or gang members. Some corrupt or coerced authorities have tampered with evidence and documents to conceal information.[69] A great number of bodies of victims have not been found. The criminals have been known to use acids and corrosive liquids, fire, and other methods to dispose of remains and make identification difficult to impossible.[70] [71] Criminals have stolen bodies from crime scenes and morgues.[72] Data has been manipulated. Government workers have intentionally underreported violent crimes.[73] [74]

Women as participants

See also: Enedina Arellano Félix, Sandra Ávila Beltrán, Idalia Ramos Rangel, María Antonieta Rodríguez Mata and Joselyn Alejandra Niño. Women have participated in the Mexican War on Drugs. They have served for all belligerents. Women have been members of cartels and gangs.[75] [76] There have been female assassins[77] and drug money launderers.[78] Others have obstructed justice on behalf of the cartels. They have transacted with drug trafficking entities and individuals in other ways.[79] Women have fought against the cartels and gangs as police, military, lawyers, paralegals, prosecutors, activists, and more.

Notes and References

  1. Mexico's Narco-Insurgency. January 25, 2008. Time.
  2. Web site: More than 11,000 migrants abducted in Mexico. February 23, 2011. BBC News. March 30, 2020. March 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210307234026/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-12549484. live.
  3. Web site: Bodies of three decapitated police officers found in Mexico. January 30, 2017. Fox News. April 3, 2020. November 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116222604/https://www.foxnews.com/world/bodies-of-three-decapitated-police-officers-found-in-mexico. live.
  4. Web site: Drug Killings Haunt Mexican Schoolchildren. October 19, 2008. The New York Times. March 29, 2020. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308180559/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/20/world/americas/20tijuana.html. live.
  5. Web site: Mexican police find 12 bodies in Cancun. June 18, 2010. Reuters. March 29, 2020. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308202428/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-drugs/mexican-police-find-12-bodies-in-cancun-idUSTRE65I08620100619. live.
  6. Web site: Mexican citizen journalist has her own murder posted on her Twitter account. October 23, 2014. The Telegraph. April 3, 2020. July 12, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150712204616/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/mexico/11183720/Mexican-citizen-journalist-has-her-own-murder-posted-on-her-Twitter-account.html. live.
  7. Web site: Drug traffickers suspected in murders of 154 women. January 2, 2020. Fox 5 Morning News. March 31, 2020. March 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210303111815/https://fox5sandiego.com/news/border-report/drug-traffickers-suspected-in-murders-of-154-women/. live.
  8. Web site: Cartel turf war behind Juarez massacre, official says. February 2, 2010. CNN. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329161915/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/02/02/mexico.juarez.killings/index.html. live.
  9. Web site: 72 Bodies Found at Ranch: Mexico Massacre Survivor Describes Grisly Scene. August 26, 2010. CBS News. March 30, 2020. August 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818092828/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/72-bodies-found-at-ranch-mexico-massacre-survivor-describes-grisly-scene/. live.
  10. News: Mass graves in Mexico reveal new levels of savagery. April 24, 2011. The Washington Post. March 30, 2020. January 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210131195332/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/mass-graves-in-mexico-reveal-new-levels-of-savagery/2011/04/23/AFPoasbE_story.html. live.
  11. Web site: Bloody Tijuana: a week in the life of Mexico's murderous border city. November 4, 2019. The Guardian. April 2, 2020. May 26, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200526153912/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/04/bloody-tijuana-mexico-murderous-border-city-week. live.
  12. Web site: Mexican newspaper editor Maria Macias found decapitated. September 25, 2011. BBC News. March 29, 2020. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015100/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-15055458. live.
  13. Web site: Drugs, oil … women? Mexican cartels turn to human trafficking. April 29, 2020. Reuters. April 30, 2020. April 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200430221512/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-trafficking-moneylaundering-tr/drugs-oil-women-mexican-cartels-turn-to-human-trafficking-idUSKBN22B2TG. live.
  14. Web site: Mexico migrants face human rights crisis, says Amnesty. April 28, 2010. BBC News. March 30, 2020. August 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803220237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8647252.stm. live.
  15. Web site: Kidnappers prey with 'total impunity' on migrants waiting for hearings in Mexico. February 18, 2020. The Guardian. April 2, 2020. April 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200403224748/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/18/mexico-kidnappers-migrants-trump-immigration. live.
  16. Web site: Mexico sacks 10% of police force in corruption probe. August 30, 2010. BBC News. March 29, 2020. June 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210620154814/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-11132589. live.
  17. Web site: Mexican sex crimes prosecutor killed outside office. November 28, 2017. AP. April 3, 2020. November 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116184856/https://apnews.com/3b31395c4e774b638f52c34016fc5e67. live.
