| William Nauns Ricks | |
| Birth Date: | September 6, 1876 |
| Occupation: | Poet |
| Birth Place: | Wytheville, Virginia, US |
| Resting Place: | Golden Gate National Cemetery |
| Notable Works: | The Whistle Maker, and Other Poems |
| Death Place: | Oakland, California, US |
William Nauns Ricks (September 6, 1876September 14, 1948) was an American poet who lived and worked primarily in the San Francisco Bay Area.[1] He published hundreds of poems, mainly in the popular press, and one collection.
Born in Virginia, Ricks moved to California in 1902 following his service in the Spanish–American War. His first poem was published in a newspaper in 1902, and he settled in San Francisco in 1904. He wrote on a wide variety of subjects, including issues of nation and race.
Ricks was born in Wytheville, Virginia, to Lucy Phoebe and William Ricks in the last years of Reconstruction.[2] Delilah Beasley, in an early 20th-century biographical compendium, says he was of "mixed Indian parentage" and claims he was a "direct descendant of Powhattan" through his mother. Beasley continues:
His maternal great grandfather was of Indian and Royal African blood. When quite a boy he realized that the few drops of African blood in his veins would make his life a difficult one. After seeing the lynching of a black youth he made a vow to himself that he would honor these drops of African blood by rendering service to the Negro race.Throughout his life, Ricks was affiliated with numerous fraternal associations and political causes. While a young man in Virginia, Ricks registered Black voters for the Republicans. At age 18, he moved to Roanoke, where he joined a lodge of the Odd Fellows and was elected a Noble Grand. He also belonged to the True Reformers (namesake of the True Reformer Building), which was, "[i]n the late 1880s and the 1890s, the dominant black fraternal society in Richmond and throughout Virginia".[3]
Ricks was an enlisted soldier in the Spanish–American War from 1898, when he joined the Army in Wytheville, to 1902, when he was discharged from a convalescent camp on Angel Island. He was evidently sick or injured while in the Philippines, as he was "invalided back" to the United States, though Daniels notes that "[i]t is not clear whether he saw combat". He was a member of Company A of the 24th Infantry Regiment, which was composed primarily of Black soldiers. Daniels observes that Ricks's military service was one indicator of an "intense patriotism" that "was manifest throughout his life".
After the war, he joined the Military Order of Serpents, a fraternal society, and was elected an officer. The Order appears to have been constituted almost exclusively of veterans of the "Spanish War", as they called it.
Ricks remained in California from after the war until his death. He lived first in Los Angeles and other cities in southern California and moved to San Francisco in 1904.
Relative to eastern states, California in the early 20th century did not have a large Black population; it started to grow substantially following World War II.[4] California was nonetheless home to a variety of organizations, including the NAACP, that fought Jim Crow laws in the American West. Ricks was involved with the NAACP while in southern California. He was also a member of the Los Angeles Men's Forum, an organization founded in 1903 which aimed to "encourage united effort on the part of Negroes for their advance".[5]
In San Francisco, he worked various jobs before becoming an office worker at the California Packing Company (later renamed Del Monte[6]), where he remained until 1946, two years before his death. As of 1915–17, he lived at 120 Market Street in San Francisco. He remained involved in electoral politics in San Francisco, serving on the Republican State Central Committee and as a judge of elections.
Ricks was a cellist and singer. In 1915, he performed in a choral concert at the Hamilton Auditorium in Oakland. The community organized the concert as an alternative to the stage version of ,[7] which was performed for several weeks in San Francisco that year, beginning on March 1.[8]
Ricks died on September 14, 1948, at a veterans' hospital in Oakland.[9] [10] He is buried in Golden Gate National Cemetery.[11]
Ricks's poems deal with a wide variety of subjects. His papers, held at the Bancroft Library, include over 450 poems and almost 100 short stories. The 1914 work "The Whistle-Maker", after which Ricks's only collection is named, compares a performer who makes and plays whistles to figures in classical mythology such as Orpheus and Pan.[12]
According to a biographical sketch of Ricks held by the California State Library—likely filled out by Ricks himself—he published work in the Los Angeles Times and Oakland Tribune, among many other newspapers, and lost a substantial amount of his work in the 1906 San Francisco fires. He first published in the Pasadena Daily News-Star in 1902. Newspaper poetry was quite common in early 20th-century America, and many of Ricks's poems—of which he published hundreds—were featured in the popular press.
According to a 1940 article in the California Eagle, one of Ricks's poems was included in the "largest book of poetry in the world", exhibited at the 1939 World's Fair.[13]
Among the many subjects Ricks treated in his work were political and social issues, including the oppression of Black Americans and hopes for racial progress in the United States.
"Lynched—At Waco, and on Calvary" (1916) compares lynching to crucifixion. Given the title and date of composition, Ricks likely responds in the work to the 1916 lynching of Jesse Washington in Waco, Texas.
Introducing "Do We Remember?—Memorial Day, 1916", published in the Eagle that year, an anonymous commentator wrote:
As Scott and Burns sang of the fatherland, so sings Mr. Ricks of his people in this country. In every bit we find a sort of pleading, but manly ring in blank verse and rhythm asking for universal brotherhood of all mankind.[14]The poem presumably refers to the end of the Civil War in 1865, given its frequent reference to events 50 years prior. It is composed in quatrains of iambic tetrameter. Ricks writes in the final stanza: