Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport Explained

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
Image2-Width:250
Iata:ATL
Icao:KATL
Faa:ATL
Wmo:72219
Type:Public
Owner-Oper:Atlanta Department of Aviation
City-Served:Metro Atlanta
Location:Clayton and Fulton counties, Georgia, U.S.
Elevation-F:1,026
Elevation-M:313
Image Map Caption:FAA airport diagram
R1-Number:8L/26R
R1-Length-F:9,000
R1-Length-M:2,743
R1-Surface:Concrete
R2-Number:8R/26L
R2-Length-F:9,999
R2-Length-M:3,048
R2-Surface:Concrete
R3-Number:9L/27R
R3-Length-F:12,390
R3-Length-M:3,776
R3-Surface:Concrete
R4-Number:9R/27L
R4-Length-F:9,000
R4-Length-M:2,743
R4-Surface:Concrete
R5-Number:10/28
R5-Length-F:9,000
R5-Length-M:2,743
R5-Surface:Concrete
H1-Number:H1
H1-Length-F:52
H1-Length-M:17
H1-Surface:Asphalt
Stat-Year:2023
Stat1-Header:Total passengers
Stat1-Data:104,653,451
Stat2-Header:Aircraft operations
Stat2-Data:775,818
Stat3-Header:Total cargo (metric tons)
Stat3-Data:579,331
Stat3-Header:Economic impact-->
Stat3-Data:$23.7 billion[1] -->
Stat4-Header:Social impact-->
Stat4-Data:196.6 thousand-->
Footnotes:Source: Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport[2]
Mapframe:yes
Mapframe-Zoom:9
Mapframe-Wikidata:yes

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport is the primary international airport serving Atlanta and its surrounding metropolitan area, in the U.S. state of Georgia. The airport is located 10miles south of the Downtown Atlanta district. It is named after former Atlanta mayors William B. Hartsfield and Maynard Jackson. The airport covers 4700acres of land and has five parallel runways which are aligned in an east-west direction. There are three runways that are 9000feet long, one runway that is 10000feet long, and the longest runway at ATL measures 12390feet long, which can handle the Airbus A380.[3] [4] Since 1998, Hartsfield-Jackson has been the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic. In 2023, the airport served over 104.6 million passengers, the most of any airport in the world.[5] Hartsfield–Jackson is the corporate headquarters and primary hub of Delta Air Lines. With just over 1,000 flights a day to 225 domestic and international destinations, the Delta hub is the world's largest airline hub[6] [7] and is considered the first mega-hub in America.[8] Additionally, Hartsfield–Jackson is also the home of Delta's Technical Operations Center, which is the airline's primary maintenance, repair and overhaul arm.[9] Aside from Delta, Hartsfield-Jackson is also a focus city for low-cost carriers Frontier Airlines and Southwest Airlines. The airport has international service within North America and to Latin America, Europe, Africa, Middle East and East Asia.

The airport is mostly in unincorporated areas of Clayton County,[10] but it spills into the city limits of Atlanta,[11] College Park,[12] and Hapeville,[13] in territory extending into Fulton County. The airport's domestic terminal is served by MARTA's Red and Gold rail lines.

History

Candler Field/Atlanta Municipal Airport (1925–1961)

Hartsfield–Jackson began with a five-year, rent-free lease on 287acres that was an abandoned auto racetrack named The Atlanta Speedway. The lease was signed on April 16, 1925, by Mayor Walter Sims, who committed the city to develop it into an airfield. As part of the agreement, the property was renamed Candler Field after its former owner, Coca-Cola tycoon and former Atlanta mayor Asa Candler.[14] The first flight into Candler Field was September 15, 1926, a Florida Airways mail plane flying from Jacksonville, Florida. In May 1928, Pitcairn Aviation began service to Atlanta, followed in June 1930 by Delta Air Service. Those two airlines, later known as Eastern Air Lines and Delta Air Lines, respectively, would both use Atlanta as their chief hubs.[15] The airport's weather station became the official location for Atlanta's weather observations on September 1, 1928, and records by the National Weather Service.[16]

Atlanta was a busy airport from its inception, and by the end of 1930, it was third behind New York City and Chicago for regular daily flights with sixteen arriving and departing.[17] Candler Field's first control tower opened March 1939.[18] The March 1939 Official Aviation Guide shows fourteen weekday airline departures: ten Eastern and four Delta.[19]

In October 1940, the U.S. government declared it a military airfield and the United States Army Air Forces operated Atlanta Army Airfield jointly with Candler Field. The Air Force used the airport primarily to service many types of transient combat aircraft. During World War II, the airport doubled in size and set a record of 1,700 takeoffs and landings in a single day, making it the nation's busiest in terms of flight operation. Atlanta Army Airfield closed after the war.

