Wind power in Texas explained

Wind power in Texas, a portion of total energy in Texas, consists of over 150 wind farms, which together have a total nameplate capacity of over 30,000 MW (as of 2020).[1] [2] If Texas were a country, it would rank fifth in the world: The installed wind capacity in Texas exceeds installed wind capacity in all countries but China, the United States, Germany and India. Texas produces the most wind power of any U.S. state.[3] According to the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), wind power accounted for at least 15.7% of the electricity generated in Texas during 2017, as wind was 17.4% of electricity generated in ERCOT, which manages 90% of Texas's power.[4] [5] ERCOT set a new wind output record of nearly 19.7 GW at 7:19 pm Central Standard Time on Monday, January 21, 2019.[6]

The wind resource in many parts of Texas is very large. Farmers may lease their land to wind developers, creating a new revenue stream for the farm. The wind power industry has also created over 24,000 jobs for local communities and for the state. Texas is seen as a profit-driven leader of renewable energy commercialization in the United States. The wind boom in Texas was assisted by expansion of the state’s Renewable Portfolio Standard, use of designated Competitive Renewable Energy Zones, expedited transmission construction, and the necessary Public Utility Commission rule-making.[7]

The Los Vientos Wind Farm (912 MW) in South Texas, is the state's largest wind farm. Other large wind farms in Texas include Roscoe Wind Farm, Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center, Sherbino Wind Farm, Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm, Sweetwater Wind Farm, Buffalo Gap Wind Farm, King Mountain Wind Farm, Desert Sky Wind Farm, Wildorado Wind Ranch, and the Brazos Wind Farm.

Overview

Wind power has a long history in Texas. West Texas A&M University began wind energy research in 1970 and led to the formation of the Alternative Energy Institute (AEI) in 1977. AEI has been a major information resource about wind energy for Texas.[8] The first 80-meter tower was erected at Big Spring, Texas in 1999.[9]

Several forces are driving the growth of wind power in Texas: favorable wind resources and land availability, State targets for renewable energy, cost efficiency of development and operation of wind farms, and a suitable electric transmission grid. The broad scope and geographical extent of wind farms in Texas is considerable: wind resource areas lie in the Texas Panhandle, along the Gulf coast south of Galveston, and in the mountain passes and ridge tops of the Trans-Pecos in the western tip of Texas. In 2012 over 10,700 wind turbines were operating in Texas to generate electricity, but 80,000 windmills were pumping water, indicating the amount of growth potential remaining for wind power generation.[10]

Wind power is a for-profit enterprise between land owners and wind farm operators. Texas farmers can lease their land to wind developers for either a set rental per turbine or for a small percentage of gross annual revenue from the project.[11] This offers farmers a fresh revenue stream without impacting traditional farming and grazing practices. Although leasing arrangements vary widely, the U. S. Government Accountability Office reported in 2004 that a farmer who leases land to a wind project developer can generally obtain royalties of $3,000 to $5,000 per turbine per year in lease payments. These figures are rising as larger wind turbines are being produced and installed.[12]

Wind power offers a reliability benefit in that its generation (though not its transmission) is highly decentralized. Sabotage and industrial accidents can be potential threats to the large, centrally located, power plants that provide most of Texas’ electricity. Should one of these plants be damaged, repairs could take more than a year, possibly creating power shortages on a scale that Texans have never experienced before. Coal trains and gas pipelines are also vulnerable to disruption. However, wind power plants are quickly installed and repaired. The modular structure of a wind farm also means that if one turbine is damaged, the overall output of the plant is not significantly affected.[13]

Wind is a highly variable resource. With proper understanding and planning, it can be incorporated into an electric utility's generation mix, although it clearly does not provide the sort of on-demand availability that gas power stations provide.

Many areas in Texas have wind conditions allowing for development of wind power generation. The number of commercially attractive sites has expanded as wind turbine technology has improved and development costs continue to drop.[14] (→ Cost of electricity by source#United States) Particularly in southern Texas, the difference between land and off-shore air temperatures creates convection currents that generate significant winds during the middle of the day when electricity usage is typically at its peak level.[15] Although these winds are less than in West Texas, they occur more predictably, more in correlation with consumption, and closer to consumers. Several wind farms have been developed at the Texas coast, to a combined 3,000 MW.[16] [17]

