William C. Gorgas Explained

William Crawford Gorgas
Birth Date:	3 October 1854
Birth Place:	Toulminville, Alabama, US
Death Place:	London, England
Placeofburial:	Arlington National Cemetery
Placeofburial Label:	Place of burial
Allegiance:	United States of America
Branch:	United States Army
Serviceyears:	1880–1918
Rank:	Major General
Commands:	Surgeon General of the US Army
Awards:	Distinguished Service Medal Public Welfare Medal (1914)
Relations:	Josiah Gorgas (father) Amelia Gayle Gorgas (mother) John Gayle (grandfather)

William Crawford Gorgas KCMG (October 3, 1854 – July 3, 1920) was a United States Army physician and 22nd Surgeon General of the U.S. Army (1914–1918). He is best known for his work in Florida, Havana and at the Panama Canal in abating the transmission of yellow fever and malaria by controlling the mosquitoes that carry these diseases, for which he used the discoveries made by the Cuban doctor Carlos J. Finlay. At first, Finlay's strategy was greeted with considerable skepticism and opposition to such hygiene measures. However, the measures Gorgas put into practice as the head of the Panama Canal Zone Sanitation Commission saved thousands of lives and contributed to the success of the canal's construction.

He was a Georgist and argued that adopting Henry George's popular 'Single Tax' would be a way to bring about sanitary living conditions, especially for the poor.^[1]

Early life and education

Born in Toulminville, Alabama, Gorgas was the first of six children of Josiah Gorgas and Amelia Gayle Gorgas. His maternal grandparents were Governor John Gayle and Sarah Ann Haynsworth Gayle, the diarist.^[2]

After studying at The University of the South and Bellevue Hospital Medical College, Dr. Gorgas was appointed to the US Army Medical Corps in June 1880.^[3]

Military career

He was assigned to three posts—Fort Clark, Fort Duncan, and Fort Brown—in Texas. While at Fort Brown (1882–84), Gorgas survived an episode of yellow fever.^[3] He met Marie Cook Doughty who also contracted the disease at the same place and time. They recovered together, forming a bond and soon married.^{[4] [5]}

In 1898, after the end of the Spanish–American War, Gorgas was appointed Chief Sanitary Officer in Havana, where he and Robert Ernest Noble worked to eradicate yellow fever and malaria.^[6] Gorgas capitalized on the momentous work of another Army doctor, Major Walter Reed, who had built much of his work on the insights of Cuban doctor, Carlos Finlay, to prove the mosquito transmission of yellow fever. Through his efforts draining both the Aedes mosquito vector breeding ponds and quarantining of yellow fever patients in screened service rooms, cases in Havana plunged from 784 to zero with a year.^[4] He won international fame battling the illness, which was then the scourge of tropical and sub-tropical climates. He worked in Florida, later in Havana, Cuba, and finally, in 1904, at the site of the construction of the Panama Canal.^[3]

As chief sanitary officer on the canal project, Gorgas implemented far-reaching sanitary programs, including the draining of ponds and swamps, fumigation, use of mosquito netting, and construction of public water systems. These measures were instrumental in permitting the construction of the Panama Canal, as they significantly prevented illness due to yellow fever and malaria (which had also been shown to be transmitted by mosquitoes in 1898) among the thousands of workers involved in the building project.^[7]

Gorgas served as president of the American Medical Association in 1909–10. He was appointed as Surgeon General of the Army in 1914. That same year, Gorgas and George Washington Goethals were awarded the inaugural Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences.

Gorgas retired from the Army in 1918, having reached the mandatory retirement age of 64.^[8]

Personal life

He was married to Marie Cook Doughty (1862–1929) of Cincinnati.^[3] He is buried with her at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.^[9]

Death and legacy

• He received an honorary knighthood (KCMG) from King George V at the Queen Alexandra Military Hospital in the United Kingdom shortly before his death there on July 3, 1920.^[10] He was given a special funeral in St. Paul's Cathedral.^[11]

• Gorgas' name features on the Frieze of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Twenty-three names of public health and tropical medicine pioneers were chosen to feature on the School building in Keppel Street when it was constructed in 1926.^[12]
• Gorgas, Alabama was named after him.^[13]

Awards and Honors

Military Awards

• Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)^[14]
• Spanish Campaign Medal
• Army of Cuban Occupation Medal
• Victory Medal

Other honors

• Elected member of the American Philosophical Society^[15]
• Public Welfare Medal – National Academy of Sciences^[16]
• Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences^[17]
• Honorary Knight Commander of Michael and George (KCMG) (United Kingdom)

