Williamsburg Bridge Explained

Bridge Name:Williamsburg Bridge
Carries:8 lanes of roadway
2 tracks of the of the New York City Subway
Pedestrians and bicycles
Streetcar tracks (until 1948)
Crosses:East River
Locale:Manhattan and Brooklyn, New York City
Maint:New York City Department of Transportation
Id:2240039[1]
Architect:Henry Hornbostel
Designer:Leffert L. Buck
Design:Suspension bridge and truss causeways
Mainspan:1600feet
Length:7308feet
Width:118feet
Clearance:10feet (inner roadways only)
Below:135feet at mean high water
Traffic:105,465 (2016)[2]
Toll:Free
Coordinates:40.7136°N -73.972°W

The Williamsburg Bridge is a suspension bridge across the East River in New York City, connecting the Lower East Side of Manhattan with the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn. Originally known as the East River Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge was completed in 1903 and, at 7308feet long, was the longest suspension bridge span in the world until 1924.

Proposed in January 1892, the bridge project was approved in 1895. Work began on June 19, 1896, under chief engineer Leffert L. Buck. Despite delays and funding shortfalls, the bridge opened on December 19, 1903. In addition to roads, walkways, and New York City Subway tracks, the bridge had four trolley tracks, which were replaced with roads in 1936 and 1949. The bridge underwent a substantial renovation in the 1980s and 1990s following the discovery of severe structural defects, and it was again being renovated in the 2020s.

The Williamsburg Bridge's main span is long and is carried on four main cables, which are suspended from two 335feet towers. Unlike similar suspension bridges, the side spans are supported by trusswork and additional towers. The 118adj=midNaNadj=mid deck carries eight lanes of vehicular traffic, two subway tracks, and two walkway and bike paths that merge in Manhattan. The bridge is one of four free vehicular bridges between Manhattan Island and Long Island maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation, along with the Queensboro Bridge to the north and the Manhattan and Brooklyn bridges to the south. The bridge also serves as a connector highway to and from the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (I-278) in Brooklyn.

Development

Planning

Legislation to incorporate the East River Bridge Company was introduced in the New York State Legislature in January 1892. The company wished to build a suspension bridge across the East River from Manhattan, within New York City, to the then-separate city of Brooklyn.[3] The company was incorporated on March 9, 1892.[4] The East River Bridge Company, led by Frederick Uhlmann, was authorized to construct two bridges from Manhattan to Brooklyn, one of which would run to Broadway in the Eastern District of Brooklyn (later known as Williamsburg).[5] The United States Secretary of War approved the span to Williamsburg in January 1893 under the condition that the bridge be at least high at its center.[6]

The East River Bridge Company's capital stock was set at $2 million in mid-1893,[7] [8] and three men were appointed as bridge commissioners.[9] An elevated rapid transit line on the bridge was approved in September.[10] The commissioners submitted a report on the planned bridge to the New York Supreme Court in October,[11] but the Supreme Court ruled in January 1894 that the $2 million in capital stock was not sufficient to fund the bridge's construction.[12] The East River Bridge Company dug a hole for one of the bridge's piers in Brooklyn on February 15, 1894, to prevent the company's charter from expiring.[13] The New York Court of Appeals, the state's high court, upheld the Supreme Court ruling October.[14] The company's directors held a meeting that November to devise a timeline for the bridge's construction.[15] Concurrently, a London-based firm offered to finance the bridge, and the company moved to condemn a property in the path of the bridge's Manhattan approach.

In March 1895, Charles A. Schieren, mayor of Brooklyn, requested that his corporation council draft a bill for the East River Bridge between Broadway in Brooklyn and Grand Street in Manhattan.[16] The same month, the State Legislature considered a bill to terminate the East River Bridge Company's charter.[17] Schieren and New York City mayor William L. Strong agreed in April to jointly fund the bridge[18] and appoint a group of commissioners.[19] Schieren appointed three commissioners that June,[20] and the commissioners proposed hiring an engineer and issuing bonds the next month. Uhlmann proposed turning over his company's assets to the commissioners,[21] who initially rejected his offer.[22] The commission decided to buy Uhlmann's charter in December 1895.[23] A State Supreme Court justice issued an injunction against this purchase in March 1896;[24] this decision was reversed on appeal,[25] and another Supreme Court justice ratified this purchase that June.[26]

Initial construction

Borings and land negotiations

Leffert L. Buck was hired as the East River Bridge's chief engineer at the beginning of August 1895.[27] The next month, a contractor was hired to create five preliminary borings for the bridge.[28] Early the next year, the mayors of Brooklyn and New York City agreed to appropriate $250,000 each for the bridge's construction.[29] Buck presented revised plans for the East River Bridge in February 1896, lowering its maximum height to .[30] The revisions were approved by the War Department[31] and the New York Harbor Line Board shortly thereafter, and the commissioners decided to issue $1 million in bonds to fund construction.[32] In March, the East River Bridge Commission requested bids for the excavation of holes for the bridge's caissons.[33] As workers excavated the holes, Buck prepared plans for the bridge's anchorages and piers.[34]

As late as June 1896, the commissioners considered placing the bridge's Manhattan terminus at Grand Street.[35] That month, the commissioners decided to move the bridge's Manhattan terminus to Delancey and Clinton streets to avoid the narrowness of Grand Street.[36] In Brooklyn, the approach was straightened to avoid the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Building.[37] Work on the bridge commenced in earnest on June 19, 1896, when contractors began excavating holes for the towers' foundations in the East River.[38] The final plans were adopted on July 22,[39] allowing the commissioners to request bids for construction contracts.[40] Buck's plans were adopted that August.[41] By September 1896, the bridge's completion had been delayed by one year due to a lack of money.[42] The Brooklyn government[43] and the New York City government both attempted to sell bonds to little avail.[44]

As part of the Williamsburg Bridge's construction, a 200-wideNaN-wide strip of land next to Delancey Street was to be condemned.[45] This strip included St. Rose of Lima Church, several schools,[46] and Dutch row houses.[47] The bridge commissioners took over a ferry slip at the end of Delancey Street that had belonged to the Brooklyn and New York Ferry Company in October 1896.[48] In Williamsburg, the bridge commissioners considered either closing or widening South 5th Street.[49] The commissioners negotiated with the American Sugar Refining Company to acquire the latter's land on the Brooklyn shoreline;[50] the commissioners offered the company $350,000 in late 1896, but the firm refused to sell.[51] Negotiations for the land in Brooklyn were still ongoing, complicated by that city's lack of money.[52]

Caisson and anchorage contracts

The commissioners requested bids for the caissons in October 1896,[53] and Patrick H. Flynn received the contract for the caissons the same month.[54] Flynn obtained land at North 2nd Street in Brooklyn soon afterward[55] and manufactured his caissons at a shipyard there.[56] Caisson workers toiled in three eight-hour shifts of 30 to 50 men each.[57] [58] After the caissons were complete, they were floated to either side of the river.[59] During February 1897, the bridge commissioners took over the land at the end of Delancey Street.[60] New York governor Frank S. Black signed two bills in May 1897, which allowed the bridge commissioners to lease space under the approaches and close part of South 5th Street for the bridge's Brooklyn approach.[61] The first caisson was completed the same month[62] and towed to Delancey Street in Manhattan on May 15.[63] [64] The contract for the Brooklyn suspension tower's foundation was put up for bidding the following day.[65] A cofferdam was built around each caisson to prevent them from being flooded,[66] and workers excavated dirt for the foundations from within the caissons.[67] Colin McLean was hired to build the Brooklyn suspension tower's foundations in June, and the last of the bridge's four caissons was launched in December 1897.[68]

The state legislature passed a bill in May 1897 to straighten the bridge's Brooklyn approach. The East River Bridge Commission paid the American Sugar Refining Company $350,000 for their land in July. The next month, the mayors of Brooklyn and New York City sued several property owners whose land was in the path of the bridge's approaches,[69] and a judge ruled that one Brooklyn landowner who had refused to sell had to give up their land.[70] The commissioners began soliciting bids for the anchorages in September.[71] [72] The Degnon-McLean Construction Company was hired to build the Brooklyn anchorage;[73] a state judge refused to re-award the contract to a competing bidder.[74] Shanly & Ryan, who had been hired to build the Manhattan anchorage, began constructing their anchorage that October.[75] The next month, the bridge commissioners obtained underwater land on the Brooklyn side for the bridge's abutments.[76]

Progress between 1898 and 1901

By the end of 1897, Brooklyn and Manhattan were about to be merged into the City of Greater New York.[77] The first mayor of the unified city, Robert Anderson Van Wyck, removed the existing bridge commissioners in January 1898, citing extravagance and delays; he appointed six new commissioners.[78] The old commissioners' removal prompted state legislation for their reinstatement[79] and a lawsuit against the New York City government.[80] A New York Supreme Court justice ruled in June that the old commissioners had to be reinstated,[81] although the decision was overturned on appeal the following month.[82] A state senator proposed a bipartisan state commission in January 1899 to oversee the bridge's construction,[83] but the bill was rejected.[84] The state's high court, the New York Court of Appeals, ruled against the original commissioners in February 1899.[85] Following the passage of further legislation in 1901, the East River Bridge commissioners were replaced with the city's Commissioner of Bridges effective January 1, 1902.[86]

There had been several deaths during construction, with the first fatal accident in December 1897.[87] Another worker was killed by a derrick's boom in 1898;[88] two workers were killed in separate falls from the bridge in May 1900;[89] the main steelwork engineer died after falling from the Brooklyn approach in September 1900;[90] and a foreman drowned in March 1902.[91]

Financial shortfalls

The commissioners had planned to award a contract for the suspension towers in February 1898, but this was delayed because of the commission's financial shortfalls.[92] Although the commission was promised $500,000 at the beginning of that March,[93] it had less than $1,000 in its bank account and needed $4.14 million to award contracts and pay debts.[94] [95] By April 1898, work was progressing on the anchorages and the piers above each caisson,[96] but the commission had so little money that it could not pay commissioners' salaries or even the rent for its headquarters.[97] Work on the anchorages was also delayed by labor strikes and stormy weather. The commissioners finally received $200,000 that May to pay off existing debts,[98] but the city had yet to issue $4 million in bonds for the bridge's continued construction.[99] The Board of Estimate approved $2.487 million in bonds in July 1898,[100] which was used to pay for the anchorages and foundations.[101] The commission still needed another $640,000 to compensate landowners; the design was nearly completed at this point.[102]

The bridge commission again met in August 1898 to decide whether to solicit bids for the towers and decks.[103] That September, workers complained that they were not being paid;[104] by then, the foundations were near completion.[105] The commission received $2 million the same month, enough to pay off debts through the end of the year.[106] The bridge commission would still be $500,000 in debt at the beginning of 1899,[107] and contracts for the side spans had not even been awarded.[108] A continued lack of funds slowed down construction on the bridge during most of 1899.[109] The Board of Estimate approved $1.5 million in bonds for the towers and side spans in January 1899;[110] it also approved $500,000 in bonds that May for land acquisition[111] and $4 million for cables and land acquisition in July,[112] though the New York City Council delayed a vote on the latter issue, which Van Wyck could not approve until December.[113] Buck estimated that the funding delays had pushed construction back by two and a half years.[114]

Tower, deck, and cable contracts

In February 1899, the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company received a $1,220,230 contract to build the towers and side spans;[115] the contract was nearly twice the $620,000 cost estimate.[116] A granite cutters' strike the next month slowed progress on the anchorages briefly.[117] By late 1899, falsework was being installed in advance of the suspension towers' construction.[118] [119] That November, the bridge commissioners began requesting bids for the construction of the cables.[120] Washington Roebling, the sole bidder, received the cable contract in December 1899 for $1.4 million, nearly $600,000 more than the bridge commission's original estimate.[121] The pier foundations and anchorages were almost complete by the beginning of 1900.[122] The foundation of the Brooklyn suspension tower was finished that February,[123] while the Manhattan tower's foundations were still under construction.[124] Workers used derricks to erect the pieces of the suspension towers, which measured 15ST20ST.[125] Because of the extreme heights of each tower, one reporter for the Buffalo Courier-Express described the workers as "giving daily performances of a most daring character",[126] while a reporter for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle described the workers as performing "daily circus feats".[127]

The suspension towers on either side of the river were half complete by May 1900,[128] but work was delayed later that year by an ironworkers' strike.[129] The cable contract was "well under way" by that November,[130] and workers began planning four temporary footbridges to help them construct the main cables.[131] The cable saddles on the tops of the towers were completed the next month.[132] [133] The Carbon Steel Company received a contract in January 1901 for 6000ST of steel wire.[134] The wires were manufactured in pieces measuring long and weighing .[135] [136] The first wires were ready to be installed by February 1901,[137] after the wooden falsework had been disassembled. Work on temporary cables for the footbridges began in April[138] and was completed within a month.[139] The first footbridge was completed in June[140] and was quickly followed by the footbridges for the three other cables.[141] By mid-1901, workers were ready to weave wires for the main cables,[142] and the Roebling Company had received 100ST of wire.[143] A machine was placed on the Manhattan anchorage to weave the wires.[144] The Roeblings also ordered eight guide wires for the wheels that would carry the main cables' wires across the river.[145] The first wire was strung across the East River on November 27, 1901.[146] The Roeblings requested ten months to finish the wires,[147] but city bridge commissioner Gustav Lindenthal refused to extend the deadline past April 1902. Work on each of the four cables proceeded simultaneously.[148] Workers were able to string 50 wires in each strand during a 10-hour workday, or 400 wires per day in total. After each strand was completed, it was permanently attached to the eyebars in either anchorage.[149] To save money, the wires were covered with oil and graphite, rather than galvanized; the Roebling Company was hesitant to use ungalvanized wire, but city officials claimed that the oil and graphite mix was adequate.[150]

The last major contract for the bridge was for the central span's deck.[151] The bridge commissioners solicited bids for the deck in April 1901,[152] and the Pennsylvania Steel Company submitted the lowest bid.[153] Though a local resident sued to stop Pennsylvania Steel from receiving the contract,[154] the city allowed the firm to sublease the work to the United Engineering and Construction Company.[155]

Approach contracts and plans

The bridge commissioners were authorized to finalize the purchase of land for the Brooklyn approach in December 1899,[156] but it took seven months for the Board of Estimate to approve bonds for the purchase.[157] Buck estimated that it would take four to six months to raze all the buildings in the bridge's path.[158] The bridge commissioners began soliciting bids for the approach viaducts in April 1900[159] and received bids the next month.[160] More property was acquired for the approaches in June,[161] but the viaducts' construction were delayed because bonds had not been issued[162] and because of disputes over the bids.[163] The commissioners rejected the initial bids for the viaducts[164] and solicited new proposals in July 1900.[165] The following month, a state justice placed an injunction preventing the commissioners from awarding a contract for the viaducts.[166] The injunction was lifted that October,[167] and the Pennsylvania Steel Company received the contract for the viaducts.[168] Van Wyck approved another bond issue of $4 million in November 1900, most of which was to be used to pay the Pennsylvania Steel Company.[169]

For the approaches, the commissioners acquired hundreds of land lots and relocated 10,000 people.[170] Condemnation commissioners were appointed to seize land for the viaducts in both Manhattan and Brooklyn. The Brooklyn commissioners were appointed in November 1900.[171] There were disputes over the qualifications of the Manhattan commissioners,[172] so condemnation in Manhattan did not begin until March 1901.[173] Work on the Brooklyn viaduct began in May 1901,[174] and Pennsylvania Steel began delivering steel for the viaducts that July.[175] The Manhattan viaduct commenced the next month,[176] but a lack of steel delayed further work,[177] and the buildings in Manhattan took longer to demolish than those in Brooklyn.[178] The New-York Tribune estimated that it would cost about $10 million to construct of approach viaducts.[179] Although landowners on the Brooklyn side were supposed to have been compensated in 1902,[180] the compensation was delayed by one year.

