Jeep Explained

Jeep
Currentowner:Stellantis
Producedby:Stellantis North America
Country:U.S.
Related:Willys MB
Markets:Worldwide
Previousowners:

Jeep is an American automobile brand, now owned by multi-national corporation Stellantis.[1] [2] Jeep has been part of Chrysler since 1987, when Chrysler acquired the Jeep brand, along with other assets, from their previous owner American Motors Corporation (AMC).

Jeep's current product range consists solely of sport utility vehicles—both crossovers and fully off-road worthy SUVs and models, including one pickup truck. Previously, Jeep's range included other pick-ups, as well as small vans, and a few roadsters. Some of Jeep's vehicles—such as the Grand Cherokee—reach into the luxury SUV segment, a market segment the 1963 Wagoneer is considered to have started.[3] Jeep sold 1.4 million SUVs globally in 2016, up from 500,000 in 2008,[4] two-thirds of which in North America,[5] and was Fiat-Chrysler's best selling brand in the U.S. during the first half of 2017.[6] In the U.S. alone, over 2400 dealerships hold franchise rights to sell Jeep-branded vehicles, and if Jeep were spun off into a separate company, it is estimated to be worth between $22 and $33.5 billion—slightly more than all of FCA (US).[5] [7] Antonio Filosa is the current CEO of the Jeep brand worldwide.[8]

Prior to 1940 the term "jeep" had been used as U.S. Army slang for new recruits or vehicles, but the World War II "jeep" that went into production in 1941 specifically tied the name to this light military 4×4, arguably making them the oldest four-wheel drive mass-production vehicles now known as SUVs.[9] The Jeep became the primary light four-wheel-drive vehicle of the United States Armed Forces and the Allies during World War II, as well as the postwar period. The term became common worldwide in the wake of the war. Doug Stewart noted:[10] "The spartan, cramped, and unstintingly functional jeep became the ubiquitous World War II four-wheeled personification of Yankee ingenuity and cocky, can-do determination." It is the precursor of subsequent generations of military light utility vehicles such as the Humvee, and inspired the creation of civilian analogs such as the original Series I Land Rover.[11] [12] Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been designed in other nations.

The Jeep marque has been headquartered in Toledo, Ohio, ever since Willys–Overland launched production of the first CJ or Civilian Jeep branded models there in 1945.[13] Its replacement, the conceptually consistent Jeep Wrangler series, has remained in production since 1986. With its solid axles and open top, the Wrangler has been called the Jeep model that is as central to the brand's identity as the 911 is to Porsche.

At least two Jeep models (the CJ-5 and the SJ Wagoneer) enjoyed extraordinary three-decade production runs of a single body generation.

In lowercase, the term "jeep" continues to be used as a generic term for vehicles inspired by the Jeep that are suitable for use on rough terrain.[14] In Iceland, the word Jeppi (derived from Jeep) has been used since World War II and is still used for any type of SUV.

World War II

See main article: Willys MB.

Development – 1. Bantam Reconnaissance Car

When it became clear that the United States would be involved in the European theater of World War II, the Army contacted 135 companies to create working prototypes of a four-wheel drive reconnaissance car. Only two companies responded: the American Bantam Car Company and Willys-Overland. The Army set a seemingly impossible deadline of 49 days to supply a working prototype. Willys asked for more time, but was refused. American Bantam had only a small staff with nobody to draft the vehicle plans, so chief engineer Harold Crist[15] hired Karl Probst, a talented freelance designer from Detroit. After turning down Bantam's initial request, Probst responded to an Army request and began work on July 17, 1940, initially without salary.

Probst drafted the full plans in just two days for the Bantam prototype known as the BRC or Bantam Reconnaissance Car, working up a cost estimate the next day. Bantam's bid was submitted on July 22, complete with blueprints.[16] Much of the vehicle could be assembled from off-the-shelf automotive parts, and custom four-wheel drivetrain components were to be supplied by Spicer. The hand-built prototype was completed in Butler, Pennsylvania[17] and driven to Camp Holabird, Maryland on September 23 for Army testing. The vehicle met all the Army's criteria except engine torque.

Development – 2. Willys and Ford

The Army thought that the Bantam company lacked the production capacity to manufacture and deliver the required number of vehicles, so it supplied the Bantam design to Willys and Ford, and encouraged them to enhance the design. The resulting Ford "Pygmy" and Willys "Quad" prototypes looked very similar to the Bantam BRC prototype, and Spicer supplied very similar four-wheel drivetrain components to all three manufacturers.[18]

1,500 of each model (Bantam BRC-40, Ford GP, and Willys MA) were built and extensively field-tested. After the weight specification was revised from 1275lb to a maximum of 2450lb[19] including oil and water, Willys-Overland's chief engineer Delmar "Barney" Roos modified the design in order to use Willys's heavy but powerful "Go Devil" engine, and won the initial production contract. The Willys version became the standard jeep design, designated the model MB, and was built at their plant in Toledo, Ohio. The familiar pressed-metal Jeep grille was a Ford design feature and incorporated in the final design by the Army.