  18. Web site: San Antonio paralegal charged with passing information to drug cartels. May 14, 2020. San Antonio Express-News. May 16, 2020. May 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200521115829/https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/San-Antonio-paralegal-charged-with-passing-15268885.php. live.
  19. Web site: Mexican journalist gunned down in first fatal attack on press of 2020. March 31, 2020. The Guardian. April 2, 2020. April 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200402173041/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/31/mexican-journalist-gunned-down-in-first-fatal-attack-of-2020. live.
  20. Web site: Mexico violence: 12 police killed in one week in Guanajuato. December 16, 2019. BBC News. April 2, 2020. December 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191223072716/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50807882. live.
  21. Web site: The Mexican Mothers Who Make A Grim Yearly Search For Missing Loved Ones. March 5, 2020. npr. April 2, 2020. April 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001912/https://www.npr.org/2020/03/05/811277021/the-mexican-mothers-who-make-a-grim-yearly-search-for-missing-loved-ones. live.
  22. Web site: 'The disappeared': searching for 40,000 missing victims of Mexico's drug wars. November 6, 2019. The Guardian. April 2, 2020. May 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200520213953/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/06/mexico-drug-wars-thousands-disappear-missing. live.
  23. Web site: Mexico's new drug war may be worse than old one. August 30, 2019. AP. April 2, 2020. December 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191223085038/https://apnews.com/9231894fd9bf451e92a6ba64e3c68dc2. live.
  24. Web site: Mexico's drug violence leads schools to teach students to dodge bullets. July 8, 2010. The Arizona Republic. March 30, 2020. November 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109021858/http://archive.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/07/08/20100708mexico-drug-violence-affecting-schools-and-students.html. live.
  25. Web site: Migrants Say They're Unwilling Mules For Cartels. December 4, 2011. npr. March 30, 2020. November 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201115215448/https://www.npr.org/2011/12/04/143025654/migrants-say-theyre-unwilling-mules-for-cartels. live.
  26. Web site: Mexico cartels kidnap, kill migrants headed to U.S.. September 22, 2009. Reuters. March 30, 2020. November 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201115053049/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-drugs/mexico-cartels-kidnap-kill-migrants-headed-to-u-s-idUSTRE58L3B420090922. live.
  27. Web site: Vicious drug turf war turns Mexican border town of Tijuana into a killing zone. November 29, 2008. The Telegraph. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329161907/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/mexico/3535833/Vicious-drug-turf-war-turns-Mexican-border-town-of-Tijuana-into-a-killing-zone.html. live.
  28. Web site: Drug war bloodshed tarnishes Mexico's richest city. October 13, 2010. Reuters. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329163254/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-drugs/drug-war-bloodshed-tarnishes-mexicos-richest-city-idUSTRE69B6KF20101013. live.
  29. Web site: Chicago family recalls young woman killed while on Mexico City trip one year ago. July 6, 2019. Chicago Tribune. April 2, 2020. November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117072601/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-american-woman-killed-mexico-city-tatiana-chicago-anniversary-20190706-nbip5mty6naw3ccg3pnhcguyni-story.html. live.
  30. Web site: 25 slain in Mexican drug cartel attacks. September 11, 2010. Boston Globe. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329163410/http://archive.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2010/09/11/25_slain_in_mexican_drug_cartel_attacks/. live.
  31. Web site: Mexico: Missing journalist Yolanda Ordaz found killed. July 27, 2011. BBC News. April 3, 2020. November 2, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221102094653/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-14305364. live.
  32. The Terror. October 21, 2010. Vanity Fair.
  33. Web site: Mexican woman who uncovered cartel murder of daughter shot dead. May 12, 2017. The Guardian. April 3, 2020. March 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200302142034/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/12/mexican-woman-who-uncovered-cartel-murder-of-daughter-shot-dead-miriam-rodriguez. live.
  34. Web site: Mexican authorities accused of failures over notorious mass murder. June 22, 2017. The Guardian. April 3, 2020. October 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191024043049/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/22/mexican-authorities-accused-of-failures-over-notorious-mass. live.
  35. Web site: Families blame Mexico's Calderon over massacre. February 2, 2010. Reuters. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329161905/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-drugs/families-blame-mexicos-calderon-over-massacre-idUSTRE6115IJ20100203. live.
  36. Web site: Massacre at Party in Mexico, 17 Dead. July 18, 2010. CBS News. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329161908/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/massacre-at-party-in-mexico-17-dead/. live.
  37. Web site: Eight killed in bar firebombing in Cancun, Mexico: owner reportedly refused to pay extortionists. August 31, 2010. New York Daily News. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329161955/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/killed-bar-firebombing-cancun-mexico-owner-reportedly-refused-pay-extortionists-article-1.202824. live.
  38. Web site: The killings don't stop in Ciudad Juarez. September 14, 2010. Los Angeles Times. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329163256/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2010/09/violence-juarez-war-deaths.html. live.