A street (now Borinquen Place) was planned to run diagonally from the end of the Brooklyn approach viaduct to the intersection of Grand Street and Union Avenue,[181] [182] and the bridge commissioners and local merchants agreed to build the street in 1900.[183] South 5th Street in Brooklyn, which had been replaced by the Brooklyn approach viaduct, was realigned during early 1902.[184] A plaza was also to be created to the east of Driggs Avenue;[185] the city acquired land for the plaza in July 1902.[186] Roebling Street, which led to the bridge's Brooklyn plaza, was to be widened.[187] In Manhattan, several competing proposals were put forth for a street connecting to the Manhattan approach viaduct,[188] each of which cost several million dollars.[189] One particularly contentious proposal was for a street running from the intersection of Delancey and Norfolk Street to Cooper Square.[190] In December 1901, the city agreed to widen Delancey Street, build a plaza between Norfolk and Clinton streets, and extend Delancey Street west to Lafayette Street.[191] A smaller plaza in Manhattan was approved between Suffolk and Clinton streets in early 1903,[192] but there were delays in the widening of Delancey Street.[193] To distribute traffic across the Lower East Side, Allen Street was also widened after the bridge was finished.[194]

Lindenthal takeover and completion

Gustav Lindenthal took office as the city's bridge commissioner on January 1, 1902,[195] and predicted the bridge could be finished within 20 months.[196] The anchorages, towers, and approaches were finished at the time,[197] but the main cables were only one-fifth completed.[198] Edward M. Grout, who became city controller the same year, decided to acquire the remaining land for the bridge via private purchase rather than via condemnation.[199] The East River Bridge was renamed the Williamsburg Bridge in March 1902.[200] Soon after, several engineers working on the bridge resigned, and Lindenthal also asked for Buck's resignation.[201] Lindenthal promised to fine the Roeblings $1,000 a day once their contract expired that April.[202] He made his first official visit to the bridge at the beginning of that May,[203] and he agreed to retain Buck as a consulting engineer.[204] Mayor Seth Low visited the bridge in June,[205] and the main cables were completed later that month.[206]

Hornbostel filed modified plans for the piers and anchorages in July[207] and announced that the bridge would be illuminated at night.[208] Railings were being installed on the nearly-complete Brooklyn approach viaduct,[209] workers began installing vertical suspender cables, and the Manhattan viaduct was proceeding slowly due to steel shortages.[210] That September, public hearings on the widening and extension of Delancey Street were held,[211] and Low approved changes of grade for several streets around the bridge's approach viaducts.[212] The Roebling Company negotiated a contract with Lindenthal in October to avoid paying a fine for the cables,[213] and they also began wrapping the cables with duck cloth.[214] A judge ruled in 1905 that the city could not penalize the Roeblings for the delays.[215]

Following a fire on the Brooklyn side in November 1902,[216] the cables sustained $50,000 in damage.[217] Work on the cables resumed in mid-December 1902.[218] By the beginning of 1903, the Manhattan approach was still less than half complete; workers were also constructing the main span across the East River, starting at either suspension tower and progressing toward the middle.[219] The same month, the waterproofing of the main cables was finished, and the Municipal Art Commission approved some of Henry Hornbostel's proposed decorations for the bridge.[220] After asking Hornbostel to redesign minarets atop the towers,[221] although the revised plans were rejected as too expensive.[222] The Manhattan and Brooklyn halves of the main span were riveted together at the end of February 1903.[223] Contracts for the main span's steel underfloor and wood pavements were awarded that June.[224] The Williamsburg Bridge was 98 percent complete as of that month,[225] and the damaged cables were still being repaired, and workers were painting and riveting the bridge and its approach viaducts.[226]

The Board of Estimate appropriated $1.55 million for the bridge at the beginning of July.[227] By then, residents of Williamsburg had expressed concerns that the bridge would not open as scheduled at the end of that year.[228] The next month, Lindenthal requested bids to infill the tops of the anchorages with concrete,[229] and he received bids for the completion of the roadways and the approach viaducts' decks.[230] Workers also cleared land for the Williamsburg Bridge's Brooklyn plaza[231] and began constructing a playground beneath the Brooklyn approach viaduct.[232] Lindenthal requested bids for the footpaths that September.[233] The flooring and pavement of the bridge's north roadway was laid first, followed by that of the south roadway.[234] By late October, paving had commenced at the Brooklyn end,[235] and Lindenthal had received bids for the paving of the Brooklyn plaza.[236] Almost everything was complete the following month, aside from paving, some riveting, and anchorage arches.[237] Local civic organizations planned celebrations in advance of the bridge's opening.[238] [239] Low inspected the bridge on December 12, a week before its scheduled opening.[240]

Operational history

Opening and 1900s

The bridge opened on December 19, 1903, with fireworks and parades.[241] [242] The span had cost $11 million ($ million in). The footpaths and northern roadway were not complete.[243] No streetcar tracks had been laid, and the rapid transit tracks (carrying the New York City Subway) ended in midair on the Manhattan side and could not be used.[244] The Williamsburg Bridge was initially a toll bridge, charging the same fees as the Brooklyn Bridge did.[245] Both pedestrians and vehicles shared the southern roadway; pedestrians were allowed to use the northern roadway starting January 21, 1904.[246] George B. McClellan Jr., who had become mayor at the beginning of the year, wanted streetcar service across the bridge as soon as possible.[247] The city's bridge commissioner received bids for the construction of streetcar tracks that April,[248] and one of the dedicated pedestrian paths opened without ceremony on April 23.[249]

At the end of May, the north roadway formally opened to vehicles, and the bridge's lights were turned on for the first time.[250] A street vendors' market opened under the Manhattan approach in mid-1904, despite opposition from some street vendors.[251] Streetcar service on the bridge commenced November 4, 1904; there were surface-level streetcar terminals at both ends.[252] After streetcar service began on the bridge, the Manhattan end became congested.[253] By 1905, officials planned to build underground terminals for both rapid transit and streetcar lines.[254] Upon the bridge's second anniversary in December 1905, the bridge received over $100,000 annually in revenue,[255] but, by the next year, the bridge's revenues were almost entirely canceled out by its expenses.[256] In addition, the bridge's main span had shifted toward Brooklyn by late 1906, and rapid transit service on the bridge could not run until the misalignment was fixed.[257]

The Wall Street Journal wrote in 1907 that, even as the rapid transit tracks lay unused, vehicular congestion on the Williamsburg Bridge rivaled that on the Brooklyn Bridge;[258] another critic said that only ten percent of the bridge's capacity was actively being used.[259] The underground streetcar terminal in Manhattan opened in May 1908.[260] When rapid transit service began running across the bridge that September,[261] the Brooklyn Daily Eagle wrote that the bridge's capacity had increased by several hundred percent.[262] The opening of the bridge's rapid transit tracks had been expected to draw passengers away from the streetcars.[263] The City Club of New York, later that year, requested that engineers inspect the bridge.[264] Engineers were planning to strengthen the bridge by late 1909, amid a sharp increase in traffic; the city's bridge commissioners denied that the bridge was unsafe.[265]

1910s and 1920s

In 1911, the city government conducted a study and found that it had no authority to charge tolls on the Queensboro and Manhattan bridges.[266] Tolls on all four bridges across the East River—the Queensboro, Williamsburg, Manhattan, and Brooklyn bridges—were abolished in July 1911 as part of a populist policy initiative headed by New York City mayor William Jay Gaynor.[267] By 1912, some of the smaller cables in the bridge's anchorages had already snapped,[268] [269] as they had not been galvanized during construction.[270] [271] To strengthen the bridge, workers installed new pins to connect the trusses of the approach spans and main span, which was completed in 1914.[272] [273] Workers also added several support towers under either side span. The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) threatened to stop operating streetcars across the bridge in 1915 due to disagreements over streetcar fees.[274] A state judge ruled the next year that the BRT did not have to pay any fees because it also ran rapid transit across the bridge.[275] Through the late 1910s, there were continued disputes over whether streetcar companies should pay to use the bridge.[276] One city official claimed in 1918 that congestion on the Williamsburg Bridge had worsened because the BRT sent streetcars across the bridge without paying any fees.[277]

Plant and Structures commissioner John H. Delaney proposed constructing an extra roadway for motor vehicles in 1919;[278] the southern walkway would have been converted for vehicular use, and all pedestrians would have been required to use the northern walkway.[279] The bridge underwent emergency repairs in mid-1920 following a fire.[280] At the time, commercial vehicles used the north roadway and personal vehicles used the south roadway in both directions.[281] In an attempt to alleviate congestion, during September 1920, the bridge carried westbound traffic only in the morning and eastbound traffic only in the afternoon; it carried traffic in both directions at other times.[282] The next month, mayor John Francis Hylan decreed that all westbound vehicles use the north roadway and all eastbound vehicles use the south roadway. There was an unsuccessful petition in 1921 to rename the bridge after former U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt;[283] another effort in 1922 sought to rename the span the Broadway Bridge, after the street at its Brooklyn end.[284] A galvanized sheath was placed around each of the main cables in 1922 to reduce damage, but water in the main cables caused the wires to rust.

In 1925, Plant and Structures commissioner William Wirt Mills announced plans to construct two vehicular roadways on the bridge for $1.5 million. One of the roadways would have replaced the underused streetcar tracks on the north side of the bridge, while the other roadway would have been built above the remaining tracks on the south side.[285] The same year, the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT), the BRT's successor, announced that it would replace the Williamsburg Bridge's subway tracks.[286] The span carried an average of 35,000 vehicles daily by 1926.[287] An engineering report, commissioned for the city government in November 1929, suggested that an overpass be built over Clinton Street in Manhattan, and that trolley tracks on the Brooklyn side be rerouted, to reduce congestion.[288] City alderman Stephen A. Rudd also proposed linking the Brooklyn approach to Bushwick Avenue to alleviate congestion in that borough.[289]

1930s and 1940s

The trolley lines on the north side of the Williamsburg Bridge stopped running in January 1932 because the operators could not afford to repair the degraded tracks.[290] City officials immediately announced plans to convert the tracks into an 18-wideNaN-wide roadway;[291] later that year, workers began strengthening the bridge to accommodate the roadway.[292] The tracks were being removed by 1933,[293] but further progress was delayed because of a labor shortage,[294] and work was halted at one point due to a lack of funds.[295] The work also involved correcting the settlement of seven columns in Manhattan, as well as new recreation areas at the bridge's Brooklyn end.[296] [297] Workers also discovered in 1934 that the portions of the cables in the anchorages were leaking. The two additional lanes, forming the northern inner roadway, ultimately cost $400,000[298] and opened on December 22, 1936, bringing the bridge's vehicular capacity to six lanes.[299] The northern inner roadway initially functioned as a reversible traffic lane.[300] By then, the bridge carried up to 50,000 vehicles a day (up from 2,900 daily vehicles in 1904), and other East River bridges were similarly congested.[301]

In June 1938, the Public Works Administration provided a grant to help fund the replacement of the outer roadways, which was to cost $334,000.[302] The pedestrian path was also to be replaced for $200,000.[303] The city's Department of Public Works closed the northern outer roadway in April 1939 for reconstruction,[304] and it reopened that June.[305] Work on the southern outer roadway began in September,[306] and that roadway reopened two months later, although workers were still rebuilding the railings on both of the outer roadways.[307] As part of a Works Progress Administration project, the approach viaducts of all three roadways were repaved in concrete in 1941.[308] Workers poured 600gal of linseed oil onto the cables during the 1940s in attempts to prevent corrosion.[309]

By 1946, the city government planned to spend $127,000 on structural repairs to the bridge.[310] The southern outer roadway was closed for repairs starting in April 1947,[311] and rollers under the bridge's suspension towers were replaced the same year.[312] The south outer roadway was completed in November 1947,[313] and the north outer roadway was closed in February 1948.[314] Meanwhile, the New York City Board of Estimate allocated $2.6 million in the city's 1948 capital budget to replace the bridge's south-side streetcar tracks with a roadway.[315] All streetcar service ceased in December 1948, and construction on the south inner roadway began immediately after streetcar service ended.[316] The new roadway opened October 31, 1949.[317] In conjunction with these projects, Delancey Street in Manhattan was widened to reduce congestion at the bridge's entrance.[318]

1950s to 1970s

The Horn Construction Company was hired in late 1949 to construct a short viaduct from the bridge's Brooklyn end to the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway.[319] This viaduct was completed in 1952, along with a section of the expressway to the Kosciuszko Bridge.[320] During that decade, the city government employed one man to inspect the bridge regularly for cracks in the steelwork and the roadway.[321] The bridge's roadways were repaved, and the structure itself was repainted, starting in late 1961;[322] workers again poured oil treatments on the Williamsburg Bridge's cables a few years later. During the 1966 New York City transit strike, four of the lanes were converted to reversible lanes. Inspectors found varying degrees of corrosion under the bridge's outer roadways in 1969,[323] and the approach viaducts were again repaved the next year.[324]

In 1970, the federal government enacted the Clean Air Act, a series of federal air pollution regulations.[325] As part of a plan by mayor John Lindsay and the federal Environmental Protection Agency,[326] the city government considered implementing tolls on the four free East River bridges, including the Williamsburg Bridge, in the early 1970s.[327] [328] The plan would have raised money for New York City's transit system[329] and allowed the city to meet the Clean Air Act. Abraham Beame, who became mayor in 1974, refused to implement the tolls,[330] and the United States Congress subsequently moved to forbid tolls on the free East River bridges. The United States Department of Transportation determined that the Williamsburg Bridge was built partially with federal funds and, under federal law, could not be tolled.[331]

An engineering consultant recommended in 1971 that the steelwork for the approaches be repaired. Although the approaches were repainted in 1973, the steelwork was not repaired; the bridge was repainted only haphazardly afterward, even though elements vulnerable to corrosion should have been painted every one or two years.[332] The state government started inspecting the Williamsburg Bridge and five others in 1978;[333] the same year, city controller Harrison J. Goldin said the bridge had structural deterioration.[334] The study found that the bridge's main cables were experiencing varying degrees of corrosion, as the anti-rust treatment was actually trapping water in the cables rather than keeping water out.[335] Cracks were also found in the bridge structure, and the bridge was also found to have corroded suspension cables. The city's transportation commissioner predicted that large holes would form on the outer roadways by the early 1980s if the bridge were not repaired immediately.[336] By 1980, the bridge was used by about 82,400 vehicles per day,[337] and an engineering study found severe corrosion in some of the bridge's supports. The city was planning to repair the four free bridges across the East River, including the Williamsburg Bridge, for a combined $1 billion.[338]

1980s and 1990s

Initial reconstruction and increasing decay

In the early 1980s, the city planned to spend $85 million to repair the bridge.[339] One suspension cable had already snapped, while others were rusting;[340] the accumulations of rust on many cables were very hard to remove.[341] The city announced plans to rebuild the outer roadways in early 1981, and mayor Ed Koch provided $4.5 million that May for initial work on the bridge.[342] The North Star Electrical Contracting Corporation was hired to rebuild the outer roadways.[343] The eastbound outer roadway closed that October[344] as part of the project, which was supposed to take 18 months.[345] During that time, all eastbound truck traffic was banned from the bridge.[346] Eastbound trucks were again allowed in July 1982, when the westbound outer roadway was closed. The city government estimated that one out of three suspension cables needed to be replaced. At the end of the year, Congress passed a bill providing $10 million for the replacement of the bridge's suspension cables.[347] The reconstruction of the outer roadways was finished in 1983.[348]

To reduce congestion, in the 1980s, the New York City Department of Transportation contemplated converting some lanes to reversible lanes[349] and placing high-occupancy vehicle restrictions on the bridge during rush hours.[350] The Karl Koch Erecting Co. received a $3.2 million contract for further repairs in early 1983,[351] and some of the main span's steel was replaced that year. By then, state engineers were considering building an entirely new bridge.[352] The cost of repairs had increased to $200 million because all four main cables likely needed full replacement; the Association for Bridge Construction and Design had listed the Williamsburg Bridge as one of the 15 most deteriorated in the New York City area.[353] The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) announced plans in early 1984 to replace the bridge's subway tracks.[354] One out of every three suspension cables had been replaced by 1985, even as the bridge remained open. The towers, anchorages, and main cables also had to be replaced, and new stiffening trusses had to be installed. Engineers conducted a stress test in 1984, which indicated that the weight of traffic was stretching the cables by up to .[355] An inspection in 1984–1985, which focused on the cables,[356] [357] rated the bridge's structural integrity at 1.6 on a scale of 1 to 7.[358]

By January 1987, engineers had determined that the main cables were only two-thirds as strong as they were supposed to be. Without any repairs to the cables, engineers predicted that the bridge might have to be closed by 1995. The eastbound outer roadway was repaired after two bars fell from the deck in May 1987.[359] At the time, engineers were still drawing up plans for replacing the main cables,[360] and the bridge was also slated for a repainting.[361] Regular inspections of the bridge found that one of the main cables was decaying much more rapidly than the others; in addition, large cracks had formed on approach viaducts. Traffic engineer Sam Schwartz attributed the issues to the bridge's lack of galvanization. After the New York State Department of Transportation started examining four alternatives for replacing the bridge entirely, the Federal Highway Administration provided $1 million to allow the state to study the replacement of the cables. Through late 1987, city, state, and federal officials discussed whether to replace or repair the bridge.[362] Engineers conducted another stress test of the bridge that year and found that it might be possible to repair the bridge.[363]

Emergency repairs and design work

Thirty engineering firms were invited in early 1988 to submit designs for a potential replacement of the span, which by then was carrying 104,000 vehicles and 85,000 subway passengers a day. The bridge was closed to motor and subway traffic on April 12, 1988, after large cracks were found in floor beams and cables.[364] Inspectors discovered that at least 30 support beams were severely corroded; the damage to the beams had not been detected during the 1984–1985 inspection. The businessman Donald Trump offered to fix the span,[365] while U.S. presidential candidate Jesse L. Jackson walked across the bridge shortly after its closure.[366] An inspection found over 400 instances of hazardous conditions on the bridge, mainly on the approach viaducts.[367] The bridge underwent emergency repairs, which included steel supports under the approaches. The bridge partially reopened to cars at the end of May,[368] then to subways that June;[369] all lanes were reopened by July 1988.[370]

After five finalists were selected in an architectural design competition for a new bridge in June 1988,[371] mayor Koch decided the same month to rebuild the bridge instead of replacing it.[372] Part of the $350 million repair cost was to be funded by $30 million from a statewide bond issue that voters approved in November 1988.[373] By early 1989, design work was underway for the deck, cables, and approach viaducts.[374] Nets were also installed under the viaducts to catch falling concrete pieces.[375]

1990s renovations

During the 1990s, the bridge underwent a seven-phase renovation that cost $750 million.[376] A joint venture named NAB/Koch was hired in 1990 to install new suspender cables and retrofit ungalvanized wires with rubber sheaths for $95 million. The cast iron stairway on the Manhattan side, and the steep ramp from Driggs Avenue on the Williamsburg side, were replaced to allow handicapped access in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. A decrepit walkway on the Williamsburg Bridge was closed in June 1991, and it reopened as a bike path in March 1992.[377] Cable replacement started in April 1992.[378] A painting crew began sandblasting the bridge in June 1992. This work was halted after Brooklyn residents complained about lead dust,[379] and city officials subsequently found dangerously high levels of lead in soil near the bridge.[380]

The northern roadway was replaced in 1996, followed by the southern roadway. Workers planned to construct a temporary viaduct for subway trains while the southern roadway was being rebuilt, but the NYCDOT decided to close the subway line entirely for five months. The subway tracks along the bridge were closed from April[381] to September 1999.[382] Also in 1999, Gandhi Engineering designed and rebuilt the other pedestrian pathway along the Williamsburg Bridge.[383] The rebuilt walkways carried both pedestrian and bike traffic because the pathways were only 12feet wide, and were too narrow to carry segregated traffic.[384] The final two vehicular lanes on the renovated span were reopened in 2002.[385]

21st century

A celebration with a parade was held on June 22, 2003, to mark the bridge's 100th anniversary.[386] The ornamental lights on the bridge were re-lighted in November of that year after being turned off for eight months due to a lack of funds.[387] The bridge was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2009.[388] During 2011, the NYCDOT rebuilt the Manhattan end of the bridge with a concrete barrier,[389] despite opposition from cyclists.[390]

In 2016, a local resident launched a campaign to rename the bridge for jazz musician Sonny Rollins, whose 1962 album The Bridge was named in its honor.[391] City officials announced in 2017 that the entire bridge would be restricted to high-occupancy vehicles during the daytime, in anticipation of the 14th Street Tunnel shutdown during 2019 and 2020,[392] but these restrictions were canceled after officials announced in 2019 that the 14th Street Tunnel would not shut down completely.[393]

The New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) contracted Skanska to renovate the bridge in November 2022. The project, budgeted at $167 million, was partially funded by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act.[394] [395] Work began in late 2022 and is expected to be complete in 2025.[396] The project involved replacing corroded steel beams, pipes, joints, and valves; patching concrete; and repairing the towers.[397]

Description

The bridge, including approaches, is 7308feet long and 118feet wide.[398] The bridge reaches a maximum height of above mean high water at the middle of the river, and the deck is around above mean high water at either shoreline. Leffert L. Buck was the chief engineer, Henry Hornbostel was the architect, and Holton D. Robinson was the assistant engineer.[399] The bridge required an estimated of concrete, of timber, of masonry, and at least 40000ST of steel. From its opening until the Bear Mountain Bridge opened in 1924, the bridge was the longest suspension bridge span in the world.[400]

The bridge once carried New York State Route 27A. There had been plans to extend Interstate 78 onto the bridge as part of the Lower Manhattan Expressway, which was first proposed in the 1940s.[401] The Lower Manhattan Expressway was approved in 1960 and would have led directly onto the bridge's Manhattan approach;[402] the Brooklyn approach would have connected with the Bushwick Expressway, approved in 1954.[403] Both expressways were canceled in 1971, amid extensive local opposition.[404]

Deck

The deck measures wide.[405] [406] It was originally divided into five sections of roughly equal width. There are two rapid transit tracks at the center, which originally were flanked by two pairs of streetcar tracks (now the inner roadways).[407] The outermost sections of the deck were used as vehicular roadways from the outset, measuring wide. There is also an upper deck used by pedestrian and bicycle traffic. The center suspension span measures long[408] and mostly hangs from cables, as in similar suspension bridges.[409] A 100-longNaN-long section of the center span is cantilevered outward from either tower.

The side spans (also known as the end spans[410]), between the tower and the corresponding anchorage on either side, are supported by their trusswork. This was done to reduce the size, cost, and length of the main cables. Intermediate towers support both of the side spans, in contrast to the Brooklyn Bridge, where the side spans were supported by cables. Each of the intermediate towers is composed of two piers with four columns each; the piers rest on masonry footings, while the tops of the columns support the decks of the side spans.

The deck is placed above transverse floor beams measuring deep and long and spaced at intervals of . Vertical ties connect the transverse floor beams with the trusses,[411] and the floor beams themselves hang from the suspender cables. Two parallel trusses on the deck reduce the loads carried by the floor beams. The trusses are placed apart and measure deep. The trusses were three times as deep as those on the Brooklyn Bridge, since the deck was to carry four times the Brooklyn Bridge's loads. The trusswork runs continuously from one anchorage to the other and is not rigidly connected to either the towers or the anchorages. Originally, there were heavy lattice railings on the north and south edges of the deck, while the roadway was paved with wooden blocks.[412]

The approach spans, between the anchorages and either end of the bridge, have a 3 percent grade. They were originally composed of viaducts with braced columns and masonry foundations. The extreme end of either approach span, where the bridge descended to the street, was made of masonry.[413] The approach viaducts were originally paved with granite. There was once a street market under the Manhattan span. In reference to Williamsburg's large Yiddish-speaking population, a sign on the westbound approach to the bridge reads, "Leaving Brooklyn: Oy Vey!" Another sign says "Leaving Brooklyn: Fuhgeddaboudit".[414] [415] The two signs were proposed by former Brooklyn borough president Marty Markowitz in the early 2000s.

Subway tracks

In the middle of the deck are the rapid transit (subway) tracks, which connect the New York City Subway's Nassau Street Line in Manhattan with the Jamaica Line in Brooklyn.[416] The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) initially proposed extending the tracks on an elevated structure west to Bowery in 1903,[417] but these plans were canceled in 1905. The Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) also proposed using the tracks in 1905, which would have connected to a subway under Broadway, Sumner Avenue, and Lafayette Avenue in Brooklyn.[418] On the Brooklyn side, the city's bridge commissioners solicited bids for the connection to the Jamaica Line in early 1907.[419] The tracks were first put into use as part of the BRT's Centre Street Loop (now part of the Nassau Street Line), which partially opened on September 16, 1908, with the completion of the underground Essex Street station at the west end of the Williamsburg Bridge.

The subway tracks are laid to standard gauge, and their centers are spaced apart. The subway tracks are generally higher than the roadway, except at the center of the bridge (where they are at the same level) and at the Manhattan end (where the tracks enter a tunnel). As of 2023, the New York City Subway's use the bridge's tracks at the following times:

 Time period
All times
All times except late nights
Rush hours in peak direction

In 1995, a fatal collision between a J train and an M train occurred on the bridge's tracks;[420] the crash led to widespread changes in the subway's signaling system.[421] [422]

Streetcar tracks

The bridge carried streetcars from November 4, 1904, to December 5, 1948. The streetcar tracks occupied what are now the inner roadways, between the trusses and the rapid transit tracks. When the Williamsburg Bridge was built, streetcar lines from the Eastern District of Brooklyn and the former town of Newtown (now the neighborhoods surrounding Elmhurst in western Queens) converged at the bridge's Brooklyn end.[423] The Metropolitan Street Railway, BRT, and Coney Island and Brooklyn Rail Road (CI&B) shared the tracks.[424] Each streetcar track was laid to standard gauge, and the centers of each track were spaced apart. Overhead catenary wires provided electrification for the southern pair of tracks.[425]

BRT and CI&B streetcars originated at various points in Brooklyn and terminated in Manhattan, while Metropolitan streetcars originated at various points in Manhattan and terminated in Brooklyn. The Brooklyn streetcars used two tracks on the south side, and the Manhattan streetcars used two tracks on the north side.[426] After the New York City government took over operation of streetcar lines that used the bridge,[427] the BMT (the BRT's successor) did not operate any service across the bridge from 1923[428] to 1931.

Streetcar lines on the bridge
Line name Borough primarily served Start year End year
Shuttle1904 1948[429]
Brooklyn 1904 1923[430]
1931 1948
Brooklyn 1905[431] 1923
1931 1948
Brooklyn 1906[432] 1923
1931 1947
Brooklyn 1904[433] [434] 1923[435]
1931[436] 1937[437]
Brooklyn 1904 1923
Brooklyn 1904 1923
Brooklyn 1904 1923
Brooklyn 1905 1923
Brooklyn 1904 1923
Brooklyn 1904 1923
Brooklyn 1906[438] 1919
Manhattan 1904 1932
Manhattan 1919 1932
Manhattan 1911 1919
Manhattan 1904 1911
Manhattan 1904 1920[439]
Manhattan 1904 1911
Desbrosses Street Ferry Line Manhattan 1924[440]
Third Avenue Line Manhattan 1924

At the Manhattan end of the bridge was the Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal, which opened on May 19, 1908, under the south side of Delancey Street between Clinton and Norfolk streets.[441] At ground level was an additional terminal for through trolley service; the last trolley lines stopped operating through the Manhattan terminal in 1948. At the Brooklyn end is the Williamsburg Bridge Plaza Terminal (also known as Washington Plaza), an at-grade former trolley terminal that has existed since at least 1903.[442] After trolley service was discontinued, the Brooklyn trolley terminal became a bus terminal.[443] The B39 bus, which replaced a trolley line, is the only surface-transit line that continues to use the bridge as of 2023.[444] There was an additional proposal to establish a trolley stop on the bridge above Bedford Avenue in 1901[445] and again in 1913, but this never occurred.[446]

Pedestrian and bicycle paths

From the Manhattan end, a shared bike and pedestrian pathway begins in the median of Delancey Street at Clinton Street. The path is split into separate paths for bikes and pedestrians. Between the two anchorages, the pedestrian and bike paths are placed above the inner roadways and are supported by plate steel floor beams. The pathway to the north ends on South 5th Street at Continental Army Plaza, while the pathway to the south ends at Bedford Avenue.[447]

Initially, the northern pathway was supposed to be used by pedestrians and cyclists heading to Manhattan, and the southern pathway was supposed to be used by pedestrians and cyclists heading to Brooklyn. The pathways were connected by an overpass at the center of the main span. On both pathways, pedestrian and bike traffic was separated by an iron railing.[448] The bike paths measured wide, while the pedestrian paths measured wide. By 2002, the bridge had a shared bike and pedestrian path that was only wide.[449] The bridge carried over 6,200 cyclists a day in 2010, making it the busiest bridge for cyclists in New York City at the time;, the bridge carries over 7,800 daily cyclists.[450]

As planned, there were supposed to have been two staircase entrances at Bedford Avenue and one bicycle entrance near Driggs Avenue. A moving walkway was proposed for the bridge in 1902[451] and approved in 1903.[452]

Caissons and towers

The suspension tower on each side of the East River is supported by two foundations, which are built to a height of above mean high water. The foundations are placed atop caissons that descend to the underlying layer of gneiss.[453] The centers of each pair of caissons are placed apart. The construction of the caissons required of timber and 100ST of steel.[454] [455] The caissons measure wide, 70to long, and 19to high. The caissons in Manhattan are 55and deep, while those on the Brooklyn side are 86and deep. The walls of each caisson are composed of four layers of timber planks and measure thick. At the bottom of each caisson was a chamber measuring high, while at the top were seven access shafts and a set of air locks.[456] Concrete was placed on each caisson's roof after it was sunk.

Each foundation supports a masonry pier that rises to above mean high water.[457] The piers are clad with limestone masonry below the mean low water level, and they are clad with granite on a limestone backing above that level. There is a massive dressed-granite block at the corner of each pier, supporting the columns in each leg of the suspension tower. Above each of these granite blocks are heavy steel pedestals, which measure high, at their bases, and at their tops.[458] There are legs on the south and north sides of both suspension towers; each leg comprises four columns that are diagonally braced together. Viewed from above, each leg forms a rectangle measuring west–east and north–south. The lowest portion of each column tapers to a square cross-section measuring 4by, upon which the columns in the leg rise vertically to the bridge's deck. Above the bridge's deck, the upper sections of the towers' legs are slanted inward and are stiffened by a pair of trusses measuring high. The tops of each tower are about narrower than at the deck level, and they measure about or above mean high water.[459]

Each tower uses 3000ST of steel in total. When Buck was designing the bridge, he decided to use steel for the suspension towers, as stone towers would have required larger foundations, taken much longer to build, and necessitated a widening of the bridge.[460] According to the principal assistant engineer, O. F. Nichols, the steel towers could also rise higher than masonry towers and allowed the use of smaller main cables, thereby allowing a stiffer bridge. The New-York Tribune wrote that the steel towers would "appear much lighter and, of course, more graceful" than the Brooklyn Bridge's masonry towers.

Cables

Main cables

The bridge's cables carry a dead load of 8000ST and were designed to carry another 4500ST of moving traffic. The bridge is built with four main cables, which descend from the tops of the suspension towers and help support the deck.[461] The main cables are grouped in two pairs, one each on the north and south sides of the bridge. At the anchorages on either end, each pair of cables is spaced apart; they narrow to apart at the top of the towers and apart at the middle of the span. The main cables are "cradled" together at the center of the span, which was intended to strengthen the bridge against wind pressure,[462] and are connected to the ends of large plate girders. The main cables each measure between and across. The saddles at the tops of the suspension towers, which are placed over the main cables, each weigh 32.5ST or 36ST.[463] The saddles measure 7.67by across.

Almost of steel wire strands were manufactured for the bridge. Each main cable is composed of 37 strands of 208 wires, amounting to 7,696 wires in each cable.[464] The strands themselves measure in diameter and are hexagonal; the wires are across.[465] The wires were supposed to have a breaking strength of at least 200000psi.[466] The strands were tied together at intervals of 10to.[467] The ends of each strand were wrapped around a horseshoe-shaped steel casting that in turn was attached to an anchor bar. The main cables were wrapped with duck cloth, which was supposed to make them waterproof,[468] and steel plates were then placed over the duck cloth.[469]

A filling, made of graphite and linseed oil, was poured into the strands themselves and into the air pockets between the strands. This filling was also poured into the saddles and within joints. Although Roebling Company engineers claimed the cables were eight to ten times stronger than those on the Brooklyn Bridge,[470] the filling had weakened the cables by one-third by the late 20th century. When the bridge was being built, there were plans to install incandescent light bulbs along the main cables.[471] The lamps, which were first illuminated in 1904, were powered by a waste incineration plant directly under the Manhattan approach.[472]

Suspender cables

On the main span, there are suspender castings on the main cables, placed at intervals of . The suspension cables, which hang from the suspension castings, are each composed of seven strands of rope measuring in diameter.

Anchorages

At either end of the main span are massive masonry anchorages placed or inland of the shore. The anchorage in Manhattan was between Mangin and Tompkins streets, the latter of which was located near what is now FDR Drive,[473] and the anchorage near Brooklyn is between Wythe and Kent avenues.[474] At its base, the Manhattan anchorage measures 178by across, while the Brooklyn anchorage measures 182by across. Each anchorage rises above street level and has a foundation deep. Yellow pine pilings were placed at the bottom of the anchorages' foundations and were covered with a layer of concrete with embedded timbers. Above were a steel grillage and another layer of concrete, the latter of which contained the "sleeves" at the ends of each main cable. The above-ground sections of the anchorages were clad with masonry.

The anchorages had to be capable of withstanding a total pull of 20250ST from the four cables. Within each anchorage, the main cables pass through a splay casting, where each of the strands separates. There are two anchor chains at the end of each main cable, each of which are composed of 44 eyebars of varying length. The ends of each strand are attached to the eyebars. The lower sections of the chains are held by plate girders. Each girder measures between approximately 5.5feetand5.9feetft (andft) deep. Beneath each girder are anchor plates, which weigh 11.75ST; these plates are used to secure the eyebars at the end of each anchor chain.

Plazas

Brooklyn side

At the foot of the bridge in Williamsburg, between South 5th Street and Havemeyer Street, are three public areas that collectively comprise a plaza alternatively known as the Williamsburg Bridge Plaza, Washington Plaza, or George Washington Monument Park. It contains Continental Army Plaza and two sections of LaGuardia Playground, both operated by the Parks Department.

The plaza is named after the large statue of George Washington in Continental Army Plaza,[475] sculpted by Henry Merwin Shrady[476] The statue, a gift from Kings County register James R. Howe, was dedicated in 1906.[477] A playground between South 4th, South 5th, Roebling, and Havemeyer streets was proposed in 1932 (replacing part of the trolley terminal there)[478] and opened in July 1935 as LaGuardia Playground.[479] Following the construction of LaGuardia Playground, the plot around the Washington statue was renovated into Monument Park, which was dedicated in July 1937.[480] The playground is split into two pieces by the ramp to the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway.[481]

Manhattan side

At the Manhattan end of the bridge, the walkway terminated at an elevated promenade at Delancey and Clinton streets, which opened in 1914 and measured 68by across.[482] This promenade was above street level.[483]

Impact

When the Williamsburg Bridge was under construction, one critic wrote for the Detroit Free Press that the crossing "is to surpass the Brooklyn Bridge as an engineering marvel" and would serve as a model for three other bridges in New York City.[484] The Brooklyn Citizen described the Williamsburg Bridge as the eighth wonder of the world just before the span opened.[485] Despite this, the aesthetics of the Williamsburg Bridge were rarely regarded favorably compared to those of the Brooklyn Bridge.[486]

Effect on development and infrastructure

After the bridge opened, it became easier to access northern Brooklyn from Manhattan than from Downtown Brooklyn.[487] Jewish and Italian immigrants moved to Williamsburg from Manhattan in large numbers following the bridge's opening.[488] [489] The bridge in particular helped spur the growth of Williamsburg's Jewish community: one newspaper nicknamed the bridge the "Jews' Highway". The American Hebrew & Jewish Messenger wrote in 1910 that, in part because of the bridge's opening, "South Third and neighboring streets [in Williamsburg] are Jewish streets", and several synagogues had been developed near the Brooklyn end of the bridge.[490]

The bridge's completion prompted increased development in Williamsburg, as many residents of Manhattan's East Side moved to the neighborhood,[491] and property values around the bridge's Brooklyn plaza increased after its opening.[492] On the Lower East Side, the bridge's construction led to the development of industrial buildings.[493] After the widening of Delancey Street was completed in conjunction with the bridge's opening, new apartment buildings were built around that street over the next two decades.[494] The bridge supplanted five ferry routes between Williamsburg and Manhattan, which had gone out of business by 1908.[495] [496]

Media

The Williamsburg Bridge has appeared in several media works. The 1928 Edward Hopper painting From Williamsburg Bridge depicts a now-demolished building as seen from the bridge's walkway.[497] From 1959 to 1961, American jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins would go to the Williamsburg Bridge for practice sessions while living on the Lower East Side of Manhattan;[498] [499] his 1962 album The Bridge was titled after the bridge. In 1996, artist Chris Doyle gilded the steps to the pedestrian walkway of the bridge; the project, known as "Commutable", was sponsored by the Public Art Fund.[500] The bridge appears in the background of the opening sequence of American police sitcom Brooklyn Nine-Nine, where the cast walks away from the bridge.[501]

See also

References

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Vulcan. Michele N.. 2015. NYC DOT Bridges & Tunnels Annual Condition Report 2015. New York City Department of Transportation. 167. September 28, 2022. February 1, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170201155934/https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/dot_bridgereport15.pdf. live.
  2. Web site: New York City Bridge Traffic Volumes. 2016. New York City Department of Transportation. 9. March 16, 2018. March 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180311161313/https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/nyc-bridge-traffic-report-2016.pdf. live.
  3. News: January 19, 1892. The New Bill. 4, 7. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: January 20, 1892. For a New East River Bridge: a Bill Authorizing Its Construction Ready for the Legislature. 12. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  4. News: Flower. Roswell P.. March 10, 1892. Signed as Amended.; Gov. Flower on the East River Bridge and Railroad Bills.. en-US. The New York Times. December 4, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: March 10, 1892. Freedom of Worship. 1. The Olean Democrat. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  5. News: October 4, 1892. The New Bridges. 1, 7. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: October 5, 1892. Plans for the Bridges. 5. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  6. News: January 19, 1893. The Projectors Are Contented. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    Web site: The East River Bridge.; Secretary Elkins Fixes the Centre Height at 140 Feet.. The New York Times. January 18, 1893. 0362-4331. December 4, 2023.
  7. News: June 1, 1893. Little Cash to Begin With; Facts About the East River Bridge Company's Capital.. en-US. The New York Times. December 4, 2023. 0362-4331.
  8. News: July 11, 1895. First Call for Bonds. 6. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  9. News: May 19, 1893. Organized for Work. 2. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  10. News: September 2, 1893. Those "L" Roads. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: September 2, 1893. May Go Ahead. 3. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none. ; News: September 3, 1893. The East River Bridge. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  11. News: October 6, 1893. More East River Bridges. 10. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: October 6, 1893. The East River Bridge. 1. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  12. Web site: Cannot Build Its Elevated Road; Supreme Court, General Term, Decides Against the East River Bridge Company.. The New York Times. January 13, 1894. 0362-4331. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: . East River Bridge Company Fails. January 13, 1894. 8. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646.
  13. News: February 16, 1894. Work Begun in a Back Yard. 10. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: February 16, 1894. The New Bridge. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  14. News: October 11, 1894. No East River Bridge Plans. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: October 9, 1894. Can't Have a Crosstown L. 3. The Evening World. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  15. News: November 6, 1894. East River Bridge Plans. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  16. Web site: March 11, 1895. New East River Bridge Plans; Mayor Schieren Has Had a Bill Prepared Giving New-York And Brooklyn the Right to Build It.. December 4, 2023. The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  17. News: March 10, 1895. An East River Bridge Bill. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: March 8, 1895. Two Bridges. 2. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  18. News: April 10, 1895. New York to Pay Half; Agreement of Mayors as to the New East River Bridge Bill. en-US. The New York Times. December 4, 2023. 0362-4331.
  19. News: April 9, 1895. Schieren and Strong. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  20. Web site: New Bridge Commissioners; Mayor Schieren Appoints the Brooklyn Members of the Board for the Proposed East River Structure.. The New York Times. June 2, 1895. 0362-4331. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: . Commissioners for the New Bridge: Mayor Schieren Appoints Andrew D. Baird, James A. Sperry and Henry Batterman for Brooklyn. June 2, 1895. 17. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646.
  21. News: July 11, 1895. The New Bridge. 5. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: July 11, 1895. Terms for New Bridge; East River Rights and Property Offered to the Commissioners. en-US. The New York Times. December 4, 2023. 0362-4331.
  22. News: August 22, 1895. Two Bridges Perhaps; East River Company's Offers Rejected by the Commissioners. en-US. The New York Times. December 4, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: August 22, 1895. The New Bridge. 5. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  23. News: December 19, 1895. Site of the New Bridge. 5. The Sun. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: December 19, 1895. Leavy and Hoye Object. 5. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none. ; News: December 19, 1895. To Buy the Franchise; East River Bridge Commission Has So Decided. en-US. The New York Times. December 4, 2023. 0362-4331.
  24. News: March 16, 1896. Can't Buy Uhlmann Franchise. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: March 17, 1896. Injunction in the Way; Justice Gaynor Restrains East River Bridge Commissioners. Should Not Be Allowed to Purchase the Uhlmann Franchise, Because That Company Would Receive $200,000 of the Public Funds for Not Building a Bridge Under a Franchise to Build Given to It by the People.. en-US. The New York Times. December 4, 2023. 0362-4331.
  25. News: . Judge Gaynor Reversed: East River Bridge Commissioners' Contract Valid. April 29, 1896. 14. The New York Times. 0362-4331. none.
    News: . Gaynor's Decision Reversed: Uhlmann Franchise May Be Purchased. April 29, 1896. 14. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646.
  26. News: June 17, 1896. Gordon Must Pay Heavy Costs. 3. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: June 18, 1896. The Contract Sustained: Justice Clement Further Ratifies the Purchase of the East River Bridge Charter. 14. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  27. News: August 3, 1895. L. L. Buck Appointed Chief Engineer: He Is Selected by the New East River Bridge Commission Over Many Competitors—Mr. Martin May Be Consulting Engineer. 12. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. . none.
    News: August 3, 1895. Mr. Buck the Engineer; Will Look After the New East River Bridge. en-US. The New York Times. December 4, 2023. 0362-4331.
  28. News: September 5, 1895. Borings to Be Made at Once. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: September 5, 1895. Borings for the New Bridge; Commissioners Order Three on the Brooklyn and Two on the New-York Side – The Contract Awarded.. en-US. The New York Times. December 4, 2023. 0362-4331.
  29. News: January 31, 1896. For Preliminary Work: Mayors Agree to an Appropriation of $500,000. 13. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  30. News: . The New East River Bridge: Proposed Changes in the Plans—The Commission Wants Money. February 6, 1896. 4. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    Web site: Twelve-million-dollar Bridge: Engineer Buck's Plan for New East River Structure. Stiffest Suspension Spans in the World and the Longest – The Tracks and Promenades.. The New York Times. February 7, 1896. 0362-4331. December 4, 2023.
  31. News: . East River Bridge: Secretary Lamont Approves Plans for the New Structure. February 29, 1896. 1. The Hartford Courant. 1047-4153. none.
    Web site: Cities Will Save $1,000,000; Secretary Lamont's Action in the Matter of the New East River Bridge Highly Commended.. The New York Times. March 1, 1896. December 4, 2023. 0362-4331.
  32. News: March 5, 1896. Issue of Bonds. 3. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    Web site: East River Bridge Plans; Those for the New Structure Approved by the Harbor Line Board – $1,000,000 to be Raised.. The New York Times. March 5, 1896. 0362-4331. December 4, 2023.
  33. News: March 14, 1896. To Open Bids for Boring: Preliminary Work on the New East River Bridge to Begin Soon Secrecy Regarding Plans for the ... May Be Acquired by Right of Eminent Domain—waiting for Judge Gaynor's Decision. 14. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  34. News: April 22, 1896. East River Bridge. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: April 22, 1896. Getting Ready for Caissons. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  35. News: . Terminals in Dispute: Fault Found With the Proposed Sites of the Bridge Entrances. June 8, 1896. 12. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    Web site: East River Bridge Terminals; Public Hearing to be Had on the Plans Proposed.. The New York Times. June 4, 1896. 0362-4331. December 4, 2023.
  36. News: June 18, 1896. Now for a New Bridge. 8. The World. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023. none.
    News: June 17, 1896. Straight Plan. 2. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  37. News: September 17, 1899. The New Bridge as It Is To-Day. 13. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  38. News: . The Great Work Begun: Preliminary Borings for the New East River Bridge. June 20, 1896. 14. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    News: June 19, 1896. Taking Soundings for the New East River Bridge. 7. The World. newspapers.com. December 4, 2023.
  39. News: . New East River Bridge Plans: Commissioners Sign Them, But Will Make Changes If Authorized. July 23, 1896. 1. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    News: . Bridge Plans Approved: Signatures of All the Commissioners Affixed. July 23, 1896. 9. The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  40. News: July 29, 1896. Now Ready to Receive Bids. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 6, 2023.
  41. News: December 19, 1903. History of the Bridge. 24. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  42. News: September 17, 1896. No Money Available: Work on the New East River Bridge Must Be Delayed. 13. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  43. News: November 5, 1896. Bond Sale a Failure. 10. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 6, 2023.
  44. News: . Bond Sale Postponed: Only Two Bidders Made Application for Brooklyn City Paper. July 28, 1896. 14. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    News: July 28, 1896. Both Bond Sales Failures. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 6, 2023. none. ; News: July 28, 1896. Did Not Sell. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 6, 2023.
  45. News: July 2, 1896. Widening of Delancey Street; It May Be Done the Whole Length of the Thoroughfare.. en-US. The New York Times. December 6, 2023. 0362-4331.
  46. News: September 21, 1896. Landmarks to Be Removed: Church and School Sites Needed for New East River Bridge Approach. 3. The New York Times. 0362-4331. .
  47. News: March 23, 1902. Old Houses Wiped Out: Making Way for the Approach to the New East River Bridge. A1. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  48. News: October 5, 1896. A Water Front. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 6, 2023.
  49. News: July 2, 1896. New East River Bridge. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 6, 2023. none.
    News: July 1, 1896. To Widen South Fifth Street. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 6, 2023.
  50. News: November 11, 1896. Trouble Ahead. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 6, 2023.
  51. News: December 29, 1896. Refinery Will Not Sell. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023. none.
    News: December 29, 1896. Is Compromise Possible?. 4. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  52. News: February 6, 1897. Slow Work on the New Bridge: Brooklyn Has No Money, And the Commission Can Only Wait. 7. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  53. News: October 21, 1896. Delancy Street Foundation. 2. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 6, 2023.
  54. News: October 22, 1896. P. H. Flynn Victorious. 8. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 6, 2023. none.
    News: October 22, 1896. P. H. Flynn Wins. 3. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 6, 2023.
  55. News: November 6, 1896. New Bridge Caisson. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 6, 2023. none.
    News: November 10, 1896. East River Bridge Under Way. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 6, 2023.
  56. News: March 31, 1897. Flynn's Money Waiting. 3. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  57. News: January 6, 1897. Hard at Work. 5. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  58. News: March 28, 1897. Building Bridge Caissons; Their Construction Described – How They Will Be Sunk – Atmospheric Density in the Air Chambers.. en-US. The New York Times. December 7, 2023. 0362-4331.
  59. News: July 25, 1897. The New East River Bridge.. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210529082917/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/07/25/100428848.pdf. May 29, 2021. 0362-4331.
  60. News: February 10, 1897. The New East River Bridge. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023. none.
    News: February 11, 1897. New East River Bridge. 3. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  61. News: May 13, 1897. Signed the Bills. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023. none.
    Web site: East River Bridge Bills; Members of the Commission Go to Albany to Urge Prompt Action by the Governor.. The New York Times. May 13, 1897. 0362-4331. December 7, 2023.
  62. News: May 7, 1897. East River Bridge Work; One of the Caissons Completed – Its Launching Will Be Celebrated – Why Progress Is Slow.. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210529082912/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/05/07/102059748.pdf. May 29, 2021. 0362-4331. none.
    News: May 7, 1897. Ready Now for Launching. 3. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  63. News: Bridge Caisson Launched; Hydraulic Jacks and Three Powerful Sea-Going Tugs Were Used. May 16, 1897. The New York Times. December 27, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331. May 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210529082928/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/05/16/117903614.pdf. live. none.
    News: May 15, 1897. The Caisson Launched. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023. none. ; News: May 15, 1897. It Is Launched. 4. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  64. News: May 15, 1897. Caisson Launch Successful. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  65. News: May 15, 1897. Brooklyn Tower. 6. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  66. May 28, 1897. Brooklyn Tower Foundations of the New East River Bridge. Railroad Gazette. 1. 368–369. .
  67. News: August 15, 1897. In a Caisson's Depths. 40. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  68. News: December 14, 1897. Fourth Caisson. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  69. News: August 12, 1897. For East River Bridge. 14. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  70. News: August 30, 1897. Land for Bridge Piers. 12. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023. none.
    News: August 30, 1897. Must Give It Up. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  71. News: September 21, 1897. To Build the Anchorages: Bids for Work on the East River Bridge to Be Opened To-Morrow Two Big Contracts to Be Placed—work on the Caissons Going Ahead Rapidly. 4. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  72. News: September 3, 1897. Anchorage Plan Details. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  73. News: . Fraud Charged in a Bridge Contract: The East River Bridge Commission Manda-Mused—the Brooklyn Anchorage Work in Question. October 7, 1897. 9. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    Web site: O'Brien Charges Fraud; Says Contract for Brooklyn Anchorage Was Wrongfully Awarded. The New York Times. October 7, 1897. 0362-4331. December 7, 2023.
  74. News: October 30, 1897. Contractor O'Brien Defeated. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023. none.
    News: October 30, 1897. O'Brien Loses His Case. 16. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  75. News: October 20, 1897. Await Court Decision. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  76. Web site: December 1, 1897. East River Bridge Abutments.. December 7, 2023. The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  77. News: December 29, 1896. New Bridge and the Charter. 4. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 6, 2023.
  78. News: January 21, 1898. East River Bridge Affairs; Mayor Van Wyck's Charges of Extravagance Denied on Behalf of the Old Commissioners. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210529082920/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1898/01/21/105961176.pdf. May 29, 2021. 0362-4331. none.
    News: January 19, 1898. Van Wyck Lops Off E. R. Bridge Heads. 1, 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023. none. ; News: . Hustled Out by the Mayor: Strong's East River Bridge Commission Dismissed With Scant Courtesy. January 20, 1898. 2. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646.
  79. News: January 26, 1898. To Fire Out the New Board. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  80. News: February 26, 1898. To Fight for Their Places. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023. none.
    Web site: The East River Bridge; Removed Commissioners Begin Proceedings Looking to Reinstatement.. The New York Times. February 27, 1898. 0362-4331. December 7, 2023.
  81. News: June 16, 1898. Setback for the Mayor. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023. none.
    Web site: The New East River Bridge; Removals of the Old Commissioners by Mayor Van Wyck Held to be Illegal.. The New York Times. June 17, 1898. 0362-4331. December 7, 2023. none. ; News: . No Right to Remove Them: Decision for the Former East River Bridge Commissioners. June 17, 1898. 8. The Hartford Courant. 1047-4153.
  82. News: . Old Commissioners Lose: The Appellate Division Gives a Decision in the East River Bridge Case. July 24, 1898. A5. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    News: July 25, 1898. Decision Suits Them. 8. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 10, 2023.
  83. News: January 12, 1899. The Proposed East River Bridge; Assemblyman Brennan Proposes a Bi-Partisan State Commission.. en-US. The New York Times. December 11, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: January 11, 1899. To Rob Tammany of the Bridges. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none. ; News: January 12, 1899. The Legislature. 5. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  84. News: April 26, 1899. No State Bridge Commission.; Assemblyman Brennan's East River Bill Defeated in the Senate.. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210529082910/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/04/26/118935735.pdf. May 29, 2021. 0362-4331.
  85. News: February 28, 1899. Old Commissioners Lose. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none.
    News: February 28, 1899. No Hope for Baird. 10. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  86. News: April 23, 1901. Features of the New Act. 7. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  87. News: December 18, 1897. Killed in a Caisson. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  88. News: October 26, 1898. Man Instantly Killed. 16. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  89. News: May 12, 1900. Two Men Fall Seventy Feet; One Killed, Other Terribly Injured at New East River Bridge Anchorage.. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210529082927/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/05/12/106886188.pdf. May 29, 2021. 0362-4331. none.
    Web site: East River Bridge Foreman Killed.. The New York Times. May 19, 1900. 0362-4331. December 16, 2023.
  90. News: September 29, 1900. Fell 85 Feet to Death; Chief Engineer C.E. Bedell Slips Off New Bridge Span. Ambulance Surgeon Refused to Take the Dying Man to Hospital Unless Paid $5.. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210529082929/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/09/29/101066686.pdf. May 29, 2021. 0362-4331.
  91. News: March 25, 1902. WORKMAN DROPS 168 FEET FROM EAST RIVER BRIDGE.; George Shauer Is Drowned Before Boats Reach Him – Foreman Says Police Patrol Boat Had No Guard.. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210529083354/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/03/25/101943645.pdf. May 29, 2021. 0362-4331.
  92. News: February 28, 1898. May Issue Bridge Bonds. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  93. News: March 1, 1898. Money in Sight for New Bridge. 3. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023. none.
    News: March 1, 1898. Half a Million Ready. 13. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  94. Web site: March 22, 1898. New Bridge Needs Money; An Appeal to the Mayor from the Commission in Charge of the East River Structure. December 7, 2023. The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  95. News: March 19, 1898. Finances in Bad Shape. 7. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  96. News: April 16, 1898. On Rock Bottom. 8. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  97. News: April 29, 1898. Salaries and Bills Unpaid. 14. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023. none.
    News: April 30, 1898. May Soon Stop Work. 8. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  98. News: May 10, 1898. $200,000 Voted for New Bridge. 16. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023. none.