Because the US War Department required a large number of vehicles in a short time, Willys-Overland granted the US Government a non-exclusive license to allow another company to manufacture vehicles using Willys' specifications. The Army chose Ford as a second supplier, building Jeeps to the Willys' design. Willys supplied Ford with a complete set of plans and specifications.[20] American Bantam, the creators of the first Jeep, built approximately 2,700 of them to the BRC-40 design, but spent the rest of the war building heavy-duty trailers for the Army.

Full production – Willys MB and Ford GPW

Final production version jeeps built by Willys-Overland were the Model MB, while those built by Ford were the Model GPW (G = government vehicle, P = 80" wheelbase, W = Willys engine design). There were subtle differences between the two.[21] The versions produced by Ford had every component (including bolt heads) marked with an "F", and early on Ford also stamped their name in large letters in their trademark script, embossed in the rear panel of their jeeps. Willys followed the Ford pattern by stamping 'Willys' into several body parts, but the U.S. government objected to this practice, and both parties stopped this in 1942.[22] In spite of persistent advertising by both car and component manufacturers of contributions to the production of successful jeeps during the war, no "Jeep"-branded vehicles were built until the 1945 Willys CJ-2A.

The cost per vehicle trended upwards as the war continued from the price under the first contract from Willys at US$648.74 (Ford's was $782.59 per unit; these figures are equivalent to $ and $ in, respectively).[23] Willys-Overland and Ford, under the direction of Charles E. Sorensen (vice-president of Ford during World War II), produced about 640,000 Jeeps towards the war effort, which accounted for approximately 18% of all the wheeled military vehicles built in the U.S. during the war.[24] [25] [26]

Jeeps were used by every service of the U.S. military. An average of 145 were supplied to every Army infantry regiment. Jeeps were used for many purposes, including cable laying, sawmilling, as firefighting pumpers, field ambulances, tractors, and, with suitable wheels, would run on railway tracks. An amphibious jeep, the model GPA, or "seep" (Sea Jeep) was built for Ford in modest numbers, but it could not be considered a success as it was neither a good off-road vehicle nor a good boat. As part of the war effort, nearly 30% of all Jeep production was supplied to Great Britain and to the Soviet Red Army.

Post-war military

The Jeep has been widely imitated around the world, including in France by Delahaye and by Hotchkiss et Cie (after 1954, Hotchkiss manufactured Jeeps under license from Willys), and in Japan by Mitsubishi Motors and Toyota. The Land Rover was inspired by the Jeep. The utilitarian good looks of the original Jeep have been hailed by industrial designers and museum curators alike. The Museum of Modern Art described the Jeep as a masterpiece of functionalist design and has periodically exhibited the Jeep as part of its collection.[27] [28] Pulitzer Prize-winning war correspondent Ernie Pyle called the jeep, along with the Coleman G.I. Pocket Stove, "the two most important pieces of noncombat equipment ever developed."[29] Jeeps became even more famous following the war, as they became available on the surplus market. Some ads claimed to offer "Jeeps still in the factory crate." This legend persisted for decades, despite the fact that Jeeps were never shipped from the factory in crates (although Ford did "knock down" Jeeps for easier shipping, which may have perpetuated the myth[30]).

The Jeepney is a unique type of taxi or bus created in the Philippines. The first Jeepneys were military-surplus MBs and GPWs, left behind in the war-ravaged country following World War II and Filipino independence. Jeepneys were built from Jeeps by lengthening and widening the rear "tub" of the vehicle, allowing them to carry more passengers. Over the years, Jeepneys have become the most ubiquitous symbol of the modern Philippines, even as they have been decorated in more elaborate and flamboyant styles by their owners. Most Jeepneys today are scratch-built by local manufacturers, using different powertrains.

Aside from Jeepneys, backyard assemblers in the Philippines construct replica Jeeps with stainless steel bodies and surplus parts, and are called "owner-type jeeps" (as jeepneys are also called "passenger-type jeeps").[31]

In the United States military, the Jeep has been supplanted by a number of vehicles (e.g. Ford's M151) of which the latest is the Humvee.

CJ-V35/U

After World War II, Jeep began to experiment with new designs, including a model that could drive underwater. On February 1, 1950, contract N8ss-2660 was approved for 1,000 units "especially adapted for general reconnaissance or command communications" and "constructed for short period underwater operation such as encountered in landing and fording operations." The engine was modified with a snorkel system so that the engine could properly breathe underwater.[32]

M715

In 1965, Jeep developed the M715 1.25adj=onNaNadj=on army truck, a militarized version of the civilian J-series Jeep truck, which served extensively in the Vietnam War. It had heavier full-floating axles and a foldable, vertical, flat windshield. Today, it serves other countries and is still being produced by Kia under license.

Etymology

Many explanations of the origin of the word jeep have proven difficult to verify. The most widely held theory is that the military designation GP (for Government Purposes or General Purpose) was slurred into the word Jeep in the same way that the contemporary HMMWV (for High-Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) has become known as the Humvee. Joe Frazer, Willys-Overland President from 1939 to 1944, claimed to have coined the word jeep by slurring the initials G.P.[33] There are no contemporaneous uses of "GP" before later attempts to create a backronym.