Starting in 2008, the wind power development boom in Texas outstripped the capacity of the transmission systems in place,[18] and predicted shortages in transmission capability could have dampened the growth of the industry. Until 2008, the growth in wind power "piggybacked" on existing lines, but had almost depleted spare capacity.[19] As a result, in winter the west Texas grid often had such a local surplus of power, that the price would fall below zero.[20] [21] According to Michael Goggin, electric industry analyst at AWEA, "Prices fell below US −$30/MWh (megawatt-hour) on 63% of days during the first half of 2008, compared to 10% for the same period in 2007 and 5% in 2006."[22] In July 2008, utility officials gave preliminary approval to a $4.9 billion plan to build new transmission lines to carry wind-generated electricity from West Texas to urban areas such as Dallas. The new plan would be the biggest investment in renewable energy in U.S. history, and would add transmission lines capable of moving about 18,000 megawatts.[23] ERCOT curtailed wind power by 17% (3.8 TWh) in 2009, but that decreased to only 0.5% by 2014, as transmission improved, particularly the Competitive Renewable Energy Zone (CREZ) in 2013.[24] [25] [26] However the CREZ lines are sometimes maxed out, and in November 2015, prices were negative for 50 hours.

In an early morning period of low electricity demand, wind energy served more than 56% of total demand on the ERCOT grid at 3:10 am Central Standard Time on Saturday, January 19, 2019.[6] Two days later, ERCOT set a new wind output record of nearly 19.7GW at 7:19 pm Central Standard Time on Monday, January 21, 2019.[6]

In areas where Smart Metering is commonly installed,[27] some utilities offer free electricity at night.[28]

In 2020, wind power surpassed coal in the total electricity balance of the state for the very first time, “the newest sign of the growing popularity of the renewable energy in fossil fuel heartland of America,” as per the Financial Times.[29]

Location map

Renewable Portfolio Standard

After years of preparation,[30] [31] the Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard was originally created by Senate Bill 7 and signed by Governor Bush in 1999,[32] [33] [34] which helped Texas eventually become the leading producer of wind powered electricity in the U.S.[35] [36] [37] The RPS was part of new laws that restructured the electricity industry. The Texas RPS mandated that utility companies jointly create 2000 megawatts (MW) of new renewable energy by 2009 based on their market share.[38] In 2005, Senate Bill 20, increased the state’s RPS requirement to 5,880 MW by 2015, of which, 500 MW must come from non-wind resources. The bill set a goal of 10,000 MW of renewable energy capacity for 2025, which was achieved 15 years early, in 2010.[39]

According to DSIRE.org, "In 1999 the Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUCT) adopted rules for the state's Renewable Energy Mandate, establishing a renewable portfolio standard (RPS), a renewable-energy credit (REC) trading program, and renewable-energy purchase requirements for competitive retailers in Texas. The 1999 standard called for 2,000 megawatts (MW) of new renewables to be installed in Texas by 2009, in addition to the 880 MW of existing renewables generation at the time. In August 2005, S.B. 20 increased the renewable-energy mandate to 5,880 MW by 2015 (about 5% of the state's electricity demand), including a target of 500 MW of renewable-energy capacity from resources other than wind. Wind accounts for nearly all of the current renewable-energy generation in Texas. The 2005 legislation also set a target of reaching 10,000 MW of renewable energy capacity by 2025.[39]

Qualifying renewable energy sources include solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, wave or tidal energy, biomass, or biomass-based waste products, including landfill gas. Qualifying systems are those installed after September 1999. The RPS applies to all investor-owned utilities. Municipal and cooperative utilities may voluntarily elect to offer customer choice.

The PUCT established a renewable-energy credit (REC) trading program that began in July 2001 and will continue through 2019. Under PUCT rules, one REC represents one megawatt-hour (MWh) of qualified renewable energy that is generated and metered in Texas. A capacity conversion factor (CCF) is used to convert MW goals into MWh requirements for each retailer in the competitive market. The CCF was originally administratively set at 35% for the first two compliance years, but is now based on the actual performance of the resources in the REC-trading program for the previous two years. For the 2010 and 2011 the CCF will be 30.5%."Each retailer in Texas is allocated a share of the mandate based on that retailer’s pro rata share of statewide retail energy sales. The program administrator maintains a REC account for program participants to track the production, sale, transfer, purchase, and retirement of RECs. Credits can be banked for three years, and all renewable additions have a minimum of 10 years of credits to recover over-market costs. An administrative penalty of $50 per MWh was established for providers that do not meet the RPS requirements.