    News: May 11, 1898. In the Council. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  99. News: May 28, 1898. No Bonds Ready. 8. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023. none.
    News: May 28, 1898. $4,000,000 for the New Bridge. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  100. News: July 26, 1898. Mayor Signs Bond Issue. 14. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 10, 2023. none.
    News: July 25, 1898. Decision Suits Them. 8. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 10, 2023.
  101. News: July 21, 1898. To Pay New Bridge Debts. 4. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 10, 2023. none.
    News: July 22, 1898. Relief Partial. 5. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 10, 2023. none. ; News: July 26, 1898. Opening of City Bids; Justice Pryor Lays Down the Law in Deciding the Woodlawn Road Improvement Case.. en-US. The New York Times. December 10, 2023. 0362-4331.
  102. News: July 31, 1898. New East River Bridge Will Not Be Delayed. 20. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 10, 2023.
  103. News: August 12, 1898. Waiting for Mr. Whalen. 2. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 10, 2023. none.
    News: August 12, 1898. New Bridge Towers. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 10, 2023.
  104. News: September 8, 1898. Seek Redress. 8. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  105. News: September 4, 1898. Rearing the New Span Over the East River. 7. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none.
    News: September 16, 1898. How It Will Go on. 5. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  106. News: September 21, 1898. Money for the Commission. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none.
    News: September 23, 1898. New East River Bridge. 10. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none. ; News: September 23, 1898. Pays Its Debts. 5. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  107. News: October 21, 1898. New East River Bridge. 14. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 10, 2023.
  108. News: December 23, 1898. Cause of Delay. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  109. News: January 6, 1900. East River Bridge Work. 10. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023. none.
    News: January 6, 1900. Over Five Millions for the New Bridge. 2. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 16, 2023. none. ; News: January 6, 1900. Slow Progress on Bridge. 9. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 16, 2023.
  110. News: January 11, 1899. $1,500,000 Bonds Voted for East River Bridge. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none.
    News: January 11, 1899. To Issue Bonds. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none. ; News: January 11, 1899. Steel Towers and End Spans. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  111. News: May 25, 1899. Hall of Records to Be Gorgeous. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none.
    News: May 25, 1899. Tammany Wants a Roman Palace. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  112. News: July 13, 1899. New East River Bridge Gets $4,000,000. 11. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none.
    News: July 13, 1899. New East River Bridge Booming. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  113. News: December 7, 1899. For the New Bridge. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none.
    News: December 7, 1899. Only One Bid Received for New Bridge Cables. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  114. News: June 4, 1899. Money for New Bridge: That Is All That Is Needed to Insure Quick Completion Chief Engineer Buck Estimates. B2. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  115. News: February 24, 1899. Bridge Contract to High Bidder. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none.
    Web site: Lowest Bridge Bid Rejected; Contract Awarded at $1,220,230 to a New Jersey Company – Political Reasons Alleged.. The New York Times. February 25, 1899. 0362-4331. December 11, 2023. none. ; News: February 28, 1899. Mr. Whalen Sums Up His First Year's Work. 3. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none. ; News: February 23, 1899. New East River Bridge. 5. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  116. News: March 3, 1899. Engineer Buck's Two Estimates. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none.
    News: March 3, 1899. The News of Brooklyn: Estimated Cost Exceeded Contracts for East River Bridge Work Cause Surprise. 5. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  117. For the start of the strike, see: News: March 19, 1899. Granite Cutters' Strike on East River Bridge. 36. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. For the strike having ended, see: News: August 20, 1899. New East River Bridge Ready for Use in 1902. 8. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  118. News: October 15, 1899. East River Bridge Work: Stone Piers and Iron Frames Conspicuous on the Waterfront. B3. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  119. News: November 14, 1899. Bids for Bridge Cables Can Now Be Turned In. 16. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  120. News: November 15, 1899. New Bridge Progressing. 7. The World. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none.
    News: November 14, 1899. New East River Bridge. 12. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  121. News: December 8, 1899. Roebling Gets the Contract. 2. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  122. News: January 14, 1900. Work on the New East River Bridge Approaches the Spectacular Stage. 17. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  123. News: February 16, 1900. Foundations Completed. 3. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023.
  124. News: March 2, 1900. Work on East River Bridge. 3. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023.
  125. News: March 20, 1900. Engineers Resume Work on the New Bridge. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023.
  126. News: April 1, 1900. Dangerous Work. 11. Buffalo Courier Express. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023.
  127. News: December 16, 1900. Daily Circus Feats on the New Bridge. 41. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  128. News: May 6, 1900. Towers Nearly Finished: Stringing of Cables on East River Bridge to Begin August 1 the Diamond Drill. A1. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  129. News: August 23, 1900. Bridge Strikers Indignant; Brooklyn Men Say They Were Ordered Out by Walking Delegate Without Cause.. en-US. The New York Times. December 18, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: . Strike on East River Bridge: Iron Workers Quit Because Wages Are Reduced to the Union Rate. August 21, 1900. 14. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646.
  130. News: November 15, 1900. Will Complete Bridge Within Two Years. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  131. News: December 9, 1900. Nearly Ready for Footbridges. 17. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. none.
    News: November 2, 1900. Progress of New Bridge. 12. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  132. News: December 16, 1900. News of Brooklyn: Ready for the Cables Difficult Work of Raising the Saddles on the East River Bridge Finished. A10. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. 1941-0646. .
  133. News: December 16, 1900. Work of Laying Bridge Cables. 4. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  134. Web site: January 22, 1901. Wire for East River Bridge; Pittsburg Company Takes Contract from Swedish Competitors.. December 18, 2023. The New York Times. 16. 0362-4331.
  135. News: February 3, 1901. Progress of the Work on the New East River Bridge. 10. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  136. News: February 16, 1901. Work on the New East River Bridge. 10. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. . .
  137. News: February 17, 1901. Wire Strand for New East River Bridge; It Will Probably Be Strung Across in About a Week. Then the First Foot Bridge Will Be Completed and the Work of Cable Construction Rushed.. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210529082930/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/02/17/101069478.pdf. May 29, 2021. 0362-4331. none.
    News: February 16, 1901. To Celebrate 'Cable Day'. 4. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  138. Web site: New Bridge's First Wire Links Two Boroughs; Rises from East River Bed Amid Tumultuous Rejoicing.. The New York Times. 0362-4331. April 12, 1901. 2. December 18, 2023. none.
    News: April 9, 1901. Wedding of the Boroughs. 9. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. none. ; News: April 11, 1901. Big Crowd Watches Stretching of Cable. 1, 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  139. News: May 2, 1901. Another Rope Stretched. 7. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. none.
    News: May 5, 1901. Another East River Bridge Cable. 20. The New York Times. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  140. News: June 5, 1901. Crossed East River Bridge; Footpath Is Completed, And Representatives of the Contractors Walked Over It.. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210529082926/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/06/05/119077535.pdf. May 29, 2021. 0362-4331.
  141. News: June 16, 1901. East River Footbridges: Four Temporary Structures, Running From Manhattan to Brooklyn, Nearly Completed. A1. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. 1941-0646. .
  142. News: August 27, 1901. Will Begin to Spin Cable Wires Tomorrow. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  143. News: September 11, 1901. To Stretch Wires Soon. 7. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. none.
    News: September 12, 1901. Bridge Work Progressing. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  144. News: November 5, 1901. Nineteen Thousand: Miles of Wire Required for Cables of New York's New Bridge. 6. Cincinnati Enquirer. .
  145. July 26, 1902. Making the Cables on the New East River Bridge, New York.. Scientific American. LXXXVII. 4. 55. .
  146. News: November 28, 1901. The East River Bridge Cable. 3. The New York Times. 0362-4331. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. none.
    News: November 30, 1901. The New Bridge Cables. 17. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. none. ; News: November 30, 1901. Bridge Cable Building Begins. 2. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  147. News: November 22, 1901. Bridge Commissioners Disagree. 5. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. none.
    News: November 22, 1901. Croker 'Boodle' in Bridge Delay. 1. The Evening World. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  148. News: December 14, 1901. First Strand Completed. 20. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  149. News: December 18, 1901. Wire Work Going Forward. 3. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  150. Web site: Gutis. Philip S.. June 9, 1985. The Cable Makers' Losing Battle. January 4, 2024. The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  151. News: April 20, 1901. Last Big Contract on New East River Bridge. 10. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  152. News: April 9, 1901. Bridge Steel Contract. 5. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. none.
    News: April 4, 1901. Ready to Award Contract. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  153. News: April 26, 1901. McCarren Bridge Bill Now in Mayor's Hands. 3. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. none.
    News: April 26, 1901. Another East River Bridge Award. 5. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  154. News: June 7, 1901. New East River Bridge Suit. 3. The New York Times. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. none.
    News: June 6, 1901. Taxpayer's Suit May Stop Work on New Bridge. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  155. News: June 21, 1901. Bridge Structure Award. 2. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  156. News: December 17, 1899. Approach and Plaza of the New East River Bridge. 37. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none.
    News: December 15, 1899. Bridge Property to Be Bought at Once. 4. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  157. News: . Money for East River Bridge: Aldermen Pass a $4,000,000 Bond Issue—newtown Creek Project Defeated. July 25, 1900. 9. The New York Times. 0362-4331. none.
    News: July 10, 1900. Bond Issues Authorized by Board of Estimate. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023.
  158. News: December 22, 1899. The East River Bridge. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  159. News: April 28, 1900. Bridge Contract to Be Let. 9. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none.
    News: April 28, 1900. New Bridge Approaches to Be Built Soon. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  160. News: June 1, 1900. Bids on East River Bridge Approaches. 9. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023. none.
    News: May 31, 1900. Bridge Approaches $2,500,000. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  161. News: June 6, 1900. Bond Issue Authorized for Brooklyn School. 3. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023. none.
    News: June 6, 1900. More Property Taken for Bridge Approach. 2. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023.
  162. News: June 15, 1900. Aldermen Delaying Work. 10. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023. none.
    News: June 13, 1900. School and Bridge Bonds. 2. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023. none. ; News: June 12, 1900. New Bridge Bond Issue Receives Big Setback. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023.
  163. News: June 30, 1900. Delay in Building New Bridge. 8. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023. none.
    News: June 28, 1900. Contract Held Up. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023.
  164. News: June 30, 1900. East River Bridge Bids Rejected. 11. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023. none.
    News: July 10, 1900. The King Company's Bid on E. R. Bridge Rejected. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023.
  165. News: July 12, 1900. Bids for New Bridge. 8. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023. none.
    News: July 12, 1900. New Bridge Approaches. 18. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023. none. ; News: July 12, 1900. Second Bidding for Approaches. 6. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023.
  166. News: August 23, 1900. Contracts Still Held Up. 3. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023. none.
    News: . East River Bridge Injunction: Seven Bidders for the Approaches Charge Collusion With Contractors. August 18, 1900. 11. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none. ; News: August 18, 1900. Enjoins Bridge Commission; Justice Fitzgerald Grants Temporary Order at the Instance of Bidders on Approaches, Who Charge Fraud.. en-US. The New York Times. December 18, 2023. 0362-4331. none. ; News: August 23, 1900. Hearing Postponed. 10. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023.
  167. News: October 9, 1900. Bridge Approach Contract. 1. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023. none.
    News: October 9, 1900. Injunction Is Denied on Bridge Contracts. 10. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023. none. ; News: . May Now Award Contract: Injunction Restraining New East River Bridge Commissioners Dismissed. October 10, 1900. 6. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646.
  168. News: October 12, 1900. East River Bridge Contracts. 11. The New York Times. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: October 12, 1900. East River Bridge Contracts Awarded. 14. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023. none. ; News: October 12, 1900. The Contract Awarded. 9. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023.
  169. News: November 8, 1900. Mayor Signs Bond Issue. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. none.
    News: November 8, 1900. Work to Be Begun Soon on Bridge Approaches. 18. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  170. News: February 16, 1902. Rapid Construction of New East River Bridge; To Be Finished About the Same Time as the Underground Road and to Relieve the Present Pressure on the Old Structure.. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210529082914/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/02/16/101936514.pdf. May 29, 2021. 0362-4331.
  171. News: November 25, 1900. The New East River Bridge. 13. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  172. News: February 19, 1901. Work on Bridge Delayed. 10. The New York Times. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: February 19, 1901. Delay on the New Bridge. 12. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  173. News: March 16, 1901. Approach for Bridge: Condemnation of Property Likely to Cost About $3,900,000 To Begin To-Day. 9. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  174. News: May 28, 1901. Work on Bridge Approach. 20. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. none.
    News: May 26, 1901. East River Bridge Approach. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  175. News: July 19, 1901. Steel Company Responds to Prods From Officials. 16. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  176. News: . Work on East River Bridge Approach. August 7, 1901. 3. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    News: August 6, 1901. Another Bridge Begun. 12. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  177. News: August 7, 1901. Delay on New Bridge. 12. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. none.
    News: August 7, 1901. Delay in the New East River Bridge. 1. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  178. News: October 3, 1901. Delay on New Bridge Is Not Unexpected. 20. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  179. News: May 6, 1902. Great Cost of Approaches. 4. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  180. News: February 24, 1902. May Pay for Bridge Land Next Summer. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023. none.
    News: February 24, 1902. Prompt Payment for Property. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023.
  181. News: October 28, 1898. New East River Bridge. 10. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  182. News: November 1, 1899. Bridge Approach Plans: A Question as to Who Has the Right to Accept Them. 11. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  183. News: February 15, 1900. Changes for New Bridge. 11. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 17, 2023.
  184. News: May 13, 1902. New Bridge Work Delayed. 3. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  185. News: February 28, 1902. New Plaza Land to Be Bought at Once. 3. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  186. News: July 29, 1902. To Condemn Plaza Land. 9. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. none.
    News: July 29, 1902. M'Carren Park Now Sure. 7. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. none. ; News: . Plaza for New Bridge: Estimate Board Authorizes One in Brooklyn—city to Pay for Greenpoint Park. July 29, 1902. 4. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646.
  187. News: April 8, 1903. To Widen Roebling Street. 9. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  188. News: March 28, 1901. Manhattan Approaches to the New Bridge; A Sharp Contest Begun Over Different Plans Proposed. The Estimated Cost Ranges from $4,000,000 To $22,000,000 – Property Owners Employ Counsel.. en-US. The New York Times. December 18, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: March 28, 1901. For an Approach to New Bridge. 5. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  189. News: March 31, 1901. Vast Cost of New Bridge: Structure and Approaches Will Consume Many Millions Before Completion. A2. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  190. News: April 9, 1901. New Bridge Approaches; Plan to Widen Delancey and Spring Streets Approved.. en-US. The New York Times. December 18, 2023. 0362-4331.
  191. News: December 19, 1901. Adopt Bridge Approach. 3. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023. none.
    Web site: New East River Bridge Plan Was Adopted; Calls for Widening of Delancey Street and May Cost Millions. Mr. Coler Protested, but Board of Improvements Overruled Him – New Bronx Map Also Was Adopted.. The New York Times. December 19, 1901. 0362-4331. December 18, 2023. none. ; News: December 19, 1901. Proposed Improvement at the Manhattan End of the New East River Bridge. 3. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  192. News: March 21, 1903. Bridge Approaches Chosen; Board of Estimate Decides on the Widening of Several Streets.. en-US. The New York Times. December 21, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: March 21, 1903. Pass Delancey-st. Widening. 6. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  193. News: February 14, 1903. A Bridge; No Approach: That Will Be the Situation With the Williamsburg Structure. 1. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  194. News: February 29, 1928. Allen Street No Longer Alley Where Little Shops Sold Brass: Where Candlesticks And Samovars And Grinning Buddhas Lurked From Behind Grimy Windows Now Winds Wide New York Boulevard. 11. The China Press. .
  195. News: January 2, 1902. Work on New Bridge Must Now Be Pushed. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023. none.
    News: January 2, 1902. Buck to Be Chief Engineer. 1. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023.
  196. News: February 4, 1902. Enough Cash Available to Build New Bridge. 20. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023.
  197. News: February 16, 1902. Rapid Construction of New East River Bridge; To Be Finished About the Same Time as the Underground Road and to Relieve the Present Pressure on the Old Structure.. en-US. The New York Times. December 20, 2023. 0362-4331.