A more detailed view, popularized by R. Lee Ermey on his television series Mail Call, disputes this "slurred GP" origin, saying that the vehicle was designed for specific duties, and was never referred to as "General Purpose" and it is highly unlikely that the average jeep-driving GI would have been familiar with this designation. The Ford GPW abbreviation actually meant G for government use, P to designate its 80inches wheelbase and W to indicate its Willys-Overland designed engine. Ermey suggests that soldiers at the time were so impressed with the new vehicles that they informally named it after Eugene the Jeep, a character in the Thimble Theatre comic strip and cartoons created by E. C. Segar, as early as mid-March 1936. Eugene the Jeep was Popeye's "jungle pet" and was "small, able to move between dimensions and could solve seemingly impossible problems".[34] [35]

The word "jeep", however, was used as early as World War I, as U.S. Army slang for new uninitiated recruits, or by mechanics to refer to new, unproven vehicles.[36] [37] In 1937, tractors which were supplied by Minneapolis Moline to the US Army were called jeeps. A precursor of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress was also referred to as the jeep.[33]

Words of the Fighting Forces by Clinton A. Sanders, a dictionary of military slang, published in 1942, in the library at The Pentagon gives this definition:

This definition is supported by the use of the term "jeep carrier" to refer to the Navy's small escort carriers.

Early in 1941, Willys-Overland demonstrated the vehicle's off-road capability by having it drive up the steps of the United States Capitol, driven by Willys test driver Irving "Red" Hausmann, who had recently heard soldiers at Fort Holabird calling it a "jeep". When asked by syndicated columnist Katharine Hillyer for the Washington Daily News (or by a bystander, according to another account) what it was called, Hausmann answered, "It's a jeep."

Katharine Hillyer's article was published nationally on February 19, 1941, and included a picture of the vehicle with the caption:

Although the term was also military slang for vehicles that were untried or untested, this exposure caused all other jeep references to fade, leaving the 4×4 with the name.

Brand, trademarks and image

The "Jeep" brand has gone through many owners, starting with Willys-Overland, which filed the original trademark application for the "Jeep" brand-name in February 1943. To help establish the term as a Willys brand, the firm campaigned with advertisements emphasizing Willys' prominent contribution to the Jeep that helped win the war.[38] Willys' application initially met with years of opposition, primarily from Bantam, but also from Minneapolis-Moline. The Federal Trade Commission initially ruled in favor of Bantam in May 1943, largely ignoring Minneapolis-Moline's claim, and continued to scold Willys-Overland after the war for its advertising.[39] The FTC even slapped the company with a formal complaint, to cease and desist any claims that it "created or designed" the Jeep – Willys was only allowed to advertise its contribution to the Jeep's development.[40] Willys however proceeded to produce the first Civilian Jeep (CJ) branded vehicles in 1945. Being the only company that continually produced "Jeep" vehicles after the war, Willys-Overland was eventually granted the name "Jeep" as a registered trademark in June 1950.[38] Aside from Willys, King Features Syndicate has held a trademark on the name "Jeep" for their comics since August 1936.[41]

Willys had also seriously considered the brand name AGRIJEEP, and was granted the trademark for it in December 1944, but instead the civilian production models as of 1945 were marketed as the "Universal Jeep", which reflected a wider range of uses outside of farming.[42]

FCA US LLC, the most recent successor company to the Jeep brand, now holds trademark status on the name "Jeep" and the distinctive 7-slot front grille design. The original 9-slot grille associated with all World War II jeeps was designed by Ford for their GPW, and because it weighed less than the original "Slat Grille" of Willys (an arrangement of flat bars), was incorporated into the "standardized jeep" design.

The history of the HMMWV (Humvee) has ties with Jeep. In 1971, Jeep's Defense and Government Products Division was turned into AM General, a wholly-owned subsidiary of American Motors Corporation, which also owned Jeep. In 1979, while still owned by American Motors, AM General began the first steps toward designing the Humvee. AM General also continued manufacturing the two-wheel-drive DJ, which Jeep created in 1953. The General Motors Hummer and Chrysler Jeep have been waging battle in U.S. courts over the right to use seven slots in their respective radiator grilles. Chrysler Jeep claims it has the exclusive rights to use the seven vertical slits since it is the sole remaining assignee of the various companies since Willys gave their postwar jeeps seven slots instead of Ford's nine-slot design for the Jeep.

Off-road abilities

Jeep advertising has always emphasized the brand's vehicles' off-road capabilities.[43] Today, the Wrangler is one of the few remaining four-wheel-drive vehicles with solid front and rear axles. These axles are known for their durability, strength, and articulation. New Wranglers come with a Dana 44 rear differential and a Dana 30 front differential. The upgraded Rubicon model of the JK Wrangler is equipped with electronically activated locking differentials, Dana 44 axles front and rear with 4.10 gears, a 4:1 transfer case, electronic sway bar disconnect, and heavy-duty suspension.