In 1942, Candler Field was renamed Atlanta Municipal Airport and by 1948, more than one million passengers passed through a war surplus hangar that served as a terminal building.[20] Delta and Eastern had extensive networks from ATL, though Atlanta had no nonstop flights beyond Texas, St. Louis, and Chicago until 1961. Southern Airways appeared at ATL after the war and had short-haul routes around the Southeast until 1979.

In 1957, Atlanta saw its first jet airliner: a prototype Sud Aviation Caravelle that was touring the country arrived from Washington, D.C.[21] The first scheduled turbine airliners were Capital Viscounts in June 1956; the first scheduled jets were Delta DC-8s in September 1959. The first trans-Atlantic flight was a Delta/Pan Am interchange DC-8 to Europe via Washington starting in 1964; the first scheduled international nonstops were Eastern flights to Mexico City and Jamaica in 1971–72. Nonstops to Europe started in 1978 and to Asia in 1992–93.

Atlanta claimed to be the country's busiest airport, with more than two million passengers passing through in 1957 and, between noon and 2p.m. each day, it became the world's busiest airport. (The April 1957 OAG shows 165 weekday departures from Atlanta, including 45 between 12:05 and 2:00 PM and 20 between 2:25 and 4:25 AM.) Chicago Midway had 414-weekday departures, including 48 between 12:00 and 2:00 PM. In 1957, Atlanta was the country's ninth-busiest airline airport by flight count and about the same by passenger count.[22]

Original Jet Terminal (1961–1980)

In late 1957, work began on a new $21 million terminal, which opened on May 3, 1961. Consisting of six pier concourses radiating from a central building,[23] the terminal was the largest in the country and could handle over six million travelers a year; the first year, nine and a half million people passed through.[24] In March 1962, the longest runway (9/27, now 8R) was 7860feet; runway3 was 5505feet and runway 15 was 7220feet long.

In 1971, the airport was named William B. Hartsfield Atlanta Airport in honor of Atlanta mayor William B. Hartsfield after his death. The name change took effect on February 28, which would have been Hartsfield's 81st birthday. The new name would be relatively brief, as it would be changed later in 1971 to William B. Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport with the growth of flights to and from Atlanta outside North America.[25]

Midfield Terminal (1980–present)

To address the significant increase in air traffic that outstripped the capacity of the 1961 terminal, and after years of planning and design, construction began on the present midfield terminal complex in January 1977 under the administration of Mayor Maynard Jackson. It was billed as the largest construction project in the South, costing $500 million. The complex was designed by Stevens & Wilkinson, Smith Hinchman & Grylls, and Minority Airport Architects & Planners.[26] The new complex, initially consisting of the North and South Terminals, Concourses A through D, and the northern half of the present-day Concourse T (which served as the International Terminal), opened on September 21, 1980, on time and under budget.[27] It was designed to accommodate up to 55 million passengers per year and covered 2.5 million square feet (230,000 m2). In December 1984, a 9000feet fourth parallel runway was completed, and another runway was extended to 11889feet the following year. To accommodate increases in international air traffic, a southern extension of Concourse T opened in March 1987, and Concourse E opened in September 1994 in advance of Atlanta hosting the 1996 Summer Olympics, with Concourse T subsequently being converted to use by domestic flights. MARTA rail service was extended to Hartsfield with the opening of the Airport station in June 1988 (the station itself was constructed in 1979-80 as part of the terminal).