  39. Web site: Mexico arrests 'mastermind' of Monterrey casino fire. January 6, 2012. BBC News. March 29, 2020. June 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210620154817/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-16449962. live.
  40. Web site: Scattered body parts found in Mexico City. April 24, 2011. The Seattle Times. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329163256/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/scattered-body-parts-found-in-mexico-city/. live.
  41. Web site: Decoding the Murder Rituals of the Mexican Drug Trafficker. January 18, 2012. InSight Crime. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329165349/https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/decoding-the-murder-rituals-of-the-mexican-drug-trafficker/. live.
  42. News: Mexican drug cartels targeting and killing children. April 9, 2011. The Washington Post. March 30, 2020. May 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200514012541/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/mexican-drug-cartels-targeting-and-killing-children/2011/04/07/AFwkFb9C_story.html. live.
  43. Web site: 49 decapitated bodies found in Mexico. May 14, 2012. CNN. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329163254/https://www.cnn.com/2012/05/13/world/americas/mexico-remains/index.html. live.
  44. Web site: 23 people brutally killed in Mexican border town. May 4, 2012. CBC News. March 29, 2020. June 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210620154819/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/23-people-brutally-killed-in-mexican-border-town-1.1243915. live.
  45. Civilian Victims in Mexico's Drug War. June 28, 2008. Time.
  46. Web site: MEXICO: INVISIBLE VICTIMS. MIGRANTS ON THE MOVE IN MEXICO. April 28, 2010. Amnesty International. April 9, 2020. November 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181122074302/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr41/014/2010/en/. live.
  47. Web site: Maria Santos Gorrostieta: Mexico's mayor-heroine found beaten to death. November 28, 2012. The Telegraph. March 30, 2020. November 9, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109160602/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/mexico/9707550/Maria-Santos-Gorrostieta-Mexicos-mayor-heroine-found-beaten-to-death.html. live.
  48. News: Political Candidate in Mexico Murdered as Elections Near. March 12, 2015. InSight Crime. Gagne. David. April 3, 2020. September 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200922050541/https://www.insightcrime.org/news/brief/political-candidate-murdered-in-mexico-as-elections-near/. live.
  49. Web site: Young, idealistic – and dead: the Mexican mayor gunned down on her second day. January 13, 2016. The Guardian. April 3, 2020. April 21, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170421094813/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/13/mexico-mayor-gisela-mota-murdered-mafia. live.
  50. Web site: Gunmen Kill Mexican Cop, Family in Home. July 29, 2009. CBS News. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329171922/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gunmen-kill-mexican-cop-family-in-home/. live.
  51. Web site: Gunmen Kill Family of Mexican Drug Hero. December 22, 2009. CBS News. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329171921/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gunmen-kill-family-of-mexican-drug-hero/. live.
  52. Web site: The Long War of Genaro Garcia Luna. July 13, 2008. The New York Times. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329171922/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/13/magazine/13officer-t.html. live.
  53. Web site: Mexican drug cartel murders 12 federal agents. July 15, 2009. The Telegraph. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329165349/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/mexico/5836008/Mexican-drug-cartel-murders-12-federal-agents.html. live.
  54. Web site: 7 Mexican Police Killed in Ciudad Juarez. April 24, 2010. CBS News. March 29, 2020. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329165351/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/7-mexican-police-killed-in-ciudad-juarez/. live.
  55. Web site: Female Police Chief Murdered in Mexico. October 21, 2010. ABC News. March 29, 2020. November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117072600/https://abcnews.go.com/International/mexico-police-chief-murdered/story?id=12294819. live.
  56. Web site: Tijuana Police Official, 2 Others Slain. November 30, 2006. Fox News. April 3, 2020. November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117015106/https://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2006Nov30/0,4675,MexicoTijuanaViolence,00.html. live.
  57. Web site: Mexico's 'narco-lawyers' risk everything. September 16, 2014. Los Angeles Times. March 30, 2020. January 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200101043957/https://www.latimes.com/la-fg-mexico-lawyers12-2009oct12-story.html. live.
  58. Web site: Ana Flores Salazar Was Third Journalist Killed in Mexico in 2016. February 11, 2016. NBC News. April 3, 2020. November 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181126141548/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/ana-flores-salazar-was-third-journalist-killed-mexico-2016-n516661. live.
  59. Web site: Woman's decapitation linked to web posts about Mexican drug cartel. September 11, 2011. The Guardian. April 3, 2020. October 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201005111936/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/25/mexico-woman-decapitated-social-network. live.
  60. Web site: Mexico violence: Two journalists killed in Veracruz. May 4, 2012. BBC. April 9, 2020. April 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190422124324/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-17945766. live.
  61. Web site: Veracruz journalist shot dead in home with wife and son. June 21, 2011. Reporters Without Borders. April 9, 2020. August 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190813003706/https://rsf.org/en/news/veracruz-journalist-shot-dead-home-wife-and-son. live.