Another benefit of solid axle vehicles is they tend to be easier and cheaper to "lift" with aftermarket suspension systems. This increases the distance between the axle and chassis of the vehicle. By increasing this distance, larger tires can be installed, which will increase the ground clearance, allowing it to traverse even larger and more difficult obstacles. In addition to higher ground clearance, many owners aim to increase suspension articulation or "flex" to give their Jeeps greatly improved off-road capabilities. Good suspension articulation keeps all four wheels in contact with the ground and maintains traction.

Useful features of the smaller Jeeps are their short wheelbases, narrow frames, ample approach, breakover, and departure angles, thus enabling them to traverse through places where full-size four-wheel drives have difficulty.

The Jeep's design does have some drawbacks however. The short wheelbase and lighter weight make climbing steeper inclines more difficult, as the weight cannot be as evenly distributed on an angle compared to longer wheelbase off-roaders. The usage of solid axles affects ground clearance, as their design makes them the lowest point to the ground regardless of the height of the body. Earlier Jeeps lacked basic safety equipment such as doors, seatbelts or roll cages, making them extremely dangerous if rolled over.

Company history and ownership

After the war, Willys did not resume production of its passenger-car models, choosing instead to concentrate on Jeeps and Jeep-branded vehicles, launching the Jeep Station Wagon in 1946, the Jeep Truck in 1947, and the Jeepster in 1948. An attempt to re-enter the passenger-car market in 1952 with the Willys Aero sedan proved unsuccessful, and ended with the company's acquisition by Kaiser Motors in 1953, for $60 million.[44] Kaiser initially called the merged company "Willys Motors", but renamed itself Kaiser-Jeep in 1963. By the end of 1955, Kaiser-Frazer had dropped the Willys Aero, as well as its own passenger cars to sell Jeeps exclusively.[45]

American Motors Corporation (AMC) in turn purchased Kaiser's money-losing Jeep operations in 1970. This time $70 million changed hands.[44] The utility vehicles complemented AMC's passenger car business by sharing components, achieving volume efficiencies, as well as capitalizing on Jeep's international and government markets. In 1971, AMC spun off Jeep's commercial, postal, and military vehicle lines into a separate subsidiary, AM General – the company that later developed the M998 Humvee. In 1976 Jeep introduced the CJ-7, replacing the CJ-6 in North America, as well as crossing 100,000 civilian units in annual global sales for the first time.[46]

The French automaker Renault began investing in AMC in 1979. Renault began selling Jeeps through their European dealerships soon thereafter, beginning in Belgium and France, gradually supplanting a number of independent importers.[47] During this period Jeep introduced the XJ Cherokee, its first unibody SUV; and global sales topped 200,000 for the first time in 1985.[46] However, the replacement of the CJ Jeeps by the new Wrangler line in 1986 marked the start of a different era. By 1987, the automobile markets had changed and Renault itself was experiencing financial troubles, stemming from their heavy investment into AMC while simultaneously laying workers off in France; this led to the assassination of then-Renault CEO Georges Besse in 1986 by the French extremist group Action Directe.[48] [49] Renault's upper management quickly moved to sell off AMC.

Chrysler Corporation bought out AMC in 1987, shortly after the Jeep CJ-7 had been replaced with the AMC-designed Wrangler YJ; the acquisition was primarily for Jeep.[50] [51] [52] After more than 40 years, the four-wheel drive utility vehicles brand that had been a profitable niche for smaller automakers fell into the hands of one of the Big Three; Jeep was the only AMC brand continued by Chrysler after the acquisition, partnered with the new Eagle marque (created for legal reasons involving Renault's sale of the AMC assets to Chrysler) as the Jeep-Eagle division.[53] Chrysler subsequently merged with Daimler-Benz in 1998 (by which point Eagle was discontinued) and folded into DaimlerChrysler. During this time, the Chrysler and Jeep sales channels were combined, primarily to complement Chrysler's luxury automobiles with Jeep's popular SUVs. DaimlerChrysler eventually sold most of its interest in Chrysler to a private equity company in 2007. Chrysler and the Jeep division operated under Chrysler Group LLC, until December 15, 2014, when Chrysler folded into Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, with the stateside subsidiary operating under 'FCA US LLC'.

Jeeps have been built under licence by various manufacturers around the world, including Mahindra in India, EBRO in Spain, and several in South America. Mitsubishi built more than 30 models in Japan between 1953 and 1998; Most were based on the CJ-3B model of the original Willys-Kaiser design.[54]

Toledo, Ohio has been the headquarters of the Jeep brand since its inception, and the city has always been proud of this heritage. Although no longer produced in the same Toledo Complex as the World War II originals, two streets in the vicinity of the old plant are named Willys Parkway and Jeep Parkway. The Jeep Wrangler is built in the city currently, not far from the site of the original Willys-Overland plant.