In 1999, Hartsfield–Jackson's leadership established the Development Program: "Focus On the Future," involving multiple construction projects to prepare the airport to handle a projected demand of 121 million passengers in 2015. The program was originally budgeted at $5.4 billion over ten years, but the total was revised as of 2007 to over $9 billion.[28]

In May 2001, construction of an over 9000feet fifth runway (10–28) began. It was completed at the cost of $1.28 billion and opened on May 27, 2006.[29] It bridges Interstate 285 (the Perimeter) on the airport's south side, making Hartsfield–Jackson the nation's only currently active civil airport to have a runway above an interstate (although Runway 17R/35L at Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado, crossed Interstate 70 until that airport closed in 1995). The massive project, which involved putting fill dirt eleven stories high in some places, destroyed some surrounding neighborhoods and dramatically changed the scenery of Flat Rock Cemetery and Hart Cemetery, both on the airport property.[30] It was added to help ease traffic problems caused by landing small- and mid-size aircraft on the runways used by larger planes such as the Boeing 777, which need longer runways than the smaller planes. With the fifth runway, Hartsfield–Jackson is one of only a few airports that can perform triple simultaneous landings.[31] The fifth runway was expected to increase the capacity for landings and take-offs by 40%, from an average of 184 flights per hour to 237 flights per hour.[32]

Along with the fifth runway, a new control tower was built to see the entire runway length. The new control tower is the tallest in the United States, over 398feet tall. The old control tower, at 231 ft, was demolished in August 2006.[33]

On October 20, 2003, the Atlanta City Council voted to rename Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport to honor former mayor Maynard Jackson, who died June 23, 2003. The council planned to drop Hartsfield's name from the airport, but public outcry (occurring coincidentally during a debate over the state's flag) prevented this.[34] [35]

In April 2007, an "end-around taxiway" opened, Taxiway Victor. It is expected to save an estimated $26 million to $30 million in fuel each year by allowing airplanes landing on the northernmost runway to taxi to the gate area without preventing other aircraft from taking off. The taxiway drops about 30feet from runway elevation to allow takeoffs to continue.[36]

After the Southeastern U.S. drought of 2007, the airport (the state's eighth-largest water user) changed to reduce water usage. This included adjusting toilets (725 commodes and 338 urinals) and 601 sinks. (The two terminals alone use a day.) It also stopped using firetrucks to spray water over aircraft when the pilot made the last landing before retirement (a water salute).[37] [38] The city of Macon offered to sell water to the airport through a proposed pipeline.[39]

The airport today employs about 55,300 airline, ground transportation, concessionaire, security, the federal government, the City of Atlanta, and airport tenant employees and is the largest employment center in Georgia. With a payroll of $2.4 billion, the airport has a direct and indirect economic impact of $3.2 billion on the local and regional economy and an annual regional economic impact of more than $19.8 billion.[40]

In December 2015, the airport became the first airport in the world to serve 100 million passengers in a year.[41] The airport is routinely cited as one of the world's busiest, topping the Airports Council International rankings in 2022 and 2023.[42]

Historical airline service

Delta and Eastern dominated the airport during the 1970s. United, Southern, Piedmont, Northwest and TWA were also present.[43] In 1978, after airline deregulation, United no longer served Atlanta, while Southern successor Republic was the airport's third-largest carrier.[44]

Eastern was a larger airline than Delta until deregulation in 1978, but Delta was early to adopt the hub-and-spoke route system, with Atlanta as a hub between the Midwest and Florida, giving it an advantage in the Atlanta market. Eastern ceased operations in 1991 because of labor issues; American Airlines considered establishing an Atlanta hub around that time but decided Delta was too strong there and instead replaced Eastern's other hub in Miami. TWA created a small hub at Atlanta in 1992 but abandoned the concept in 1994 leaving Delta with a monopoly hub at Atlanta.[45]

From the 1980s until Eastern's demise in 1991, Delta occupied ConcourseA and part of ConcourseB, Eastern occupied the remainder of ConcourseB and ConcourseC, other domestic airlines used ConcourseD, and ConcourseT was used by international flights.[46] [47] By the mid-1990s, Delta's hub grew to occupy all of ConcourseB and the southern half of ConcourseT, and international flights moved to the new ConcourseE.[48]

Japan Airlines was the first Asian carrier to serve Atlanta in 1986.[49] In December 1994, Korean Air became the second Asian carrier to serve the airport.[50]

ValuJet was established in 1993 as low-cost competition for Delta at ATL. However, its safety practices were questioned early, and the airline was grounded after the 1996 crash of ValuJet Flight 592. It resumed operations in 1997 as AirTran Airways and was the second-largest airline at ATL until it was acquired by Southwest in 2011 and absorbed into Southwest on December 28, 2014. Southwest is now the airport's second-largest carrier.