  62. Web site: Human trafficking second only to drugs in Mexico. August 27, 2010. CNN. March 30, 2020. September 9, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190909201601/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/08/26/mexico.human.trafficking/index.html. live.
  63. News: Mexican cartels move into human trafficking. July 27, 2011. Washington Post. March 30, 2020. July 28, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110728044637/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/americas/mexican-cartels-move-into-human-trafficking/2011/07/22/gIQArmPVcI_story.html. live.
  64. July 31, 2013 . The Mexican Drug Cartels' Other Business: Sex Trafficking . Time.
  65. Web site: April 4, 2015 . Tenancingo: the small town at the dark heart of Mexico's sex-slave trade . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210327143925/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/05/tenancingo-mexico-sex-slave-trade-america . March 27, 2021 . May 8, 2020 . The Guardian.
  66. Web site: July 17, 2015 . Human trafficking survivors find hope in Mexico City . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210610021745/https://www.deseret.com/2015/7/17/20484289/human-trafficking-survivors-find-hope-in-mexico-city#portrait-of-paty-gonzalez . June 10, 2021 . May 8, 2020 . Deseret News.
  67. Web site: April 12, 2016 . Hiding in plain sight, a hair salon reaches Mexican trafficking victims . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211205013930/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/Change-Agent/2016/0412/Hiding-in-plain-sight-a-hair-salon-reaches-Mexican-trafficking-victims . December 5, 2021 . May 8, 2020 . The Christian Science Monitor.
  68. Web site: August 6, 2008 . Violence up in Baja – especially for journalists . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809182436/https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2008/aug/06/greetings-from-tijuana/ . August 9, 2020 . March 29, 2020 . San Diego Reader.
  69. Web site: October 16, 2009 . In Mexican Drug War, Investigators Are Fearful . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200329194424/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/17/world/americas/17juarez.html . March 29, 2020 . March 29, 2020 . The New York Times.
  70. Web site: July 24, 2010 . 51 Bodies Found At Mexico Dumping Ground . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200329161910/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/51-bodies-found-at-mexico-dumping-ground/ . March 29, 2020 . March 29, 2020 . CBS News.
  71. Web site: December 13, 2012 . Tijuana Families Seek Hope, Closure in Victims' Remains . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201116161540/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/tijuana-drug-war_b_2264238 . November 16, 2020 . March 30, 2020 . Huff Post.
  72. Web site: July 5, 2011 . Drug war bodies expose flaws in Mexican forensics . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200329161908/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-forensics/drug-war-bodies-expose-flaws-in-mexican-forensics-idUSTRE76445Z20110705 . March 29, 2020 . March 29, 2020 . Reuters.
  73. Web site: October 31, 2016 . All state governments in Mexico manipulate crime data: Mexico Evalua . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201116173512/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/english/2016/10/31/all-state-governments-mexico-manipulate-crime-data-mexico-evalua . November 16, 2020 . April 2, 2020 . El Universal.
  74. Web site: November 1, 2016 . Mexican officials appear to be telling a misleading story about crime rates in their country . Business Insider.
  75. Web site: Juárez police, Mexican army arrest 9 suspected members of La Empresa cartel crime group. March 5, 2020. El Paso Times. March 31, 2020. March 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200310113422/https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/local/juarez/2020/03/05/juarez-violence-police-arrest-9-alleged-members-la-empresa-cartel-group/4957384002/. live.
  76. News: Female cartel boss known as 'Dame of Death' killed in shootout with Mexican state forces. January 14, 2020. National Post. March 31, 2020. July 17, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230717063343/https://nationalpost.com/news/world/female-cartel-boss-known-as-dame-of-death-killed-in-shootout-with-mexican-state-forces. live.
  77. Web site: Sinaloa cartel's female assassin arrested in Tijuana. Apr 8, 2020. Border Report. April 9, 2020. April 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200409065745/https://www.borderreport.com/regions/california/sinaloa-cartels-female-assassin-arrested-in-tijuana/. live.
  78. Web site: Leadership Role of Women Often Overlooked in Mexico's Organized Crime Landscape. January 14, 2020. InSight Crime. April 9, 2020. January 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200115142254/https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/leadership-role-of-women-often-overlooked-in-mexicos-organized-crime-landscape/. live.
  79. News: Daughter of alleged Mexico drug kingpin 'El Mencho' arrested trying to see brother in U.S. court in Washington. February 27, 2020. The Washington Post. April 9, 2020. June 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210620154812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/daughter-of-alleged-mexico-drug-kingpin-el-mencho-arrested-trying-to-see-brother-in-us-court-in-washington/2020/02/27/8c822914-5987-11ea-9000-f3cffee23036_story.html. live.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Women in the Mexican drug war".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.