American Motors set up the first automobile-manufacturing joint venture in the People's Republic of China on January 15, 1984.[55] The result was Beijing Jeep Corporation, Ltd., in partnership with Beijing Automobile Industry Corporation, to produce the Jeep Cherokee (XJ) in Beijing. Manufacture continued after Chrysler's buyout of AMC. This joint venture is now part of DaimlerChrysler and DaimlerChrysler China Invest Corporation. The original 1984 XJ model was updated and called the "Jeep 2500" toward the end of its production that ended after 2005.[56]

In October 2022, the joint venture between Stellantis and Chinese company Guangzhou Automobile Group filed for bankruptcy, although Stellantis said it intends to continue servicing Jeep brand customers in China.[57]

While Jeeps have been built in India under license by Mahindra & Mahindra since the 1960s, Jeep has entered the Indian market directly in 2016, starting with the release of the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee in the country.[58]

Ownership chronology

Military model list

Civilian model list

See main article: List of Jeep vehicles.

Jeep CJ

See main article: Jeep CJ (Civilian Jeep). The CJ (for "Civilian Jeep") series were literally the first "Jeep" branded vehicles sold commercially to the civilian public, beginning in 1945 with the CJ-2A, followed by the CJ-3A in 1949 and the CJ-3B in 1953. These early Jeeps are frequently referred to as "flat-fenders" because their front fenders were completely flat and straight, just as on the original WW II model (the Willys MB and identical Ford GPW).

The CJ-4 exists only as a single 1951 prototype and constitutes the "missing link" between the flat-fendered CJ-2A and CJ-3A/B, and the subsequent Jeeps with new bodies, featuring rounded fenders and hoods, beginning with the 1955 CJ-5, first introduced as the military Willys MD (or M38A1). The restyled body was mostly prompted to clear the taller new overhead-valve Hurricane engine.

Willys Jeep Station Wagon and Truck

With over 300,000 wagons and variants built in the U.S., it was one of Willys' most successful post-World War II models. Its production coincided with consumers moving to the suburbs.

Willys / Jeep Jeepster & (Jeepster) Commando

See main article: Willys / Jeep Jeepster and Jeepster Commando. The Jeepster introduced in 1948 was directly based on the rear-wheel-drive Jeep Station Wagon chassis, and shared many of the same parts.[65]

(Jeepster) Commando

Jeep Forward Control

See main article: Jeep Forward Control.

Jeep DJ and Fleetvan

See main article: Jeep DJ (Dispatcher Jeep) and Fleetvan. From 1955 onwards Willys offered two-wheel drive versions of their CJ Jeeps for commercial use, called DJ models (for 'Dispatcher Jeep'), in both open and closed body styles. A well-known version was the right-hand drive model with sliding side-doors, used by the US Postal service.
In 1961 the range was expanded with the 'Fleetvan' delivery van, based on DJ Jeeps.

Fleetvan Jeep

SJ Wagoneer, Cherokee and pickups

See main article: Jeep SJ. SUV models (1962–1991)

Pickup models (1962–1988)

Jeep Cherokee (XJ) and Comanche

See main article: Jeep Cherokee (XJ) and Jeep Comanche.

Jeep Wrangler

See main article: Jeep Wrangler.

Grand Cherokee

See main article: Jeep Grand Cherokee.

Jeep Liberty / Cherokee

See main article: Jeep Liberty.

Jeep Commander

Jeep Compass and Patriot platform

See main article: Jeep Compass and Jeep Patriot.

Concepts and prototypes

Current models

Subcompact Sport Utility Vehicle

Standard wheelbase Compact Sport utility vehicle, 2-door version

Long wheelbase Mid-Size sport utility vehicle, 4-door version

Mid-Size military utility vehicle; Produced by AIL, AAV, and AEV.

Compact pickup truck, 2-door version; Produced by AAV.

Short (2-door) and long (4-door) wheelbase SUV; in production since November 2017

mid-size pickup truck, went on sale in early 2019 as a 2020 model.

Mid-size sport utility vehicle

Compact sport utility vehicle

Mid-size sport utility vehicle, mainly for emerging markets

Upcoming

Jeeps built outside the USA

Jeeps have been built and/or assembled around the world by various companies.[80]

Apparel and sponsorships

Jeep is also a brand of apparel of outdoor lifestyle sold under license. It is reported that there are between 600 and 1,500 such outlets in China, vastly outnumbering the number of Jeep auto dealers in the country.[100] [101]

In April 2012 Jeep signed a shirt sponsorship deal worth €35 m (US$45.8 m[102]) with Italian football club Juventus.[103]

In August 2014, Jeep signed a sponsorship deal with the Greek football club AEK Athens F.C.

Jeep has been the title sponsor of France's top men's professional basketball league, LNB Pro A, since 2018. Under the deal, the league markets itself as Jeep Élite.[104]

