William Ryan (psychologist) explained

William Ryan
Birth Date:	20 September 1923
Death Place:	Boston, Massachusetts
Known For:	Idea of "Victim blaming"
Education:	Boston University
Discipline:	Psychologist
Workplaces:	Boston College
Notable Works:	Blaming the Victim

William J. Ryan, Jr. (September 20, 1923 – June 7, 2002) was a psychologist, civil rights activist and author. He is best known for his exposure of the sociological phenomenon of "blaming the victim", which was first published in his 1971 book of the same name. Ryan's work is considered a major structuralist rebuttal to the Moynihan Report.^[1] Moynihan's report placed most of the blame for African-American poverty rates on the rise of single-parent households, which Ryan rejected as an example of blaming the victim.

Early life

Ryan was born in Everett, Massachusetts on September 20 1923, the son of William J. Ryan and Marion C. Ryan (Evans). He was subsequently raised in Everett.^[2] He joined the United States Army Air Corps during World War II, in which he served as a non-combatant, in the specialist role of a cryptographer in the Caribbean, ‘doing coding and decoding’.^[3] On leaving the army, around the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was able to enter college thanks to the 1944 GI Bill of Rights, which paid full tuition for veterans in the educational institutions of their choice. In 1951 Ryan married Phyllis Milgroom (Phyllis M. Ryan), a political activist who was a graduate of Northeastern University and a psychiatric social worker in the local state mental health system. In 1958, he obtained a PhD from Boston University in clinical psychology.^[4]

Career

Despite having obtained a PhD in clinical psychology, Ryan lost interest in the subject. Subsequently he became interested in social psychology and community psychology. He then became interested in sociological phenomena such as social issues, social problems and equality.^[5]

By 1965, Ryan had become an academic in the faculty of Harvard Medical School Laboratory of Community Psychiatry.^[6] In 1969, he became an academic in Boston College, in which he became Professor of Psychology.^[7] In 1993 he received an award for his distinguished contribution to theory & research in community psychology from the Society for Community Research and Action: Division 27 of the American Psychological Association.^[8] He died in a Boston hospital on June 7, 2002.^{[2] [4]}

Publications

Articles

• Ryan . William. Savage discovery: The Moynihan Report . The Nation . 1965. 201 . 22 November . 380-384. ^[9]
• Ryan . William. —— . The new genteel racism . The Crisis . 1965. 72 . 10 . 623-631, 644 .
• Ryan . William. —— . Community care in historical perspective: Implications for mental health services and professionals . Canada's Mental Health . 1969. Supplement . 60 . March-April.
• Ryan . William . —— . Blaming the victim: The folklore of cultural deprivation . This Magazine is About Schools . 1971. Summer . 5 (3) . 97-117.
• Ryan . William . —— . Emotional disorder as a social problem: Implications for mental health programs . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry . 1971. 41 . 4 . 638–645 . 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1971.tb03224.x . 5558616 . ^[10]
• Ryan . William . —— . Many cooks, brave men, apples, and oranges: How people think about equality . American Journal of Community Psychology . 1994. 22 . 1 . 25-35. 10.1007/BF02506815 .

Chapters

• Ryan, William. (1969). "Distress in the city: A summary report of the Boston Mental Health Survey, 1960-1962". In Ryan, William (ed.). Distress in the city: Essays on the design and administration of urban mental health services. Cleveland, Ohio: The Press of Case Western Reserve University.
• —— (1969). "A New Mental Health Agenda". In Ryan, William (ed.). Distress in the city: Essays on the design and administration of urban mental health services. Cleveland, Ohio: The Press of Case Western Reserve University.
• —— (1971). "The social welfare client: Blaming the victim". In Kalz, Arthur J. (ed.). The social welfare forum Official Proceedings, 98th Annual Forum, National Conference on Social Welfare, Dallas, Texas, May 16-May 21. New York: Columbia University Press.
• —— (1973). "Emotional disorder as a social problem: Implications for mental health programs". In Denner, Bruce; Price, Richard H. (eds.). Community Mental Health Social Action and Inaction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Books

• Book: Ryan . William . Blaming the Victim . registration . 1971. Pantheon . New York . 978-0-85514-010-6 .
• Book: Ryan . William . —— . Blaming the victim . 1976. Vintage Books . New York . 978-0-394-72226-9 . Revised, updated.
• Book: Ryan . William . —— . Equality . 1982. Vintage Books . New York . 978-0-394-71185-0 .

Further reading

• 1967. Book: Rainwater . Lee . Yancey . William L. . The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy . The MIT Press . Cambridge, Massachusetts . Pages 220 to 232 document in detail Ryan's response to the publication of the Moynihan Report.
• 1994. Albee . George W. . The 1993 Society for Community Research and Action Award for Distinguished Contributions to Theory and Research: William Ryan . American Journal of Community Psychology . 1994 . 22 . 1 . 21-23 . 10.1007/BF02506814 .
• 1996. Book: Lykes . M. Brinton . Banuazizi . Ali . Liem . Ramsay . Morris . Michael . Myths about The Powerless: Contesting Social Inequalities . 1996 . Temple University Press . Philadelphia . 978-1-56639-422-2. A volume dedicated to Ryan by his colleagues.
• 2018. Salas . Federico . Blaming the victim no more . The Toro Historical Review . 4 . 1 .

Notes and References

1. Sanneh . Kelefa . Don't Be Like That . The New Yorker . 9 February 2015 . 9 April 2017.
2. News: Long . Tom . William J. Ryan; Fought Bias Against the Poor, 78 . 11 June 2002 . Boston Globe.
3. Book: Lykes . M. Brinton . Lykes . M. Brinton . Banuazizi . Ali . Liem . Ramsay . Morris . Michael . Myths about the powerless: contesting social inequalities . 1996 . Temple University Press . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . 1-56639--422-8 . 353 . A conversation between William Ryan and M. Brinton Lykes.
4. News: William J. Ryan, 78, Sociologist; Explored the Blaming of Victims . The New York Times . 13 June 2002 . 9 April 2017.
5. Book: Lykes . M. Brinton . Banuazizi . Ali . Liem . Ramsay . Morris . Michael . Myths about the Powerless Contesting Social Inequalities . Temple University Press . Philadelphia . A conversation between William Ryan and M. Brinton Lykes. p. 354.
6. Broskowski . Anthony . Khajavi . Farrokh . Alumni of the Harvard Laboratory of Community Psychiatry . American Journal of Community Psychology . 1973 . 1 . 1 . 62-75 . 10.1007/BF00881247 . 18 March 2024.
7. News: Obituary; William Ryan, 78, of Boston, author, BC professor . Boston Herald . 9 June 2002.
8. Page 127 in APA Policies and procedures Manual 2010, see the article by Albee (1994) under 'Further reading'.
9. Reprinted in Rainwater and Yancey, 1967, see below.
10. A revised version of this article was published in Denner and Price, 1973, see below.