  198. News: February 18, 1902. Lindenthal Dissatisfied. 10. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023.
  199. News: December 19, 1903. The Building of the Williamsburg Bridge. 4. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  200. News: March 19, 1902. Aldermen's Lively War; New East River Bridges Named by the Board. Commissioner Woodbury Attacked and His Resolution for a Brooklyn Deputy Lost – the Chairman Denounced.. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 23, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210529082920/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/03/19/101265970.pdf. May 29, 2021. 0362-4331. none.
    News: March 19, 1902. Municipal Digest. 7. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023.
  201. News: April 15, 1902. Buck Tells Lindenthal He Will Never Resign. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023. none.
    News: April 16, 1902. Crisis in Bridge Affairs Is Nearly at Hand. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023. none. ; News: April 17, 1902. Petition for Buck. 3. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023.
  202. News: February 7, 1902. Relief in More Bridges. 1. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023. none.
    News: February 7, 1902. Roebling Must Make Good. 4. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023. none. ; News: February 6, 1902. Rush East River Bridge Is the Order to Roeblings. 4. The Evening World. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023.
  203. News: May 1, 1902. Lindenthal Crosses New East River Bridge. 3. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023.
  204. News: May 1, 1902. Engineer Buck's Salary Cut; Made Consulting Engineer of Williamsburg Bridge.. en-US. The New York Times. December 21, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: . A Compromise Over Buck: Lindenthal Appoints Him Consulting Engineer of Williamsburg Bridge—new Chief Engineer to Be Named. May 1, 1902. 6. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646.
  205. News: June 18, 1902. Mayor Climbs 360 Feet; Views the City from Tower of New East River Bridge.. en-US. The New York Times. December 20, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: June 17, 1902. Mayor Low Inspects Work on New Bridge. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 20, 2023. none. ; News: June 17, 1902. Will Open New Bridge Early in October, 1903. 1. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  206. News: June 27, 1902. Last Wire of the Cables Stretched on New Bridge. 22. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. none.
    News: June 27, 1902. Last Cable to Be Finished Today. 6. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  207. News: July 9, 1902. Many Changes Planned on New E. R. Bridge. 3. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  208. News: July 14, 1902. Williamsburg Bridge. 1. Democrat and Chronicle. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. none.
    News: July 13, 1902. Hornbostel's Plans to Beautify Bridges. 44. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  209. News: August 27, 1902. New Bridge Approach. 3. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  210. News: August 12, 1902. Bridge Commissioner Wants Grades Changed. 3. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. none.
    News: August 12, 1902. 'Conflicting Interests' Delay Bridge Relief. 1, 10. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  211. News: September 6, 1902. Object to New Street. 5. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. none.
    News: September 6, 1902. Board of Estimate and New Bridge Terminal. 4. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  212. News: September 23, 1902. Bridge Approach Resolutions Approved. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. none.
    News: September 24, 1902. New-York City. 16. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  213. News: October 1, 1902. Plan to Beat Overtime Penalty on New Bridge. 8. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  214. News: October 1, 1902. Roeblings Liable for Large Overtime Penalty. 12. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. none.
    News: October 1, 1902. Plan to Beat Overtime Penalty on New Bridge. 8. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  215. News: September 7, 1905. The Roeblings Win; City Can't Blame Them for Williamsburg Bridge Delay, Parker Finds.. en-US. The New York Times. December 25, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: September 7, 1905. City Must Pay Roebling Co.. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 25, 2023.
  216. News: . Only the Lofty Towers and Big Cables Remain. November 11, 1902. 1. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    News: November 11, 1902. East River Bridge Tower in Flames; Great Cables of Williamsburg Structure Endangered.. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210529082924/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/11/11/117983145.pdf. May 29, 2021. 0362-4331. none. ; News: November 11, 1902. East River Bridge a Mass of Seething Flames for Hours. 1, 2. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  217. News: November 11, 1902. Bridge Cables Safe. 1. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. none.
    News: November 12, 1902. Lighted Match Caused It: East River Bridge Fire Due to a Workman's Carelessness. 6. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. . none. ; News: November 12, 1902. Big Bridge Cables Resisted the Fire; Damage to New East River Structure Not More Than $50,000. Fire Again Appears in the Wreckage, but Is Soon Extinguished – No Insurance Carried.. en-US. The New York Times. December 21, 2023. 0362-4331.
  218. News: January 25, 1903. Williamsburg's Bridge. 22. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  219. News: January 7, 1903. To Stop Black Coal Smoke. 7. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  220. News: January 14, 1903. Beautiful Towers for the New Bridge. 1. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. none.
    News: January 13, 1903. Artistic Plans for Williamsburg Bridge. 12. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  221. News: March 10, 1903. Art on the New Bridges. 12. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  222. News: November 11, 1903. Art Commission Turns Down Hornbostel's Plan. 3. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  223. News: February 25, 1903. East River Bridge. 7. The Buffalo Commercial. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. none.
    News: February 25, 1903. Steel Ends Joined To-day. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  224. News: June 3, 1903. Work on the Bridges. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  225. News: November 10, 1903. Lindenthal's Tribute to the Late C. C. Martin. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  226. News: June 30, 1903. Williamsburg Bridge Work. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  227. News: July 2, 1903. Board of Estimate Votes $8,000,000; City Appropriations for Many Purposes Passed. Blackwell's Island Bridge Gets $3,860,000 And Williamsburg Bridge $1,550,000 – Croton Dam Track Change Approved.. en-US. The New York Times. December 21, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: July 2, 1903. Large Sums for Brooklyn. 3. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  228. News: July 25, 1903. Possible Bridge Delay Disturbs E. D. Public. 2. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  229. News: August 13, 1903. Anchor Chain Tunnels on Williamsburg Bridge. 4. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. none.
    News: August 13, 1903. Anchor Chain Tunnels. 4. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  230. News: August 15, 1903. Bids to Finish Williamsburg Bridge. 12. The New York Times. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. 0362-4331.
  231. News: September 20, 1903. Plaza Will Replace Old Buildings. 13. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  232. News: October 18, 1903. Brooklyn Approach to the Williamsburg Bridge Is Now Ready for Grading. 24. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  233. News: September 27, 1903. Footwalk Flooring Bids. 3. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  234. News: October 12, 1903. Pushing the Work on Williamsburg Bridge. 12. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. none.
    News: October 12, 1903. Williamsburgh Bridge Work. 2. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  235. News: October 26, 1903. Williamsburg Bridge. 1. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023. none.
    News: October 26, 1903. Contractor Pushes Work on Williamsburg Bridge. 6. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  236. News: October 22, 1903. Bridge Plaza Paving Work. 6. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  237. News: November 10, 1903. Preparing to Open Williamsburg Bridge; Lindenthal Thinks Traffic May Be Admitted Dec. 1. Aldermanic Committee Arranging an Elaborate Celebration – Trolley Franchise Question Left Over to the Incoming Administration.. en-US. The New York Times. December 22, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: November 10, 1903. New E. D. Bridge Cannot Be Used. 1, 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  238. News: November 15, 1903. New Bridge Opening to Be Worthily Commemorated. 45. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  239. News: November 29, 1903. Opening the New East River Bridge; Plans of the Aldermanio Committee to Make the Occasion Memorable. Some Figures Which Show the Enormity of the Williamsburg Structure – The Story of Its Building.. en-US. The New York Times. December 22, 2023. 0362-4331.
  240. News: December 13, 1903. Mayor Low Inspects Williamsburg Bridge; Walks Over It to the Brooklyn Side and Back Again. Declines to Say Anything About Its Condition-Programme Of the Marine Parade on the Opening Night.. en-US. The New York Times. December 22, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: December 13, 1903. Mayor Inspects New Bridge. 9. The Sun. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  241. News: December 20, 1903. New Bridge in a Glory of Fire; Wind-Up Of Opening Ceremonies a Brilliant Scene. Big Fleet in Parade Daylight Dedication Ceremonies and Night Spectacle Witnessed by Immense Crowds – Enthusiasm on Both Sides of the River.. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20190629213559/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/12/20/105070115.pdf. June 29, 2019. 0362-4331. none.
    News: December 21, 1903. Many Cross New Bridge. New-York Tribune. newspapers.com. July 12, 2021.
  242. News: December 19, 1903. Erection of Bridge a Triumph of Genius. 3. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  243. News: December 10, 1903. Williamsburg Bridge "Opening" Premature; Absolutely No Work Has Been Done on Footpaths. More Money Asked for Fireworks – Mayor Low Suggests Saving by Dropping Leaders' Pictures.. en-US. The New York Times. December 22, 2023. 0362-4331.
  244. News: November 11, 1903. Useless Elevated Tracks on Williamsburgh Bridge. 4. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  245. News: December 11, 1903. Grout Opposes Spending Money for Bridge Opening. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 26, 2023.
  246. News: January 21, 1904. Pedestrians on Williamsburg Bridge. 16. The New York Times. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: January 20, 1904. New Roadway to Be Opened. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  247. News: March 4, 1904. Mayor Wants Cars on New Bridge at Once; Orders Temporary Station Built at Manhattan Terminal. en-US. The New York Times. December 22, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: March 3, 1904. Cars on New Bridge First Necessity, Says Mayor. 2. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  248. News: April 8, 1904. Naughton & Co. Did Bid. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  249. News: April 24, 1904. New Bridge Footpath Open; Great Crowd Passes Over the Williamsburg Structure.. en-US. The New York Times. December 22, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: . Home News: New-York City. April 24, 1904. 12. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646.
  250. News: May 28, 1904. Lights on New Bridge Tonight. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023. none.
    News: May 27, 1904. Full Vehicle and Foot Passage on New Bridge. 2. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  251. News: July 3, 1904. Giving the Pushcart Men a Place of Business; Will Have the Biggest Thing of the Kind in the Country, But They Don't Like It.. en-US. The New York Times. December 22, 2023. 0362-4331.
  252. News: November 4, 1904. Jam, Not of Sightseers, On the E. D. Bridge Cars. 22. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023. none.
    News: . Crush on New Bridge: 1,000 Cars Cross It Belief of Congestion on Brooklyn Span Expected. November 5, 1904. 7. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646.
  253. News: July 8, 1905. Bridge Terminal Plan Is at Last Approved; Improvement of Brooklyn Structure Will Provide More Platforms. en-US. The New York Times. December 25, 2023. 0362-4331.
  254. News: August 17, 1905. Williamsburg Bridge Plans; Subway Branch Into the Manhattan Terminal, And No Elevated.. en-US. The New York Times. December 22, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: August 19, 1905. New Official Blunder Delays Bridge Terminal. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  255. News: December 19, 1905. Williamsburg Bridge Doing Good Business. 18. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 25, 2023.
  256. News: February 13, 1906. Bridge Revenues Small: Last Report Shows That Expenses Nearly Equal Receipts. 9. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  257. News: . Bridge Out of Place: Defies Engineers Twice Williamsburg Structure Is Three Inches Too Near Brooklyn. September 2, 1906. 1. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    News: September 2, 1906. Williamsburg Bridge Slipping to Brooklyn; Has Such a Liking for the Borough That It Won't Hang True.. en-US. The New York Times. December 25, 2023. 0362-4331.
  258. News: April 18, 1907. Brooklyn Rapid Transit: Will Use Williamsburg Bridge Tracks Soon. City Administration Largely Responsible for Three Years Delay and Present Congestion.. 5. The Wall Street Journal. 0099-9660. .
  259. News: March 21, 1908. Commissioner Bassett Talked Transit to an Interested Audience in Calvary Church. 7. The Chat. newspapers.com. December 25, 2023.
  260. News: . Bad Start for New Subway Loop: Service Tied Up Twice by Trouble at the Williamsburg Bridge. May 20, 1908. 4. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    News: May 19, 1908. Bridge Subway Loops Are Formally Opened. 11. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 25, 2023.
  261. News: . Mayor a Motorman: Runs Car Over Bridge Governor's Father Speaks at Cele Bration in Williamsburg. September 17, 1908. 5. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    News: September 17, 1908. Mayor Runs a Train Over New Bridge. en-US. The New York Times. January 26, 2020. 0362-4331.
  262. News: September 16, 1908. Full Utility of the Williamsburg Bridge Provides Many Sections With Added Transit Facilities. 24. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 25, 2023.
  263. News: . B.R.T. Will Soon Run Trains Across Williamsburg Bridge.: This Will Attract Considerable Traffic to Elevated Trains That Now Goes to Surface Lines.. April 17, 1908. 5. The Wall Street Journal. 0099-9660.
  264. News: December 18, 1908. Say Williamsburg Bridge Is Unsafe; City Club, Asking Investigation of Manhattan Structure, Says Other Needs Bracing. en-US. The New York Times. December 26, 2023. 0362-4331.
  265. News: . Million Not Needed: Commissioner Says Williamsburg Bridge Is Safe. November 10, 1909. 10. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    News: November 10, 1909. Williamsburg Bridge to Be Made Stronger: Increasing Traffic Between New York and Brooklyn Makes Changes Necessary. 1. Courier-Journal. .
  266. News: July 7, 1911. To Abolish Tolls On City Bridges; Mayor Gaynor Believes There Is No Legal Warrant for Taxing Vehicle Traffic. en-US. The New York Times. June 28, 2019. 0362-4331. none.
    News: July 6, 1911. Bridge Tolls Unjust; Stop Them, Says Mayor. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 26, 2023.
  267. News: July 19, 1911. Prize Fund for Atwood; Talk of One After Washington Commerce Chamber Refuses to Help. en-US. The New York Times. July 1, 2019. 0362-4331. none.
    News: July 18, 1911. Aldermen Abolish Tolls for Wagons on Bridges. 1. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 1, 2019.
  268. News: Boorstin. Robert O.. January 26, 1987. A Critical Point for Bridge Repair Plan: Plan to Fix Cables on Williamsburg Bridge at a Critical Point. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054415/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/26/nyregion/a-critical-point-for-bridge-repair-plan-921-56813.html. December 28, 2017. December 27, 2017. The New York Times. en-US. 0362-4331.
  269. News: Seaton. Charles. October 25, 1987. Williamsburg Decision: A Rough Bridge to Cross. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Daily News. 792, 793.
  270. News: Larkin. Kathy. November 16, 1982. Bridges: Splashdown Crisis. 96. Daily News. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024.
  271. News: Levine. Richard. August 19, 1987. A Bridge Dilemma: Patch It or Scrap It. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054629/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/19/nyregion/a-bridge-dilemma-patch-it-or-scrap-it.html. December 28, 2017. 0362-4331.
  272. News: May 29, 1914. New Pins Fit Bridge for Subway Strain; Great Engineering Feat Strengthens Williamsburg Structure at Weak Spots.. en-US. The New York Times. December 26, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: . Unique Feat Doubled Strength of Williamsburg Bridge. May 31, 1914. D5. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646.
  273. June 1, 1914. Replacing Pins in the Williamsburg Bridge: An Exceptional Boring Operation Performed Under Unusual Difficulties. Machinery. 20. 10. 865. .
  274. News: July 28, 1915. B.R.T. Ready to Quit Williamsburg Span; At a Deadlock with Bridge Commissioner Over Payment for Franchise.. en-US. The New York Times. December 26, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: July 27, 1915. B. R. T. Threatens to Stop Bridge Cars. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  275. News: March 26, 1916. B.R.T. Needn't Pay Car Tolls on Bridge; City Cannot Charge for Williamsburg Structure, Justice Erlanger Holds.. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: March 26, 1916. Kracke Loses Fight over Bridge Tolls; Decision for B. R. T.. 82. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  276. News: January 13, 1918. Bridge Franchise Problem Left Over for Hylan to Solve. 48. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  277. News: March 2, 1918. Blames Congestion on the Bridge on the B. R. T. Co.. 13. The Chat. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  278. News: May 4, 1919. Asks New Bridge Path for Motor Vehicles. 39. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  279. News: May 30, 1919. Use Williamsburg Bridge Footwalk for Autos. 8. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  280. News: July 31, 1920. Williamsburg Span to Be Shut a Week; Commissioner Whalen Orders Steel Stringers and Will Work Three Shifts. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: July 31, 1920. Rush New Girders for Burned Bridge; Crush Is Relieved. 1, 22. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  281. News: October 22, 1920. Hylan Directs Traffic; Aid In Relieving Congestion Due to New Williamsburg Bridge Order.. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: October 21, 1920. Mayor Regulates Traffic on Bridge – Does It Well. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  282. News: September 8, 1920. One-Way Traffic Will Continue on Bridges Despite Jam: Inspector O'Brien Convinced System Is Practical; Brooklyn Structure Has Worst Tie-Up In 37 Years. 4. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  283. News: . East Side Wants Bridge Renamed for Roosevelt: Manhattan Square and 59th Street Plaza Sites Also Considered by Aldermen. December 8, 1921. 4. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    News: December 8, 1921. Would Name Bridge After Roosevelt; Aldermen Hear Argument for Proposition to Give Permanent Honor to Statesman.. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331.
  284. News: November 28, 1922. Campaign Planned to Rename Bridge. 3. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. none.
    News: October 9, 1922. Merchants Want Broadway Bridge. 9. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  285. News: January 21, 1925. Plan 2 Roadways to Relieve Bridge; Commissioner Asks for $1,500,000 Improvement to the Williamsburg Span. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: January 20, 1925. Mills Would Build $1,500,000 Roads on Williamsburg Span. 3. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  286. News: . B.-M. T. To Spend $2,000,000 For Repairs in 1925: Board of Directors Authorizes Expenditures for Reconstruction of Tracks, Signals and Equipment. May 20, 1925. 3. The New York Herald, New York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    News: May 20, 1925. B.M.T. PLANS WORK TO COST $2,000,000; Directors Approve Program of Improvements to Be Made This Year.. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331.