Sponsorships

References

General references

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Chrysler 8-K/A SEC filing . 3 December 2012 . ... served as the auditor for Fiat S.p.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries, which include Chrysler Group . secdatabase.com . 18 January 2015 . May 16, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130516091836/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/1801/0001193125-13-097736.pdf . live .
  2. Web site: Chrysler Group LLC . InsideView company data . Chrysler Group LLC operates as a subsidiary of Fiat North America LLC . 18 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130927090738/http://www.insideview.com/directory/chrysler-group-llc . 27 September 2013 .
  3. Book: Gunnell, John . American Cars of the 1960s: A Decade of Diversity . Krause Publications . 2005 . 213 . 978-0-89689-131-9 .
  4. Web site: Peterson . George . Jeep Guns For 2 Million In Annual Sales . Forbes . 24 February 2017 . 10 November 2020.
  5. Web site: China's Great Wall wants to buy Jeep . 18 August 2017 . Automotive News Europe . 30 May 2019.
  6. Web site: Ebhardt . Tommaso . Butters . Jamie . Marchionne Is Betting Big on Rugged Jeep to Steer Fiat . Bloomberg News . 24 August 2017 . 17 October 2020 .
  7. Web site: Could Fiat Chrysler spin off Jeep, Ram? 'Yes' . Brent . Snavely . Detroit Free Press . 30 May 2019 . January 14, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180114185304/https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/chrysler/2017/04/26/fiat-chrysler-spinoff-jeep-ram/100932960/ . live .
  8. Stellantis Announces Changes in Leadership Team. Stellantis NV. 23 February 2024.
  9. Book: Russell, Philip . 100 Military Inventions that Changed the World . 978-1-4721-0670-4 . Little, Brown Book Group . 2013 . 18 January 2015.
  10. Doug . Stewart . Hail to the jeep! Could we have won without it? . Smithsonian . 1992 . 23 . 8 . 60–69.
  11. Book: Gunn, Richard . Trucks & Off-Road Vehicles . 137 . Motorbooks . 2006 . 978-0-7603-2569-8 . 31 July 2011 .
  12. Book: Robson, Graham . The first Land-Rover owed a lot to the Jeep. Designer Gordon Bashford, who laid out the basic concept, makes no secret of that. It was also his job to go off to an ex-WD surplus vehicle dump in the Cotswolds, buy a couple of roadworthy Jeeps ... . The Rover Story . 1981 . 87 . Stephens . 978-0-85059-543-7.
  13. Book: Allen, Jim . Jeep Collector's Library . 49–51 . MBI . 2004 . 978-0-7603-1979-6 . 22 May 2014 .
  14. Book: Morr . Tom . Ken . Brubaker . The Joy of Jeep . 2007 . MBI . 978-0-7603-3061-6 . 28 October 2010 . 50 .
  15. Web site: Looking Back: Harold Crist - The Man and His Machines . www.willys-overland.com . 14 September 2006 . 16 July 2022.
  16. Web site: The Military Jeep . Cossor.com.au . 17 October 2020 . Ian . Cossor . https://web.archive.org/web/20100529191027/http://www.cossor.com.au/jeep_1.html . 29 May 2010 .
  17. Web site: Invention of the Jeep - Pennsylvania Historical Markers . Waymarking.com . 9 March 2006 . 17 October 2020 . June 6, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606135116/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM8NM . live .
  18. Web site: Ford Manufacturers a Jeep . Jeep History . 4 July 2012 . April 15, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120415153434/http://www.jeep-history.com/fordjeep.asp .
  19. Book: Notman, Robert . Bantam, Ford and Willys-1/4-Ton Reconnaissance Cars. 2006 . 978-1-84728-188-3 . 68 . Lulu.com . 17 October 2020.
  20. Web site: How Stuff Works . 1940–1941 Jeep. 14 December 2007 . 4 June 2022.
  21. Book: Allen, Jim . Jeep: Collector's Library . MBI . 2003 . 36–39 . 978-0-7603-1486-9.
  22. Book: Scott, Graham . Essential Military Jeep: Willys, Ford & Bantam models 1941–45 . MBI . 1996 . 25 . 978-1-870979-76-4.
  23. Book: Zaloga, Steven J. . Jeeps 1941–45 . limited . Osprey Publishing . 2005 . 10 . 978-1-84176-888-5.
  24. Web site: The History of Jeep. 17 May 2012. Gear Heads . 3 July 2012 . February 24, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130224081801/http://gearheads.org/history-of-jeep/.
  25. Borth, Christy (1945). Masters of Mass Production. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill. pp. 208–236.
  26. Herman, Arthur (2012). Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II. New York: Random House. . pp. 214, 218, 342.
  27. News: Leigh Brown . Patricia . Where Do You Hang The 747? . The New York Times . 12 December 1998.
  28. Web site: The Museum of Modern Art . New Acquisitions—Smart Car, Volkswagen "Beetle," and Willys-Overland Jeep—Join Three Other Automobiles in MoMA's Collection . June 2002 . 17 October 2020 . May 26, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130526031238/http://www.itibitismart.com/pdf/moma_smart_acquisition.pdf . live .
  29. News: R. . Cole . Chairman Offers to Buy Coleman . The New York Times . D1 . 15 February 1989.
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  51. News: Brown . Warren . 1987-03-10 . CHRYSLER TO BUY AMERICAN MOTORS . en-US . . 2023-09-15 . 0190-8286.
  52. Web site: Archives . L. A. Times . 1987-03-09 . Chrysler to Pay $757 Million for Ailing American Motors: Renault OKs Sale of 46.1% Share . 2023-09-15 . Los Angeles Times . en-US . November 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231103022234/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-03-09-mn-8387-story.html . live .