Legacy

thumb|200px|Maj. Gen. William C. Gorgas, honored on Canal Zone Postage

• The Gorgas Memorial Institute of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Incorporated (GMITP), which operated the Gorgas Laboratories in Panama, was founded in 1921 and was named after Dr. Gorgas. With the loss of congressional funding in 1990, the GMITP was closed. The institute was moved to the University of Alabama in 1992 and carries on the tradition of research, service and training in tropical medicine. The Gorgas Course in Clinical Tropical Medicine is sponsored by the University of Alabama School of Medicine in conjunction with Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru.
• Gorgas Hospital was a U.S. Army hospital in Panama, previously known as Ancon Hospital and named for Dr. Gorgas in 1928. Now held and operated by Panama, it is home to the Instituto Oncologico Nacional, Panama's Ministry of Health and its Supreme Court.
• In 1947 the Gorgas Science Foundation was founded at Texas Southmost College (on the site of the former Fort Brown). The foundation supports conservation and ecological science research projects worldwide.
• The Gorgas Medal is awarded by the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States (AMSUS)
• In 1953 William C. Gorgas was inducted into the Alabama Hall of Fame.
• Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library and Gorgas' parents' final home, the Gorgas House, located on the campus of The University of Alabama, are named in honor of the Gorgas family.^[18]
• Texas Southmost College has a Gorgas Hall named in his honor. The college's campus is located on the grounds of the former Fort Brown.
• The Alabama Power Company renamed its Warrior Reserve Steam Plant on the Black Warrior River near Parrish in honor of Gorgas in the 1920s. Gorgas had testified on behalf of the utility during the previous decade in lawsuits over mosquito-borne illnesses in the vicinity of its Lay Dam hydroelectric reservoir.^[19] The coal-fired steam plant was closed in April 2019.
• The German commercial passenger ship-cargo ship SS Prinz Sigismund, after being seized by the United States after it entered World War I on the side of the Allies, had a long American career under the name General W. C. Gorgas (named for Dr. Gorgas). It was owned by the Panama Railroad Company and used for commercial service as SS General W. C. Gorgas from 1917 to 1919 and from 1919 to 1941, it was used as the U.S. Navy troop transport USS General W. C. Gorgas in 1919 after World War I, and as the U.S. Army Transport USAT General W. C. Gorgas from 1941 to 1945 during World War II.
• Gorgas's Rice Rat (Oryzomys gorgasi) is a South American rodent named after Gorgas in 1971.
• The Latin University of Panama (Universidad Latina de Panama) named their health sciences faculty in Gorgas's honor (Facultad de ciencias de la salud Dr. William C. Gorgas).
• There is a Gorgas Avenue in the Presidio in San Francisco, California.^[20]
• Gorgas Hall at Sewanee - The University of the South is named in his honor and was ranked the worst dorm at Sewanee in 2022 by College Jaguar https://collegejaguar.com/sewanee-dorms-ranked-from-best-to-worst/
• In 1984 the "Major General William C. Gorgas Clinic" was dedicated as part of the Mobile County Health Department, located at 251 North Bayou Street, Mobile, AL http://www.mobilecountyhealth.org/
• Gorgas's papers are held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.^[21]
• There is a Gorgas Road on Fort Myer, Virginia^[22]

See also

• Health measures during the construction of the Panama Canal
• Postage stamps and postal history of the Canal Zone
• Sanitation
• Vector control
• Tropical disease
• Miasma theory of disease

References

• From the brochure "150 Year Celebration of the U.S. Marine Hospital/Mobile County Health Department" – December 15, 1993 – Bernard H. Eichold, II M.D., Dr. P.H., Health Officer

Further reading

• Ashburn, P.M., History of the Medical Department of the U.S. Army, 1929.
• Gibson, John M., Physician to the World: The Life of General William C. Gorgas, Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1950.
• Gorgas, Marie and Burton J. Hendrick, William Crawford Gorgas: His Life and Work, New York: Doubleday, 1924.
• Mellander, Gustavo A., Mellander, Nelly, Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN 1-56328-155-4. OCLC 42970390. (1999)
• Mellander, Gustavo A., The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years." Danville, Ill.: Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568. (1971)
• Phalen, James M., "Chiefs of the Medical Department, U.S. Army 1775–1940, Biographical Sketches," Army Medical Bulletin, No. 52, April 1940, pp. 88–93.
• Wilson . Owen . July 1908 . The Conquest Of The Tropics: How Col. Gorgas's Sanitary Work At Panam Has Proved The Possibility of Beautiful Tropical Residence . . XVI . 10432–10445 . July 10, 2009.
• Endorsements, Resolutions and other Data in Behalf of the Nomination of Dr. William Crawford Gorgas for Election to the New York Hall of Fame for Great Americans, 2 vols., Birmingham: Gorgas Hall of Fame Committee, 1950.