Future developments

Like several Texas solar plants, some Texas wind power plants include storage, with more projects under construction.[40] One of the first such energy storage systems started as 36 MW in Notrees in December 2012. The system allows excess wind energy to be stored, making the output more predictable and less variable.[41] [42]

If developed, the Tres Amigas HVDC link to the Western grid and the Eastern grid could allow more flexibility in importing and exporting power to and from Texas.[43]

A 300 MW offshore wind farm is planned for Galveston, and 2,100 MW for the Gulf Coast of Texas.[44] Making turbines that are able to yaw quickly could make them more likely to be able to survive a hurricane.[45]

Statistics

Texas Wind Generation Capacity by Year (MW)
ImageSize = width:330 height:auto barincrement:20PlotArea = left:48 bottom:21 top:10 right:13AlignBars = justifyPeriod = from:0 till:36000TimeAxis = orientation:horizontalScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5000 start:0

PlotData= color:pink width:20 bar:1999 from:start till:183.5 text:183.5 bar:2000 from:start till:183.5 text:183.5 bar:2001 from:start till:1095.8 text:1,095.8 bar:2002 from:start till:1096 text:1,096 bar:2003 from:start till:1290.3 text:1,290.3 bar:2004 from:start till:1290.3 text:1,290.3 bar:2005 from:start till:1992.1 text:1,992.1 bar:2006 from:start till:2735.8 text:2,735.8 bar:2007 from:start till:4353.4 text:4,353.4 bar:2008 from:start till:7112.7 text:7,112.7 bar:2009 from:start till:9403.4 text:9,403.4 bar:2010 from:start till:10089.4 text:10,089.4 bar:2011 from:start till:10394 text:10,394 bar:2012 from:start till:12214 text:12,214 bar:2013 from:start till:12355 text:12,355 bar:2014 from:start till:14098 text:14,098 bar:2015 from:start till:17713 text:17,713 bar:2016 from:start till:20321 text:20,321 bar:2017 from:start till:22637 text:22,637 bar:2018 from:start till:24899 text:24,899 bar:2019 from:start till:28843 text:28,843 bar:2020 from:start till:33133 text:33,133 bar:2021 from:start till:35969 text:35,969

Megawatts of Installed Generating Capacity[46] [47] [48] [49]
Texas Wind Generation by Year (MWh x 1000)
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PlotData= color:skyblue width:20 bar:2000 from:start till:492 text:492 bar:2001 from:start till:1187 text:1,187 bar:2002 from:start till:2656 text:2,656 bar:2003 from:start till:2569 text:2,569 bar:2004 from:start till:3137 text:3,137 bar:2005 from:start till:4238 text:4,238 bar:2006 from:start till:6671 text:6,671 bar:2007 from:start till:9006 text:9,006 bar:2008 from:start till:16224 text:16,224 bar:2009 from:start till:20026 text:20,026 bar:2010 from:start till:26251 text:26,251 bar:2011 from:start till:30547 text:30,547 bar:2012 from:start till:32214 text:32,214 bar:2013 from:start till:36415 text:36,415 bar:2014 from:start till:40005 text:40,005 bar:2015 from:start till:44883 text:44,883 bar:2016 from:start till:57530 text:57,530 bar:2017 from:start till:67061 text:67,061 bar:2018 from:start till:75700 text:75,700 bar:2019 from:start till:83621 text:83,621 bar:2020 from:start till:92989 text:92,989 bar:2021 from:start till:100057 text:100,057 bar:2022 from:start till:113994 text:113,994

Thousand Megawatt hours of generation[50] [51] [52] [53]
Texas Wind Generation (GWh, Million kWh)
YearTotalJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
20011,187 84 142 88 115 103 92 76 56 76 123 89 143
20022,656 287 195 238 237 264 258 218 248 164 173 170 204
20032,569 171 190 215 260 209 213 240 193 196 168 228 286
20043,137 253 251 293 305 393 289 221 160 209 212 238 313
20054,238 312 209 350 432 385 451 309 261 315 348 325 541
20066,671 535 425 552 605 632 488 472 358 501 669 766 668
20079,007 498 712 757 798 596 577 436 867 741 1,057 944 1,024
200816,224 1,150 1,180 1,581 1,596 1,683 1,748 1,222 647 638 1,455 1,433 1,891
200920,026 1,656 1,719 1,905 2,028 1,520 1,613 1,394 1,458 1,218 1,933 1,802 1,780
201026,251 1,983 1,672 2,666 2,731 2,337 2,562 1,863 1,658 1,589 1,830 2,765 2,595
201130,547 2,064 2,528 2,689 3,066 3,099 3,357 2,085 1,955 1,694 2,671 2,832 2,507
201232,214 3,057 2,599 3,341 2,969 2,841 2,615 2,115 1,872 2,174 2,742 2,643 3,246
201336,415 2,656 2,984 3,810 3,761 3,963 3,379 2,938 2,130 2,005 3,082 3,030 2,677
201440,005 3,916 2,656 3,771 3,997 3,518 4,209 2,770 2,551 2,320 2,981 3,994 3,322
201544,883 3,031 3,268 2,544 4,099 4,371 3,411 4,059 3,218 3,465 3,661 4,772 4,984
201657,530 4,451 5,120 5,635 4,737 5,173 3,782 5,675 3,702 3,915 5,451 4,516 5,373
201767,061 5,8735,828 7,095 6,929 6,310 4,839 4,511 3,694 4,7546,003 5,895 5,330
201875,700 6,602 6,041 7,210 7,477 7,672 7,689 4,647 5,968 4,165 5,5996,0746,556
201983,621 6,925 6,639 6,694 7,839 7,762 6,290 6,731 6,489 6,517 7,455 6,990 7,290
202092,439 7,976 7,714 7,699 7,950 8,314 8,859 7,276 6,689 5,522 7,838 7,981 8,621
2021100,057 7,945 6,349 10,749 9,496 9,458 7,363 5,796 7,615 7,088 8,930 8,967 10,301
2022113,994 8,808 8,681 11,010 12,339 12,718 10,161 9,236 6,730 6,340 8,088 10,190 9,693
202390,994 11,860 11,131 12,388 11,3858,4458,9799,8978,7838,126