  53. News: Holusha . John . Times . Special To the New York . 1987-12-09 . Jeep Dealers Will Sell New Chrysler Eagle Car . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-15 . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531111003/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/09/business/jeep-dealers-will-sell-new-chrysler-eagle-car.html . live .
  54. Web site: Mitsubishi Jeep Photos on The CJ3B Page . film.queensu.ca . 2002-08-29 . 2009-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091011092911/http://www.film.queensu.ca/CJ3b/World/JapanPhotos.html . 2009-10-11 .
  55. Book: Mann, Jim . Beijing Jeep: A Case Study of Western Business in China . Perseus . 1997 . 978-0-8133-3327-4 .
  56. Can Chrysler Rebound in China?. https://web.archive.org/web/20071105074509/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/nov2007/gb2007112_737100.htm . November 5, 2007 . Dunne. Timothy. Business Week. 2007-11-02. 2010-10-26.
  57. News: Selina Cheng . P.R. Venkat . Jeep Owner Stellantis's China Joint Venture to File for Bankruptcy . The Wall Street Journal . 31 October 2022 . November 1, 2022 . November 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221101220539/https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeep-owner-stellantiss-china-joint-venture-to-file-for-bankruptcy-11667196867 . live .
  58. Web site: Will Jeep storm India despite 'exorbitant' price tag? Fiat has fingers crossed . Hindustan Times . 9 April 2017 . en . 2 September 2016 . March 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190328134336/https://www.hindustantimes.com/autos/will-jeep-storm-india-despite-exorbitant-price-tag-fiat-has-fingers-crossed/story-6rrc9OkeBqMa1VHsPuOWWO.html .
  59. Jungle Buggy Packs A Load . Popular Science . 152 . 5 . May 1948 . 122 . November 17, 2015.
  60. Web site: Evolution Of Deep Water Fording and the Jeep. cj3a.info. 30 May 2019. December 30, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114740/http://www.cj3a.info/sibling/cjv35u/evolution.html. live.
  61. Built to fly: Army test aluminum Jeep . Popular Science . 162 . February 1954 . 164 . 2 . 16 January 2022 . Google Books.
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  66. Web site: Jeepster VJ . Jeep.off-road.com . 13 October 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071013050915/http://jeep.off-road.com/jeep/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=261018 . 23 February 2012.
  67. Web site: Oscar Mike Special Edition Jeep Wrangler . https://web.archive.org/web/20150109162832/http://www.encs.com/vehicles.aspx?id=2210. January 9, 2015. ENCS.com.
  68. Web site: American Expedition Vehicles . AEV . 30 May 2019 . January 6, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180106181216/https://www.aev-conversions.com/ . live .
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  70. Web site: Prototype X-98 . cj3b.info . 30 May 2019 . July 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170707042544/http://cj3b.info/Poster/X98.html . live .
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  72. Web site: 196X Jeepster front . American Jeepster Club . 24 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130224071553/http://www.americanjeepsterclub.org/history/proto.jpg . 2014-01-23.
  73. Web site: 196X Jeepster top view . American Jeepster Club . 24 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130224071611/http://www.americanjeepsterclub.org/history/proto2.jpg . 2014-01-23.
  74. Book: Cranswick, Marc . Cars of American Motors: An Illustrated History . 146–147 . McFarland. 2001 . 978-0-7864-4672-8 . 11 June 2012.
  75. Book: Statham, Steve . 101 . Jeep Color History . registration . MBI . 2002 . 978-0-7603-0636-9 . 11 June 2011.
  76. Web site: Orlove . Raphael . The 1991 Jeep Wagoneer 2000 Was Large Enough To Eat The Moon . Jalopnik . 30 November 2017 . 31 March 2018 . April 1, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144318/https://jalopnik.com/the-1991-jeep-wagoneer-2000-was-large-enough-to-eat-the-1820857802 . live .
  77. Web site: 1999 Jeep Commander Concept Car . Test Drive Junkie . 31 March 2018 . April 1, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144848/http://testdrivejunkie.com/1999-jeep-commander-concept-car/ . live .
  78. Web site: Dale . Jewett . 2005 Detroit: Jeep blows into auto show with twin-Hemi Hurricane . 23 February 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110804220326/http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20050109%2FFREE%2F501090708&SearchID=7326899736199 . 4 August 2011 .
  79. Web site: 2021 Jeep Wagoneer/Grand Wagoneer: Fancy-Pants SUVs on the Next-Gen Ram Chassis . Jeff . Sabatini . 27 March 2017 . Car and Driver . 30 May 2019 . May 31, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190531001501/https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a15098149/the-2021-jeep-wagoneer-and-grand-wagoneer-are-cars-worth-waiting-for-feature/ . live .
  80. Web site: Jeeps Around the World on The CJ3B Page . Film.queensu.ca . 2009-01-31 . 2010-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100716165822/http://www.film.queensu.ca/CJ3b/World.html . 2010-07-16 .
  81. Web site: Jeeps in Argentina . Film.queensu.ca . 2005-02-06 . 2010-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100628225951/http://www.film.queensu.ca/cJ3B/World/Argentina.html . 2010-06-28 .