In recent years the airport has had an increase in non-Delta flights, both due to the rapid population growth of Metro Atlanta and the airport's prominence as a major hub.

Since 2015 the airport has seen growth from low cost carriers such as Frontier Airlines and Spirit Airlines. Spirit also established Atlanta as an operating base.

In addition to the growth of the low cost carriers, international carriers have increasingly offered service to Atlanta since 2014. On May 21, 2014, Virgin Atlantic began offering direct flights to London and on October 26, 2015, the airline began offering direct flights to Manchester. On May 16, Turkish Airlines began offering direct flights to Istanbul and Qatar Airways began Doha flights on June 1. On March 3, 2019, WestJet began offering direct flights to Calgary, and in May 2023, the airline started non-stop service to Vancouver and also started Winnipeg service on September 6. On April 29, 2024, WestJet began non-stop service to Edmonton. Copa Airlines became the first Latin American carrier to serve the airport in December 2021 with direct flights to Panama City. On June 1, 2022, Air Canada reintroduced Montreal service. Ethiopian Airlines started service to Atlanta on May 17, 2023, becoming the first African carrier to serve the airport since South African Airways ended service in 2006.[51] LATAM Perú started service to Atlanta on October 29, 2023 from Lima. Aeromexico Connect resumed service to Atlanta on January 8, 2024 with nonstop service to Guadalajara and Monterrey. Nonstop service to Leon/Guanajuato and Mérida began in mid-March. Nonstop service to Querétaro will begin in August. Scandinavian Airlines started service to Atlanta on June 17 with direct flights from Copenhagen.

Facilities

Terminals

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has two terminals and seven concourses with a total of 192 gates.[52] The Domestic Terminal is located on the west side of the airport and the Maynard H. Jackson Jr. International Terminal is on the east side of the airport.[53] The terminals and concourses are connected by the Transportation Mall, a pedestrian tunnel with a series of moving walkways and The Plane Train, a 24/7 underground automated people mover.[54] All international arrivals are processed in Concourses E and F; Concourse F is the only concourse in the airport that has a gate that can support an Airbus A380, the largest passenger aircraft in the world. All non-Delta international carriers operate their ATL flights from this terminal, including Delta's partners such as Air France, KLM, Korean Air, Virgin Atlantic, and WestJet. Aeromexico operates in the Concourse E terminal.[55] [56]

Ground transportation

The domestic terminal can be accessed directly from Interstate 85 SB at exit 72/Camp Creek Pkwy, or from Interstate 85 NB at exit 71/Riverdale Rd. The international terminal is accessed directly from Interstate 75 SB or NB at exit 239. These freeways in turn connect with the following additional freeways within 10 miles: Interstate 285, Interstate 675, Georgia State Route 166, Interstate 20.

Hartsfield–Jackson has its own train station on the city's rapid transit system, MARTA, served by the Red and Gold lines. The above-ground station is inside the main building, between the north and south domestic terminals on the west end. The Airport station is currently the southernmost station in the MARTA system, though expansions via metro or commuter rail further south into Clayton County have been discussed.[57]

Several local shared-ride shuttle services are readily available at Atlanta Airport, offering diverse options for travelers seeking convenient transportation.[58]

The Hartsfield–Jackson Rental Car Center, which opened December 8, 2009, houses all ten airport rental agencies with capacity for additional companies. The complex features 9,900 parking spaces split between two four-story parking decks that together cover 2.8e6sqft, a 137000square feet customer service center, and a maintenance center featuring 140 gas pumps and 30 wash bays equipped with a water recovery system. An automated people mover, the ATL SkyTrain, runs between the rental car center, the Domestic Terminal, and the Gateway Center of the Georgia International Convention Center,[59] while a four-lane roadway that spans Interstate 85 connects the rental car center with the existing airport road network.[60]

Other facilities

The 990 Toffie Terrace hangar, a part of Hartsfield–Jackson Airport[61] and located within the City of College Park corporate limits, is owned by the City of Atlanta. The building now houses the Atlanta Police Department Helicopter Unit.[62] [63] It once served as the headquarters of the regional airline ExpressJet.[64]