Obituaries:

• William Crawford Gorgas . The Scientific Monthly . 1920 . 11 . 2 . 187–190 . 1920SciMo..11..187. .
• Ireland . M.W. . General William C. Gorgas . Science . 1920 . 52 . 1333 . 54 . 10.1126/science.52.1333.53 . 17736545 . 1920Sci....52...53I .
• Martin . Franklin H. . William Crawford Gorgas . Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics . 1923 . October . 546–558 .
• Noble . R.E. . William Crawford Gorgas . Am J Public Health . 1921 . 11 . 3 . 250–256 . 10.2105/ajph.11.3.250 . 18010462 . 1353777 .
• Siler . J.F. . Major-General William Crawford Gorgas . The American Journal of Tropical Medicine . 1922 . 1 . 2 . 161–171 . 10.4269/ajtmh.1922.s1-2.161.

External links

• Video: William Gorgas Biography on Health.mil – The Military Health System provides a look at the life and work of William Gorgas.
• The Gorgas Memorial Institute, University of Alabama
  • The Gorgas Courses in Clinical Tropical Medicine
  • Gorgas Memorial Institute Research Award (ASTMH Website)
• Gorgas Memorial Library, at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
• Alabama Hall of Fame Bio
• The Gorgas TB Initiative
• Gorgas Science Foundation Website
• Mobile County Health Department – Maj. Gen. William C. Gorgas Clinic
• William Crawford Gorgas papers, W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library, The University of Alabama
• Web site: William Crawford Gorgas . January 22, 2023 . at ArlingtonCemetery.net. (Unofficial website).

Notes and References

1. Book: The Great Adventure, Volume 4. 1920. Great Adventure League. May 31, 2015.
2. Book: Owen . Marie Bankhead . Publications: Historical and patriotic series . 1927 . Birmingham Printing Company . Montgomery, Alabama . 308 . 5 December 2023 . en.
3. Book: Davis, Henry Blaine Jr.. Generals in Khaki. Pentland Press, Inc.. 1998. 1571970886. 40298151. 151–152 .
4. Book: McCullough . David G. . The path between the seas : the creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914 . 1978 . Simon & Schuster . New York . 0-67124409-4.
5. News: Mrs. W. C. Gorgas, General's Widow, Dies . . November 10, 1929 . November 13, 2010.
6. Web site: William Gorgas, 1854–1920 . September 5, 2008 . Harvard University.
7. Web site: Contagion, Tropical Diseases and the Construction of the Panama Canal, 1904–1914 . September 6, 2008 . Harvard University.
8. Web site: Public Welfare Award. National Academy of Sciences. February 14, 2011.
9. Web site: Burial Detail: Gorgas, William C. (Section 2, Grave 1039) . ANC Explorer. Arlington National Cemetery . (Official website).
10. News: Famous Surgeon is Dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121104115430/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/330366242.html?dids=330366242:330366242&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+04,+1920&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=FAMOUS+SURGEON+IS+DEAD.&pqatl=google . dead . November 4, 2012 . Maj. Gen. William C. Gorgas, former Surgeon-General of the United States Army, died at an early hour this morning. Gen. Gorgas's death was very peaceful. He was unconscious most of the time for the last few day . . November 13, 2010.
11. After his death, Gorgas's ongoing work (through the Rockefeller Foundation) in eliminating yellow fever in Mexico and Central America was carried on by retired Brigadier General Theodore C. Lyster.
12. Web site: Behind the Frieze. https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110315/http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/history/frieze/index.html. February 22, 2017. dead. February 21, 2017.
13. Book: Foscue . Virginia O. . Place Names in Alabama . 1989 . University of Alabama Press . 081730410X . 64 . December 2, 2020.
14. Web site: Valor awards for William Crawford Gorgas. Military Times.
15. Web site: APS Member History . 2023-11-15 . search.amphilsoc.org.
16. Web site: William C. Gorgas . 2023-11-15 . www.nasonline.org.
17. Web site: 2023-02-09 . William Crawford Gorgas . 2023-11-15 . American Academy of Arts & Sciences . en.
18. Web site: The University of Alabama. Ua.edu. March 9, 2022.
19. Book: Atkins, Leah Rawls . 2006 . 'Developed for the Service of Alabama': The Centennial History of the Alabama Power Company . Birmingham, Alabama . Alabama Power Company.
20. Web site: Maps - Presidio of San Francisco (U.S. National Park Service). Nps.gov. March 9, 2022.
21. Web site: William Crawford Gorgas Papers 1890–1918. National Library of Medicine.
22. http://www.jbmhh.army.mil/WEB/JBMHH/JBMHH%20Maps%20&%20Directions/myermapFEB10.pdf