Teal background indicates the largest wind generation month for the year.
Green background indicates the largest wind generation month to date.
Source:[54] [55]

Texas Wind Generation in 2012
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Texas Wind Generation in 2013
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Texas Wind Generation in 2014
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Texas Wind Generation in 2015
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See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://www.awea.org/Awea/media/Resources/StateFactSheets/Texas.pdf AWEA Texas Fact Sheet
  2. Web site: Utility wind rush set to strengthen as low prices allow resource to spread across nation. Utility Dive. en-US. 2019-10-19. 2019-08-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20190819161837/https://www.utilitydive.com/news/utility-wind-rush-set-to-strengthen-as-low-prices-allow-resource-to-spread/437409/. live.
  3. Web site: AWEA Third Quarter 2012 Market Report. awea.org. 11 April 2018.
  4. Web site: ERCOT Quick Facts for 2017 published July 2018. 2018-07-01. ercot.com. 2018-09-09. 2018-09-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014718/http://www.ercot.com/content/wcm/lists/144926/ERCOT_Quick_Facts_72418.pdf. live.
  5. Web site: ERCOT Quick Facts for 2017 published February 2018. 2018-02-01. dropbox.com. 2018-02-08.
  6. Web site: ERCOT Sets Record Wind Output and Penetration Rate Over the Holiday Weekend. TREIA-Texas Renewable Energy Industries Alliance. en-US. 2019-08-18. 2019-08-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818143752/https://www.treia.org/news/2019/1/24/ercot-sets-record-wind-output-and-penetration-rate-over-the-holiday-weekend. live.
  7. Web site: Stetsons Off to Gov. Perry on Wind Power . Lauren Glickman . 25 August 2011 . Renewable Energy World .
  8. Web site: Alternative Energy Institute. 2007-08-22. 2010-10-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20101018143401/http://www.windenergy.org/. live.
  9. "Turbine timeline: The History of AWEA and the U.S. Wind Industry: 1990s." American Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 24 November 2015. AWEA website
  10. Web site: Roping the Breezes. infinitepower.org. 11 April 2018. 13 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120813012609/http://www.infinitepower.org/newfact/96-818-No8.pdf. live.
  11. Web site: Move Over, Oil, There's Money in Texas Wind . 2008-02-23 . Clifford . Krauss . . 2008-11-05 . 2009-04-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090401210616/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/23/business/23wind.html . live .
  12. State Energy Conservation Office. The New Cash Crop
  13. SEED Coalition and Public Citizen’s Texas office (2002). Renewable Resources: The New Texas Energy Powerhouse p. 11.
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  15. News: Texas Is Too Windy and Sunny for Old Energy Companies to Make Money. 2017-06-20. Bloomberg.com. 2017-06-23. 2017-06-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20170621174727/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-06-20/texas-is-too-windy-and-sunny-for-old-energy-companies-to-make-money. live.
  16. News: Sea change: Gulf Coast wind farms become vital to Texas energy mix . Ryan Maye . Handy . . 2017-07-27 . 2017-07-31 . 2017-08-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170801005540/http://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/article/Steady-breezes-at-the-right-time-boost-Gulf-Coast-11363533.php . live .
  17. Web site: Duke Energy Renewables completes the final Los Vientos wind project in Texas | Duke Energy | News Center . News.duke-energy.com . 2016-08-03 . 2017-02-28 . 2017-05-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170505125743/https://news.duke-energy.com/releases/releases-20160803 . live .
  18. Web site: Bove . Tristan . March 22, 2022 . Texas has enough wind and solar power to phase out coal entirely. There's just one huge catch . 2022-03-24 . finance.yahoo.com . en-US.
  19. [USA Today]
  20. Web site: UPDATED: Negative power prices in the West region of ERCOT in 2008 . Giberson . Michael . 28 January 2009 . Knowledge Problem . 2009-03-01 . 2009-02-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090221171938/http://knowledgeproblem.com/2009/01/28/updated-negative-power-prices-in-ercot-2008/ . live .