  287. News: June 20, 1926. Congestion Avoided On City Bridges by 'Keep Moving' Plan: Steady Flow of Cars Maintained on East River Structures, Where Pauses and Lagging Are Banned. D19. New York Herald Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  288. News: November 3, 1929. Footpaths Go To Speed Cars Across Bridges: 2-Deck Roadway on Queensboro Span Will Permit Separation of Traffic Viaducts Ease Congestion Alterations Under Way on the Manhattan Structure Queensboro Span as It Is Now and as It Will Be When Remodeled. A12. New York Herald Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  289. News: May 27, 1929. Rudd Would Build Highway From Williamsburg Span. 13. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. none.
    News: February 23, 1929. Alderman Rudd Proposes New Plan to Widen and Extend Bushwick Avenue. 1, 6. The Chat. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  290. News: . 2 Surface Lines Quit Operations As Deficit Rises: Postoffice and Grand Street-Brooklyn Cars Had Runs Over Williamsburg Bridge On Its Last Day of Public Service. January 21, 1932. 36. New York Herald Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    News: January 21, 1932. Bridge Trolley Lines Quit for Lack of Funds. 217. Daily News. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. none. ; News: January 21, 1932. Bans Trolley Lines on East River Span; Transit Board Orders Service Across Williamsburg Bridge Discontinued Today. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331.
  291. News: Auto Road Planned or East River Span; City Moves to Convert Two Abandoned Trolley Lines into Traffic Lanes. January 22, 1932. The New York Times. December 27, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331. none.
    News: January 22, 1932. Williamsburgh Span to Get New Roadway. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  292. News: September 27, 1932. Work Speeds on Highway for Williamsburg Bridge. 290. Daily News. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  293. News: August 27, 1933. Trolley Line Removal Opens Bridge to Cars. 74. Daily News. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  294. News: December 1, 1935. Lack of Men Stalls WPA Bridge Job. 105. Daily News. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. none.
    News: December 3, 1935. WPA Project Delayed; Lack of Skilled Labor Holds Up Williamsburg Bridge Work.. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331.
  295. News: April 19, 1935. PWA Marking Time on Bridge Speedway. 558. Daily News. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  296. News: . Traffic Capacity to Increase One-Third On Williamsburg Span When Rebuilding Is Ended. February 24, 1935. A10. New York Herald Tribune. 1941-0646.
  297. News: March 4, 1935. New Recreation Area. 218. Daily News. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  298. News: December 17, 1936. New Roadway to End Jams on Busy Span. 8. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  299. News: December 23, 1936. Mayor Opens Roadway To Williamsburg Bridge. 12. New York Herald Tribune. 1941-0646. . none.
    News: December 23, 1936. Bridge Roadway Opened by Mayor; 1,000 Face a Biting Wind for Ceremony at Brooklyn End of Williamsburg Span. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331. none. ; News: December 22, 1936. Mayor Drives 'One-Hoss Shay'. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  300. News: April 26, 1936. Williamsburg Bridge Roadway Progressing. 121. Daily News. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  301. News: December 18, 1936. Mayor to Cut Cord Starting Traffic Flow. 3. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  302. News: June 25, 1938. $31,328,500 Works Approved for City; PWA Authorizes 28 Schools, Hospitals, Bridges' and Other Enterprises. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: . $14,147,725 P.W.A. Funds Awarded City. June 25, 1938. 1. New York Herald Tribune. 1941-0646.
  303. News: September 11, 1938. 15 New Bridges Planned by City; Projects Costing $22,000,000 Listed in Program Submitted for Period Up to 1944. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331.
  304. News: April 2, 1939. Williamsburg Bridge to Get New Roadway; Westbound Lane Will Be Closed Today as Work Starts. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: March 31, 1939. Will Start New Roadway on Williamsburg Bridge. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  305. News: June 25, 1939. New Williamsburg Roadway in Service. 90. Daily News. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  306. News: November 19, 1939. New Bridge Roadway to Open Wednesday. 111. Daily News. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  307. News: November 23, 1939. Open-Grating Span Impresses Mayor; On Tour of New Roadway, He Commends 'Very Fine Job' on Williamsburg Bridge. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: November 23, 1939. Mayor Inspects New Roadway on Bridge. 1. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  308. News: New Bridge Lanes Opened; Williamsburg Span Traffic Using Three Extra Roadways. July 11, 1941. The New York Times. December 27, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331. none.
    News: July 11, 1941. New Roadways on Local Span Open to Cars. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. none. ; News: July 11, 1941. Williamsburg Span Paving Sets Record. 214. Daily News. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  309. News: Jetter. Alexis. November 22, 1987. Williamsburg Bridge Gets Checkup. Newsday. 03. 2574-5298. .
  310. News: April 11, 1946. City Must Scrape Up $127,000 To Fix Williamsburg Bridge. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 28, 2023.
  311. News: April 13, 1947. Will Shut One Lane of Williamsburgh Bridge for Repairs. 3. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. none.
    News: April 13, 1947. Bridge Repair to Cut Traffic. 55. Daily News. newspapers.com. December 28, 2023.
  312. News: July 11, 1947. Span Repair Halts Traffic Over River; New Rockers Put Under Tower of Williamsburg Bridge to Eliminate 'Jolts'. en-US. The New York Times. December 28, 2023. 0362-4331.
  313. News: May 9, 1948. Bridge to Get New Roadway. 101. Daily News. newspapers.com. December 28, 2023.
  314. News: February 29, 1948. One Road Closed on Williamsburg Span. 10. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. none.
    News: February 29, 1948. Bridge Roadway Shut for Repairs. 49. Daily News. newspapers.com. December 28, 2023.
  315. News: Potter. Robert W.. November 26, 1947. $6,391,520 Is Added to Capital Budget by Estimate BoarD; New Allowances for Hospitals and Schools Offset by Cuts on Less Urgent Projects. en-US. The New York Times. December 28, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: November 26, 1947. City Asks $251 Million for '49 Improvements. 406. Daily News. newspapers.com. December 28, 2023.
  316. News: October 30, 1949. Mayor to Officiate at Bridge Opening. 6. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 28, 2023.
  317. News: November 1, 1949. Dedicating a New Inner Roadway at Williamsburg Bridge. 15. New York Herald Tribune. 1941-0646. . none.
    News: November 1, 1949. Bridge Road Open, Symbolically Only. en-US. The New York Times. December 28, 2023. 0362-4331.
  318. News: May 1, 1949. Work Begins Soon on Bridge Plazas; First to Have Its Approaches Widened and Improved Will Be Williamsburg Span. en-US. The New York Times. December 28, 2023. 0362-4331.
  319. News: December 11, 1949. Let Brooklyn Highway Job: Horn Co. Is Awarded $608,407 For Williamsburg Bridge Link. 72. New York Herald Tribune. 1941-0646. . none.
    News: December 8, 1949. Bridge Connection Contract Awarded. 30. Poughkeepsie Journal. newspapers.com. December 28, 2023.
  320. News: December 6, 1952. Williamsburg Bridge Section of Brooklyn Queens Expressway Opens. 11. New York Herald Tribune. 1941-0646. . none.
    News: December 6, 1952. Expressway Link Will Open Today; New Section at Williamsburg Bridge Is Part of 11-Mile Brooklyn-Queens Project. en-US. The New York Times. December 28, 2023. 0362-4331.
  321. News: Milburn. Terry. January 18, 1959. Ed's Life-Span Is a Bridge of Size. 414. Daily News. newspapers.com. January 3, 2024.
  322. News: Bennett. Charles G.. October 27, 1961. Repaving in Night Ordered for City; Mayor Finds Some Streets Require This to Expedite Daytime Traffic Flow. en-US. The New York Times. January 3, 2024. 0362-4331. none.
    News: December 22, 1961. Postpone Bridge Repair to April. 6. The Williamsburg News. newspapers.com. January 3, 2024.
  323. News: A History of Corrosion at Points 15B-17B. Johnson. Kirk. June 10, 1988. The New York Times. December 27, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331. December 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228112231/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/10/nyregion/a-history-of-corrosion-at-points-15b-17b.html. live.
  324. News: November 24, 1970. Repairs for 2 City Bridges. en-US. The New York Times. January 3, 2024. 0362-4331.
  325. News: Within. Richard. April 15, 1973. Shift on Emission May Cost Drivers. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170829081030/http://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/15/archives/shift-on-emission-may-cost-drivers-granted-2year-delay-compensation.html. August 29, 2017. August 29, 2017. The New York Times. 0362-4331. en-US.
  326. News: Dembart. Lee. June 16, 1977. Broad Parking Ban in Manhattan Begins as Mayor Yields to Ruling. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170829122855/http://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/16/archives/broad-parking-ban-in-manhattan-begins-as-mayor-yields-to-ruling-206.html. August 29, 2017. August 28, 2017. The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  327. News: Witkin. Richard. March 13, 1971. City Bridge-Toll Plans. March 29, 2022. The New York Times. 0362-4331. en-US.
  328. News: April 22, 1970. Bridge Toll Study. Newsday. 13. 2574-5298. .
  329. News: May 24, 1971. He Calls Toll on Bridges a Benefit to Straphangers. newspapers.com. October 12, 2023. New York Daily News. 2692-1251. 314.
  330. News: Weisman. Steven R.. August 6, 1977. Beame, U.S. Reach an 'Understanding' on a Parking Ban. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170829121700/http://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/06/archives/beame-us-reach-an-understanding-on-a-parking-ban-court-gives-them-2.html. August 29, 2017. August 28, 2017. The New York Times.
  331. News: June 12, 1976. 2 Federal Agencies Clash on a Toll Plan For River Bridges. January 22, 2024. The New York Times. en-US. 0362-4331.
  332. Web site: Levine. Richard. Johnson. Kirk. June 10, 1988. Chronicle of City's Neglect Of Williamsburg Bridge. January 4, 2024. The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  333. News: March 26, 1978. Extensive Inspection of 6 New York City Bridges Scheduled by State. en-US. The New York Times. October 12, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: March 26, 1978. City Bridges To Be Repaired, Governor Says. 19Q. Newsday. 2574-5298. .
  334. News: Cummings. John. July 21, 1978. Goldin Warns of Rotting Bridges. 7Q. Newsday. 2574-5298. .
  335. News: Hampson. Rick. Schwartz. Jerry. February 20, 1983. Engineers Keep Eyes on Big Apple's Rotting Infrastructure. The Hartford Courant. H14. 1047-4153. .
  336. News: Arthur. Browne. March 14, 1978. Finds 4 E. River Spans Need Fix Fast. 68. Daily News. newspapers.com. January 3, 2024.
  337. News: Fitzgerald. Owen. March 6, 1981. Williamsburg Bridge to Get 16M Revamp. 183. Daily News. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024.
  338. News: Gordy. Margaret. May 12, 1987. Destruction of Williamsburg Bridge Studied. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Newsday. 21.
  339. News: July 20, 1982. The City; Lane to Manhattan On Bridge Is Shut. en-US. The New York Times. The Associated Press. January 4, 2024. 0362-4331. none.
    News: July 19, 1982. Bridge roadway shut. 10. Daily News. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024.
  340. News: Barbanel. Josh. November 28, 1982. Shaky Bridges in New York. en-US. The New York Times. January 4, 2024. 0362-4331.
  341. News: Ned. Steele. Sharon. Rosenthal. July 5, 1981. New York's Troubled Bridges over Water. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Daily News. 51.
  342. News: Fitzgerald. Owen. May 13, 1981. Koch Budget No Blank Check for Boro. 350. Daily News. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024.
  343. News: French. Howard W.. May 10, 1987. Two Steel Support Bars Fall from Williamsburg Bridge. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054136/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/10/nyregion/two-steel-support-bars-fall-from-williamsburg-bridge.html. December 28, 2017. December 27, 2017. The New York Times. en-US. 0362-4331.
  344. News: October 9, 1981. Repairs to Clog Bridges. 33. Newsday. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024.
  345. News: September 29, 1981. Lane Repair Planned On Bridge to Brooklyn. en-US. The New York Times. January 4, 2024. 0362-4331.
  346. News: Fitzgerald. Owen. September 30, 1981. Close 1 Lane on Williamsburg Bridge. 88. Daily News. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024.
  347. Web site: Kinzer. Stephen. January 17, 1983. Two East River Bridges in Line for Federal Funds. January 4, 2024. The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  348. News: Davila. Albert. November 9, 1986. City Is Getting Bridgework to Repair Its Ailing Spans. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Daily News. 371, 372, 373.
  349. Web site: October 23, 1983. City Offers Plans to Speed Traffic. January 4, 2024. The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  350. Web site: Brooke. James. June 22, 1986. There's Just No End to the Area's Stop and Go. January 4, 2024. The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  351. News: March 25, 1983. Williamsburg Bridge Bid. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Newsday. 29.
  352. Web site: McFadden. Robert D.. October 16, 1983. Replacing of Williamsburg Bridge Is Studied. January 4, 2024. The New York Times. 0362-4331. none.
    News: Seaton. Charles. October 18, 1983. Consider replacing Williamsburg Bridge. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Daily News. 81.
  353. News: Kramer. Marcia. November 2, 1983. We Have 2 of the Neediest Bridges. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Daily News. 5.
  354. News: Seaton. Charles. March 18, 1984. Subway Service to Be Altered. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Daily News. 356. none.
    News: March 2, 1984. Repair Work on 2 Bridges to Disrupt Subway Service. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Newsday. 35.
  355. Web site: Hevesi. Dennis. November 22, 1987. Taking the Pulse of the Aging Williamsburg Bridge. January 4, 2024. The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  356. Web site: Johnson. Kirk. April 14, 1988. Williamsburg Bridge Decay Is Worse Than Feared. January 4, 2024. The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  357. News: Gordy. Molly. June 5, 1988. An Abridged Bridge Check. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Newsday. 3, 26.
  358. News: . Williamsburg Bridge Blues Lack Of Upkeep Raised. Jetter. Alexis. April 14, 1988. 03. Newsday. 2574-5298.
  359. News: May 11, 1987. Williamsburg Bridge Lanes Are Reopened. Newsday. 31. 2574-5298. .
  360. News: Dallas. Gus. April 12, 1987. Why Gridlock Will Span City; Bridge-Fix Project Will Be a True Traffic-Stopper. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Daily News. 579, 580, 581.
  361. News: March 18, 1987. City In Bridge Battle. Newsday. 09. 2574-5298. .
  362. News: Gordy. Margaret. October 2, 1987. $160M For BMT Blocked. Newsday. 03. 2574-5298. .
  363. News: Gordy. Margaret. January 9, 1988. Williamsburg Bridge Not So Bad After All. Newsday. 02. 2574-5298. .
  364. News: Jetter. Alexis. April 13, 1988. Williamsburg Bridge Closed Indefinitely to All Vehicles. Newsday. 03. 2574-5298. . none.
    News: The Williamsburg Bridge Is Shut For 2 Weeks as Cracks Are Found. Sarah. Lyall. The New York Times. 0362-4331. April 13, 1988. February 27, 2010. June 8, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090608235906/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/13/nyregion/the-williamsburg-bridge-is-shut-for-2-weeks-as-cracks-are-found.html. live.
  365. News: Jetter. Alexis. April 22, 1988. Trump Offers to Fix Bridge—He'll Even Lend Money. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Newsday. 3, 26.
  366. News: Kurtz. Howard. April 22, 1988. In New York, Deteriorating Bridges and Troubled Fiscal Waters. January 4, 2024. Washington Post. en-US. 0190-8286.
  367. News: Corrosion on the Williamsburg Is Mainly on Approach Roads. Johnson. Kirk. May 10, 1988. The New York Times. December 27, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331. December 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054633/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/10/nyregion/corrosion-on-the-williamsburg-is-mainly-on-approach-roads.html. live.
  368. News: . Manhattan-Brooklyn Span Open. Doherty. Tim. May 27, 1988. 03A. USA Today. none.
    News: Williamsburg Is Reopened For Cars Only. Johnson. Kirk. May 27, 1988. The New York Times. December 27, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331. December 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054553/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/27/nyregion/williamsburg-is-reopened-for-cars-only.html. live.
  369. Web site: June 11, 1988. Subway Service Will Resume Over the Williamsburg Bridge. January 4, 2024. The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  370. Web site: The Associated Press. July 27, 1988. All Lanes Reopened On the Williamsburg. January 4, 2024. The New York Times. 0362-4331. none.
    News: July 27, 1988. New York Report. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Daily News. 22.
  371. News: Gordy. Molly. June 3, 1988. Williamsburg Bridge Panel Selects 5 Design Finalists. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Newsday. 3, 23. 2574-5298. .
  372. News: Koch Plans To Rebuild Rusted Bridge. Johnson. Kirk. June 9, 1988. The New York Times. December 27, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331. December 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054618/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/09/nyregion/koch-plans-to-rebuild-rusted-bridge.html. live. none.
    News: June 9, 1988. New Approach for Williamsburg. newspapers.com. Molly. Gordy. January 4, 2024. Newsday. 7, 25.
  373. News: November 4, 1988. Koch, Cuomo Bond on the Bridge. 21. Newsday. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Molly. Gordy. none.
    News: November 4, 1988. Fans, foes span city over bond. 220. Daily News. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Joel. Siegel.
  374. News: March 19, 1989. Troubles over Bridged Waters. 537, 539. Daily News. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024. Gus. Dallas.
  375. News: Katherine. Foran. November 9, 1989. Netting Concrete Before It Can Fall. 21. Newsday. newspapers.com. January 4, 2024.
  376. Cho. Aileen. September 15, 1997. Trains and Cranes, Cables and Cars Squeeze In at New York City Span: Complexity Marks $750-Million Fix of Williamsburg Bridge. Engineering News-Record. 80. 239. 11. .
  377. News: Williamsburg Bridge Journal; For Brooklyn Neighborhood, At Long Last, The Way Is Clear. Fisher. Ian. March 9, 1992. The New York Times. December 27, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331. December 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054204/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/09/nyregion/williamsburg-bridge-journal-for-brooklyn-neighborhood-long-last-way-clear.html. live.
  378. News: Rehabilitation of Williamsburg Bridge Cables Begins. April 8, 1992. The New York Times. December 27, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331. December 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054625/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/nyregion/rehabilitation-of-williamsburg-bridge-cables-begins.html. live.
  379. News: Mitchell. Alison. August 22, 1992. Alarm on Tainted Dust Near Williamsburg Bridge. en-US. The New York Times. December 4, 2023. 0362-4331.
  380. News: Myers. Steven Lee. September 6, 1992. New York Lead-Test Results, Meant to Reassure, Do the Opposite. en-US. The New York Times. December 4, 2023. 0362-4331.
  381. News: Straphangers Prepare to Make Do With One Less Bridge to Cross. Lueck. Thomas J.. April 27, 1999. The New York Times. December 27, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331. December 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228232030/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/27/nyregion/straphangers-prepare-to-make-do-with-one-less-bridge-to-cross.html. live.
  382. News: Subway Service to Resume On the Williamsburg Bridge. Williams. Monte. September 1, 1999. The New York Times. December 27, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331. December 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228112243/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/01/nyregion/subway-service-to-resume-on-the-williamsburg-bridge.html. live.
  383. Web site: Project Detail (221). January 10, 2015. January 10, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150110191450/https://www.gandhieng.com/index-3p.aspx?MENU=3&proj=221. dead.
  384. News: Neighborhood Report: Williamsburg Bridge; Bicyclists and Pedestrians Choose a Path That's Right, But It May Turn Out Wrong. Bahrampour. Tara. December 29, 2002. The New York Times. December 28, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331. December 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228112259/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/29/nyregion/neighborhood-report-williamsburg-bridge-bicyclists-pedestrians-choose-path-that.html. live.
  385. News: Metro Briefing New York: Manhattan: Bridge Lanes To Reopen. Steinhauer. Jennifer. June 11, 2002. The New York Times. December 28, 2017. Ramirez. Anthony. en-US. 0362-4331. December 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228112328/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/11/nyregion/metro-briefing-new-york-manhattan-bridge-lanes-to-reopen.html. live.
  386. News: A 100-Year Span Gets Its Big Moment. Ellen. Mitchell. Newsday. June 19, 2003.