  82. Web site: Jeeps in Australia . Film.queensu.ca . 2010-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100716221723/http://www.film.queensu.ca/cj3b/World/Australia.html . 2010-07-16 .
  83. Web site: Jeeps in Brasil . Film.queensu.ca . 2010-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100716184147/http://www.film.queensu.ca/CJ3b/World/Brasil.html . 2010-07-16 .
  84. Web site: Kaiser Jeep in Canada 1959–69 . Film.queensu.ca . 2010-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100413012045/http://www.film.queensu.ca/cj3b/Canada/CanadaKaiser.html . 2010-04-13 .
  85. Web site: Fiat to Re-introduce Jeep to China . ChinaAutoWeb.com . May 2010 . May 21, 2010 . July 22, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110722041317/http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/05/fiat-to-re-introduce-jeep-to-china/ . live .
  86. Web site: Jeeps in Colombia . Film.queensu.ca . 2010-03-22 . 2010-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100701194712/http://www.film.queensu.ca/cj3b/World/Colombia.html . 2010-07-01 .
  87. Web site: Jeeps in France . Film.queensu.ca . 2008-09-17 . 2010-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100401062059/http://www.film.queensu.ca/Cj3b/World/France.html . 2010-04-01 .
  88. Web site: Mahindra Jeeps . https://web.archive.org/web/19990421062345/http://www.film.queensu.ca/CJ3B/World/India.html . 1999-04-21 . Film.queensu.ca . 2007-01-31 . 2010-07-04 .
  89. Web site: Jeeps in Italy . film.queensu.ca . 2009-03-24 . 2010-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100401061637/http://www.film.queensu.ca/Cj3b/World/Italy.html . 2010-04-01 .
  90. Web site: Jeeps in Japan . Film.queensu.ca . 2009-01-31 . 2010-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100911055543/http://www.film.queensu.ca/CJ3b/World/Japan.html . 2010-09-11 .
  91. Web site: Jeeps in Korea . Film.queensu.ca . 2006-11-02 . 2010-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100401061647/http://www.film.queensu.ca/Cj3b/World/Korea.html . 2010-04-01 .
  92. Web site: Jeeps in Mexico . Film.queensu.ca . 2002-07-25 . 2010-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100401061657/http://www.film.queensu.ca/Cj3b/World/Mexico.html . 2010-04-01 .
  93. Web site: Jeeps in the Netherlands . Film.queensu.ca . 2010-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100401061702/http://www.film.queensu.ca/Cj3b/World/NEKAF.html . 2010-04-01 .
  94. Web site: Jeepneys of the Philippines . Film.queensu.ca . 2005-04-27 . 2012-06-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120608003606/http://www.film.queensu.ca/cj3b/World/Philippines.html . 2012-06-08 .
  95. Web site: Philippine firm brings old WWII jeeps back to life . 2008-06-30 . 2012-06-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120308164629/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gv2YSHd1cglmC-_4BZGymtU4jL8A . 2012-03-08 .
  96. News: Electric minibuses start commercial operations in Philippines . Gulf-Times.com . 2008-07-02 . 2012-07-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120426045225/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2 . 2012-04-26 .
  97. News: Enforcers to drive E-jeeps . Ferdinand . Fabella . ManilaStandardToday.com . 2008-06-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081208020617/http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=police1_june30_2008 . 8 December 2008 . 18 January 2015.
  98. Web site: Jeeps in Spain . film.queensu.ca/cj3b.info . 14 January 2017 . 2018-01-01 . August 4, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170804060815/http://cj3b.info/World/SpainHistory.html . live .
  99. Web site: Jeeps in Turkey . Film.queensu.ca . 2005-11-22 . 2010-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100401061729/http://www.film.queensu.ca/Cj3b/World/TurkeyTuzla.html . 2010-04-01 .
  100. News: China auto market laggards chase premium profile . Laurence . Frost . 27 April 2012 . Reuters . Chicago Tribune . 11 June 2012 . November 8, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121108011909/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-04-27/classified/sns-rt-us-autoshow-premiumbre83q0qw-20120427_1_sergio-marchionne-fiat-guangzhou-automobile . live .
  101. Jeeps Sell for $189,750 as China Demand Offsets Tariffs . Tim . Higgins . 21 May 2012 . Bloomberg Businessweek . 11 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120525094746/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-05-21/jeeps-sell-for-189-750-as-china-demand-offsets-tariffs . 25 May 2012 .
  102. Calculated using historical conversion rates from Web site: Historical rate tables . Xe . September 23, 2023.
  103. Web site: Juve sign €35m Jeep deal . Football Italia . 2012-04-06 . 2023-09-23 . November 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231103022234/https://football-italia.net/juve-sign-e35m-jeep-deal/ . live .
  104. News: La PRO A devient la Jeep ELITE . The PRO A becomes the Jeep ELITE . 2 March 2018 . 2 March 2018 . Msb.fr . August 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210805050636/https://www.msb.fr/index.php/component/content/article/110-competitions/lnb/4007-la-pro-a-devient-la-jeep-elite?Itemid=101 . live .

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