  21. Web site: Texas Wind Farms Paying People to Take Power . Wang . Ucilia . 10 December 2008 . Greentech Media . 2012-11-23 . 2013-07-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130703004420/http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/texas-wind-farms-paying-people-to-take-power-5347 . live .
  22. Web site: Curtailment, Negative Prices Symptomatic of Inadequate Transmission . Goggin . Michael . 19 September 2008 . Renewable Energy World . 2009-03-01 . 2011-08-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110816104533/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2008/09/curtailment-negative-prices-symptomatic-of-inadequate-transmission-53616 . live .
  23. Web site: Texas Will Spend Billions on Transmission of Wind Power. 11 April 2018. www.washingtonpost.com.
  24. Wiser, Ryan H., and Mark Bolinger. "2014 Wind Technologies Market Report " page 38. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, August 2015.
  25. Wiser, Ryan H., Eric Lantz, Mark Bolinger, and Maureen M. Hand. "Recent Developments in the Levelized Cost of Energy from U.S. Wind Power Projects " page 12. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2012. Header page
  26. Web site: Archived copy . 2016-04-17 . 2016-04-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160418200855/http://www.puc.texas.gov/industry/maps/maps/CREZ_Map_Attach_A.pdf . live .
  27. Web site: Scope of Competition in Electric Markets in Texas. Public Utility Commission of Texas. 11 February 2015. 17 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150317103404/https://www.puc.texas.gov/industry/electric/reports/scope/2015/2015scope_elec.pdf. live.
  28. News: A Texas Utility Offers a Nighttime Special: Free Electricity . . The New York Times . 8 November 2015 . 23 February 2017 . 30 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161230235753/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/09/business/energy-environment/a-texas-utility-offers-a-nighttime-special-free-electricity.html . live .
  29. https://www.ft.com/stream/29e9fad1-14fc-480b-a89c-cd964750bd80 Wind power overtakes coal in Texas electricity generation
  30. Web site: Texas passes law for big renewable energy portfolio . www.windpowermonthly.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103734/https://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/955103/texas-passes-law-big-renewable-energy-portfolio . 11 August 2017 . 1 July 1999 . live.
  31. Book: Kate Galbraith, Asher Price . The Great Texas Wind Rush . 2013 . University of Texas Press . 9780292748804 . 121 . we like wind. Go get smart on wind.
  32. http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/BillLookup/Text.aspx?LegSess=76R&Bill=SB7 SB7
  33. Web site: Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard. Texas State Energy Conservation Office. September 24, 2011. March 4, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130304211930/http://seco.cpa.state.tx.us/re/rps-portfolio.php. live.
  34. News: Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard. Pew Center on Global Climate Change. September 24, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20080730212509/http://www.pewclimate.org/node/4120 . July 30, 2008.
  35. Koronowski, Ryan. It's Not Just Oil: Wind Power Approaches 8% of Texas Electricity in 2010 Repower America, January 19, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
  36. Galbraith, Kate . Price, Asher . A mighty wind. 5. Texas Monthly. August 2011. February 26, 2014. July 30, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080730212509/http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/mighty-wind/page/0/4 .
  37. Web site: July 28, 2011 . Swift Boats and Texas Wind. Windsector.tumblr.com. July 31, 2012. July 30, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080730212509/http://windsector.tumblr.com/post/8182421573/swift-boats-and-texas-wind.
  38. HURLBUT . DAVID . A Look Behind the Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard: A Case Study . Natural Resources Journal . 129–161 . 2008 . 48 . 1 . 24889202 . 2020-10-30 . 2020-11-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201104083447/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24889202?seq=1 . live .
  39. Book: . Amory B. Lovins . Amory B. Lovins . 2011 . 218 .
  40. Web site: Bedeschi . Beatrice . 19 May 2021 . Enel to build longer wind battery in Texas to boost returns . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210519170906/https://www.reutersevents.com/renewables/wind/enel-build-longer-wind-battery-texas-boost-returns . 19 May 2021 . Reuters Events . Reuters.
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