  387. News: Bridges' 'Necklace Lights' to Return. Feuer. Alan. November 1, 2003. The New York Times. December 28, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331. December 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228112249/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/01/nyregion/bridges-necklace-lights-to-return.html. live.
  388. Web site: Williamsburg Bridge. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161113182111/https://www.ascemetsection.org/committees/history-and-heritage/landmarks/williamsburg-bridge. November 13, 2016. November 12, 2016. ASCE Metropolitan Section.
  389. Web site: Signore. John Del. September 2, 2011. Here's The New Williamsburg Bridge Bike / Pedestrian Entrance. December 4, 2023. Gothamist.
  390. Web site: Short. Aaron. September 21, 2011. Cyclists to City: Don't Let the Terrorists Win on the Williamsburg Bridge • Brooklyn Paper. December 4, 2023. Brooklyn Paper.
  391. News: Sax and Sky. Rollins, Sonny. The New York Times Magazine. April 23, 2015. May 27, 2015. May 27, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150527165136/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/magazine/sax-and-sky.html. live.
  392. Web site: Rivoli. Dan. 14th St. To Become a 'Busway' for Most of Day During L Train Shutdown. New York Daily News. June 25, 2018. July 29, 2018. July 29, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180729081709/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-metro-l-train-shutdown-20180625-story.html. live. none.
    Web site: MTA New York City Transit Canarsie Tunnel Project Supplemental Environmental Assessment and Section 4(f) Review: Appendices. New York City Transit Authority. New York City Transit Authority. July 2018. mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 27, 2018. July 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180727191653/https://web.mta.info/mta/news/notices/pdf/Appendices-Final.pdf. live.
  393. News: The L Train Shutdown Was Just Canceled. What Exactly Does That Mean?. Robbins. Liz. January 3, 2019. The New York Times. January 4, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. January 3, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190103231532/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/03/nyregion/l-train-brooklyn-manhattan-shutdown.html. live.
  394. Web site: Skanska Wins $167M Rehabilitation of NYC's Williamsburg Bridge. Justin. Rice. Engineering News-Record. November 7, 2022. November 28, 2022. November 28, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221128023400/https://www.enr.com/articles/55230-skanska-wins-167m-rehabilitation-of-nycs-williamsburg-bridge. live.
  395. Web site: Skanska Nabs $167M Contract to Repair Deteriorating Williamsburg Bridge. Crain's New York Business. Sheena. Jasmine. November 15, 2022. November 28, 2022. November 28, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221128024230/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/transportation/skanska-nabs-167m-contract-repair-deteriorating-williamsburg-bridge. live.
  396. Web site: Niland. Josh. Skanska to Lead $150 Million Williamsburg Bridge Overhaul. Archinect. October 17, 2022. November 28, 2022. November 28, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221128023404/https://archinect.com/news/article/150327111/skanska-to-lead-150-million-williamsburg-bridge-overhaul. live.
  397. Web site: Guse. Clayton. December 12, 2022. Williamsburg Bridge Rehab Expected to Cause Train Disruptions over the Next 2 Years. December 25, 2023. Gothamist.
  398. https://www.nycroads.com/crossings/williamsburg/ "Williamsburg Bridge: Historic Overview"
  399. Web site: Williamsburg Bridge. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130513214414/https://www.nycroads.com/crossings/williamsburg/. May 13, 2013. February 27, 2010. NYV Roads.
  400. Web site: January 2, 2017. Williamsburg Bridge. December 4, 2023. STRUCTURE magazine.
  401. News: McConnell. David. October 14, 1946. 6-Lane Express Road Proposed On Broome St: Elevated, Then Depressed, It Would Be Crosstown Tunnel to Bridge Link A Lower Manhattan Crosstown Expressway Is Proposed. 1. New York Herald Tribune. 1941-0646. . none.
    News: October 14, 1946. Express Way Plan Goes to O'Dwyer; Proposed Lower Manhattan Expressway. en-US. The New York Times. December 28, 2023. 0362-4331.
  402. News: Crowell. Paul. September 16, 1960. Downtown Road Linking 2 Rivers Is Voted By City. en-US. The New York Times. May 14, 2018. 0362-4331.
  403. News: Grutzner. Charles. October 7, 1954. Super Unit Urged for City Services; Gulick Bids 3 States Act on Joint Metropolitan Regime – Tobin Warns on Transit Gulick Urges 3-State Commission To Provide Transit, Other Services. en-US. The New York Times. January 3, 2024. 0362-4331.
  404. News: Vines. Francis X.. March 25, 1971. Lower Manhattan Road Killed Under State Plan. en-US. The New York Times. March 19, 2018. 0362-4331.
  405. August 7, 1897. The Foundations of the East River Bridge, New York.. Scientific American. LXXVII. 6. .
  406. June 15, 1901. Floor System of the New East River Bridge. Scientific American. LXXXIV. 24. 374. .
  407. August 1, 1902. New East River Bridge Statistics. Electrical Age. 29. 6. 254. .
  408. December 18, 1903. The Williamsburgh Bridge and the Brooklyn Bridge: Williamsburgh Bridge Brooklyn Bridge. Railroad Gazette. 35. 51. 903. .
  409. News: July 8, 1900. Brooklyn Bridge No. 2: Work on the Great Steel Structure Over the East River. C2. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  410. News: December 19, 1903. Technical Description of the Great Bridge. 4. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  411. January 7, 1899. The New East River Bridge.. Scientific American. 10. LXXX. 1. .
  412. News: December 6, 1903. Ceremony to Open Williamsburg Bridge: Structure Spanning the East River Practically Ready for Use—no Means of Crossing It Yet Save by Walking or Driving. B2. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  413. May 4, 1900. The Approaches to the New East River Bridge. Railroad Gazette. 32. 18. 281. .
  414. News: Bahrampour. Tara. February 29, 2004. Neighborhood Report: Brooklyn Up Close; Last Exit to Brooklyn, Brought to You by Marty. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171800/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/29/nyregion/neighborhood-report-brooklyn-up-close-last-exit-brooklyn-brought-you-marty.html. December 28, 2017. December 28, 2017. The New York Times. en-US. 0362-4331.
  415. Web site: Enman. Scott. May 25, 2016. Here's Where Brooklyn's Unique 'Fuhgeddaboudit,' 'Oy Vey' Signs Come From. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054135/https://www.brooklyneagle.com/articles/2016/5/25/here%E2%80%99s-where-brooklyn%E2%80%99s-unique-%E2%80%98fuhgeddaboudit%E2%80%99-%E2%80%98oy-vey%E2%80%99-signs-come. December 28, 2017. December 6, 2023. Brooklyn Eagle.
  416. News: December 19, 1903. Construction of the Bridge. 26. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  417. News: June 18, 1903. An Elevated Approach: B. R. T. Would Build It West From Williamsburg Bridge Mayor Opposed to This Plan. 6. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  418. News: March 26, 1905. Subway Routes Which Interborough Offers to Build in Brooklyn. 49. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  419. News: February 7, 1907. "L" Trains to Cross New Bridge in Fall. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 25, 2023.
  420. News: Rob Speyer. Lisa Rein. Al Baker. Laura A. Fahrenthold. Debra McGrath-kerr. John Marzulli. Laurie C. Merrill. Samson Mulugeta. Gene Mustain. June 6, 1995. J Train Slams into the M Train, Killing the Driver and Injuring 54 in 1995. New York Daily News. live. June 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191413/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/subway-crash-kills-driver-injures-54-1995-article-1.690727. June 15, 2018 . Chris Oliver. Tom Robbins. Joel Siegel. Corky Siemaszko. Larry Sutton.
  421. Web site: Martinez. Jose. March 20, 2018. MTA Weighs Ending Intentional Slowing of Trains in Effect Since Deadly 1995 Crash. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194148/http://www.ny1.com/politics/2017/transit/2018/03/20/mta-weighs-ending-intentional-slowing-of-trains-in-effect-since-deadly-1995-crash. August 3, 2018. June 5, 2018. Spectrum News NY1 | New York City.
  422. Web site: Edroso. Roy. March 13, 2018. The Trains Are Slower Because They Slowed the Trains Down. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180510161631/https://www.villagevoice.com/2018/03/13/the-trains-are-slower-because-they-slowed-the-trains-down/. May 10, 2018. June 4, 2018. Village Voice.
  423. News: May 12, 1901. Queens' Great Future, New Transit Facilities. 12. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  424. News: . Get Eight Cent Fare: Best Signs Contract for Williamsburg Bridge—Five Cents Later. May 22, 1904. 7. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. none.
    News: May 22, 1904. No Eight-cent Fare Over the New Bridge; Anywhere in Manhattan to Brooklyn End for Five Cents.. en-US. The New York Times. December 22, 2023. 0362-4331.
  425. November 19, 1904. Electrifying the New Williamsburg Bridge. The Street Railway Journal. 24. 21. 906–908. .
  426. Web site: Williamsburg Bridge Railway Terminal. Joseph. Brennan. February 27, 2010. March 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210301203922/http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/abandoned/willb.html. live.
  427. News: November 22, 1923. Bridge Trolley Service: Brooklyn Transit Companies to Discontinue Operations on Williamsburg Bridge. 2. The Wall Street Journal. 0099-9660. .
  428. News: November 21, 1923. B. M. T. Won't Run Cars on E. D. Bridge. 1. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  429. News: December 6, 1948. Buses Take Over Williamsburg Run: Trolleys End Bridge Service-Old Underground Station No Longer in Use. The New York Times. October 21, 2016.
  430. News: December 2, 1923. City Begins Its Bridge Service As B.-M. T. Stops. 4. New-York Tribune. . 1941-0646.
  431. News: November 18, 1905. Twenty-Eighth Ward Board of Trade. 1. The Chat. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  432. News: February 1, 1906. Changes in B. R. T. Lines. 5. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  433. News: November 3, 1904. Bridge Cars in Operation; Eastern District Surprised. 1, 2. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  434. News: November 7, 1904. Rush On New Bridge. 2. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  435. News: November 22, 1923. Through Service on Bridge to End. The New York Times. January 19, 2016.
  436. News: February 15, 1931. Through Trolley Service on Bridge. 16. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. none.
    News: February 15, 1931. Restores Bridge Service; B.M.T. Abolishes 2-Cent Fare Today on Through Traffic.. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331.
  437. News: June 30, 1937. Utica and Reid Trolley Lines to Be Combined. 2. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  438. News: April 23, 1906. Change Cars for Coney. 6. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  439. News: February 28, 1920. Two More Car Lines to Stop Service March 7: Fourteenth Street Line, Across Williamsburg Bridge, And Seventh Av., In Brooklyn, Affected. 6. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  440. News: November 13, 1924. Will Discontinue Two More Trolley Lines on Williamsburg Bridge. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 26, 2023.
  441. April 11, 1908. Underground Bridge Terminal in New York for Brooklyn Surface and "L" Lines. Street Railway Journal. 31. 15. 592–596. October 21, 2016.
  442. Woodruff. Clinto Rogers. March 1905. Notes on Municipal Government. The Activities of Civic Organizations for Municipal Improvement in the United States: A Symposium. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 25. City Life and Progress. 157–199. 10.1177/000271620502500211. 145085237.
  443. Book: Report for the Three and One-Half Years Ending June 30, 1949.. 1949. New York City Board of Transportation. 2027/mdp.39015023094926.
  444. News: Hu. Winnie. April 30, 2019. New York City's Quirkiest Bus: 1 Bridge, 3 Stops. en-US. The New York Times. December 21, 2023. 0362-4331.
  445. News: August 31, 1901. There Is a Hitch. 10. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  446. News: January 19, 1913. Want New Station; Brooklyn Business Men Want Car Stop on Williamsburg Bridge.. en-US. The New York Times. December 26, 2023. 0362-4331.
  447. Web site: April 4, 2013. New Yorkers Guide To The Williamsburg Bridge. December 11, 2023. Bed-Stuy, NY Patch. https://web.archive.org/web/20231211213515/https://patch.com/new-york/bed-stuy/bp--new-yorkers-guide-to-the-williamsburg-bridge. December 11, 2023. live.
  448. July 18, 1903. Approach to the New East River Bridge.. Scientific America. LXXXIX. 3. 46. .
  449. News: Bahrampour. Tara. December 29, 2002. Neighborhood Report: Williamsburg Bridge; Bicyclists and Pedestrians Choose a Path That's Right, But It May Turn Out Wrong. en-US. The New York Times. December 7, 2023. 0362-4331.
  450. Web site: January 1, 1980. Bicycle Counts. December 4, 2023. NYC DOT.
  451. News: May 5, 1902. Moving Walks for the Bridges. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  452. News: November 12, 1903. Wonderful Bridge: New Yorkers Will Travel on Moving Sidewalk to Brooklyn—the Scheme Is Interesting.. 5. Los Angeles Times. 0458-3035. . none.
    News: November 13, 1903. Moving Platform for the New Bridge. 5. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  453. September 12, 1896. The New East River Bridge. Scientific American. LXXV. 11. 214. .
  454. News: July 27, 1897. New East River Bridge: It Will Cost, Completed, Over $7,000,000 Commissioners Buy Load From the Sugar Trust for $830,000 – to Be Opened to the Public in 1900. 7. The Hartford Courant. 1047-4153. .
  455. News: December 26, 1896. Big Caissons for Bridge: Over One Million Feet of Timber and Tons Of Steel to Be Used. 6. Austin Daily Statesman. .
  456. News: March 16, 1897. Work on a Big Caison. 6. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 7, 2023.
  457. News: February 3, 1899. Can Use All the Money. 5. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 11, 2023.
  458. May 12, 1900. The Towers and Approaches of the New East River Bridge.. Scientific American. LXXXII. 19. 294. .
  459. News: November 9, 1896. New East River Bridge: Work of Construction Begun in New York. 2. The Hartford Courant. 1047-4153. .
  460. Web site: February 6, 1896. Steel Towers the Best; Engineer Buck's Advice as to the New East River Bridge.. December 4, 2023. The New York Times. 0362-4331.
  461. News: February 9, 1902. Work on New Bridge Cables: The Structure May Get the Name of the Williamsburg Bridge. Despite Mr. Swanstrom. A10. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  462. September 12, 1896. The New East River Bridge. Scientific American. 214. LXXV. 11. .
  463. News: December 12, 1900. First Saddle May Go Up To-Day. 1. The Standard Union. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  464. Hildenbrand. Wilhelm. August 1, 1902. Cable=Making for the New East River Bridge: Engineer for Cables of the Bridge. Electrical Age. 29. 6. .
  465. Cables of the New East River Bridge. Scientific American. LXXXII. 4. January 27, 1900. 52. .
  466. News: Nixon. Lewis. April 28, 1901. This Bridge a Record-Breaker. 3. Buffalo Courier. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  467. News: August 18, 1901. Now for the Cables on East River Bridge. 5. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  468. News: October 30, 1902. Cloth for Bridge Cables. 16. The New York Times. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023. none.
    News: October 29, 1902. New Wrappings for Cables. 11. Times Union. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  469. News: November 21, 1902. Wrapping on Cables of New East River Bridge. 15. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 21, 2023.
  470. News: July 25, 1901. Opinions of Engineers. 3. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 18, 2023.
  471. News: October 5, 1902. New Ideas for Bridge Lights; Electric Lamps to Span the East River Like Necklaces of Pearls.. en-US. The New York Times. live. December 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210529082905/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/10/05/117982317.pdf. May 29, 2021. 0362-4331.
  472. News: February 4, 1906. Light From Rubbish: Williamsburg Bridge Illuminated by Burning Waste Material. A5. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. . none.
    News: December 15, 1905. Waste Turned Into Profit. 7. The Buffalo News. newspapers.com. December 25, 2023.
  473. Web site: May 20, 2020. Make Way for Progress: A Wider Delancey and the Williamsburg Bridge. December 7, 2023. New-York Historical Society.
  474. September 10, 1897. Anchorages for the New East River Bridge. Railroad Gazette. 29. 37. .
  475. News: Waite. Thomas L.. February 20, 1989. About-Face For 'Valley Forge' Statue? Maybe.. The New York Times. live. July 3, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20171219230408/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/20/nyregion/about-face-for-valley-forge-statue-maybe.html. December 19, 2017.
  476. News: Mara. Margaret. May 16, 1951. The Bridge Plaza in Williamsburg. 17. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 28, 2023.
  477. News: September 30, 1906. Jas R. Howe, 3d, Unveils Statue. 7, 8. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 25, 2023. none.
    News: . New Statue Unveiled: Vast Throng Witnesses Ceremonies at Williamsburg Bridge Plaza. September 30, 1906. 7. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646.
  478. News: June 21, 1932. Plan Playground at Bridge Plaza in Williamsburg. 12. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  479. News: July 3, 1935. Mayor Lauds Roosevelt At Playground Opening: Made Williamsburg Bridge Plaza Project Possible, He Says Williamsburg Bridge Plaza Playground Is Opened by Mayor LaGuardia. 2. New York Herald Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  480. News: July 21, 1937. 4,000 At Dedication of Monument Park; WPA Development at Plaza of Williamsburg Bridge in Brooklyn Cost $80,000. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: July 21, 1937. New $80,000 Williamsburg Playground Opened. 3. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 27, 2023.
  481. Web site: La Guardia Playground Highlights : NYC Parks. December 27, 2023. nycgovparks.org.
  482. News: July 12, 1914. New Elevated Playground Last Word in Recreation; Novel Structure Opened Last Week at Manhattan End of Williamsburg Bridge May Help Solve Serious Problem.. en-US. The New York Times. December 26, 2023. 0362-4331. none.
    News: . New Playground on End of Bridge. July 8, 1914. 4. The Christian Science Monitor. 0882-7729.
  483. News: June 22, 1914. Bridge Esplanade for a Playground. 3. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 26, 2023.
  484. News: July 15, 1900. A City of Bridges.: New York to Have Four Across the East River.. 3. Detroit Free Press. .
  485. News: November 29, 1903. Williamsburg Bridge Triumph of Century World's Eighth Wonder. 13. The Brooklyn Citizen. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  486. Book: Lederer, Victor. Williamsburg. Arcadia Publishing. 2005. 978-0-7385-3792-4. Images of America.
  487. News: December 19, 1903. Changes to Follow. 20. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. December 22, 2023.
  488. News: Berger. Joseph. June 22, 2003. The Other Bridge, But All Brooklyn; Over 100 Years, The Williamsburg Has Diversified a Borough. en-US. The New York Times. December 22, 2023. 0362-4331.
  489. Book: Hughes, Evan. Literary Brooklyn: The Writers of Brooklyn and the Story of American City Life. Henry Holt and Company. 2011. 978-1-4299-7306-9. 36. December 22, 2023.
  490. News: October 14, 1910. The Influence of the Williamsburg Bridge. 626. The American Hebrew & Jewish Messenger. .
  491. News: April 15, 1923. Population Has Followed Car Tracks. B1. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  492. News: March 26, 1904. May Cause 400 Families to Move: Tenants Living Near Williamsburg Bridge Brooklyn Terminal Expect Higher Rent. 6. New-York Tribune. 1941-0646. .
  493. News: January 29, 1911. Notable Improvements on East Side in Sanitary Industrial Loft Building. en-US. The New York Times. December 26, 2023. 0362-4331.
  494. News: Goldberg. M.. July 10, 1921. Business Changes on Delancy Street; Old Tenement Structures Replaced by Model Apartment Houses. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331.
  495. Book: Cudahy, Brian J.. Over and Back: The History of Ferryboats in New York Harbor. Fordham University Press. 1990. 0-8232-1245-9. New York. 175–179.
  496. News: December 15, 1908. Ferry Lines Abandoned.: Williamsburg Bridge Has Reduced Traffic to Nothing. 9. The Atlanta Constitution. .
  497. Web site: Edward Hopper. National Gallery of Art. February 27, 2010. June 18, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090618073324/http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2007/hopper/fullscreens/urbanpictures/229-031.shtm. dead.
  498. Petrusich. Amanda. April 5, 2017. A Quest to Rename the Williamsburg Bridge for Sonny Rollins. live. The New Yorker. https://web.archive.org/web/20171027231839/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/a-quest-to-rename-the-williamsburg-bridge-for-sonny-rollins. October 27, 2017. October 27, 2017.
  499. Web site: October 23, 2017. A Quest to Rename the Williamsburg Bridge. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171027232802/http://www.wnyc.org/story/quest-rename-williamsburg-bridge/. October 27, 2017. October 27, 2017. wnyc.org. The Brian Lehrer Show.
  500. Web site: Weber. Bruce. Artist Transforms Bleak Bridge Walk Into Urban Dream. The New York Times. September 11, 1996. December 4, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230516161033/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/11/nyregion/artist-transforms-bleak-bridge-walk-into-urban-dream.html. May 16, 2023.
  501. Web site: Brooklyn Nine-Nine Locations. June 9, 2024. www.latlong.net. en.

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