Before its merger with ExpressJet, Atlantic Southeast Airlines was headquartered in the hangar, then named the A-Tech Center.[65] In December 2007, the airline announced it was moving its headquarters into the facility, previously named the "North Hangar." The 203000square feet hangar includes 100000square feet of hangar bays for aircraft maintenance. It has 17acres of adjacent land and 1,400 parking spaces for employees. The airline planned to relocate 100 employees from Macon to the new headquarters. The Atlanta City Council and Mayor of Atlanta Shirley Franklin approved the new 25-year ASA lease, which also gave the airline new hangar space to work on 15 to 25 aircraft in overnight maintenance; previously, its aircraft were serviced at ConcourseC. The airport property division stated that the hangar was built in the 1960s and renovated in the 1970s. Eastern Air Lines and Delta Air Lines had previously occupied the hangar. Delta's lease originally was scheduled to expire in 2010, but the airline returned the lease to the City of Atlanta in 2005 as part of its bankruptcy settlement. The city collected an insurance settlement of almost $900,000 due to the cancellation.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

Ethiopian Airlines flights from Addis Ababa to Atlanta stop in Rome–Fiumicino for refueling. The flight from Atlanta to Addis Ababa is nonstop.

Cargo

Statistics

Top destinations

Busiest domestic routes from ATL (January 2023 – December 2023)[66]
RankAirportPassengersAirlines
1Orlando, Florida1,468,000Delta, Frontier, Southwest, Spirit
2Fort Lauderdale, Florida1,291,000Delta, JetBlue, Southwest, Spirit
3New York–LaGuardia, New York1,150,000American, Delta, Frontier, Southwest
4Miami, Florida1,045,000American, Delta, Frontier, Southwest, Spirit
5Tampa, Florida1,038,000Delta, Frontier, Southwest, Spirit
6Los Angeles, California998,000American, Delta, Frontier, Southwest, Spirit
7Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas946,000American, Delta, Spirit
8Baltimore, Maryland936,000Delta, Frontier, Southwest, Spirit
9Denver, Colorado933,000Delta, Frontier, Southwest, United
10Detroit, Michigan872,000Delta, Frontier, Spirit
Busiest international routes from ATL (2022)[67]
RankAirportScheduled passengersCarriers
1Cancún, Mexico759,993Delta, Frontier
2Amsterdam, Netherlands739,960Delta, KLM
3Paris–Charles de Gaulle, France721,925Air France, Delta
4London–Heathrow, United Kingdom486,692British Airways, Delta, Virgin Atlantic
5Mexico City, Mexico419,724Delta
6Toronto–Pearson, Canada406,258Air Canada, Delta
7Montego Bay, Jamaica389,383Delta, Frontier
8Punta Cana, Dominican Republic292,369Delta, Frontier
9Seoul–Incheon, South Korea291,460Delta, Korean
10Rome-Fiumicino, Italy253,570Delta

Airline market share

Largest airlines at ATL
(January 2023 – December 2023)
RankAirlinePassengersShare
1Delta Air Lines64,856,00072.45%
2Southwest Airlines8,067,0009.01%
3Spirit Airlines4,001,0004.47%
4Frontier Airlines3,248,0003.63%
5Endeavor Air (operating as Delta Connection)2,455,0002.74%

Annual traffic

Traffic by calendar year
Passengers Change from previous year Aircraft operations Cargo tonnage[68]
200078,092,940 2.77% N/A 935,892
200180,162,407 2.65% 915,454 865,991
200275,858,500 5.37% 890,494 735,796
200376,876,128 1.34% 889,966 734,083
200479,087,928 2.88% 911,727 802,248
200583,606,583 5.71% 964,858 862,230
200685,907,423 2.75% 980,386 767,897
200784,846,639 1.23% 976,447 746,502
200889,379,287 5.34% 994,346 720,209
200990,039,280 0.74% 978,824 655,277
201088,001,381 2.23% 970,235 563,139
201192,389,023 3.53% 923,996 659,129
201294,956,643 3.10% 952,767 684,576
201394,431,224 1.13% 911,074 616,365
201496,178,899 1.85% 868,359 601,270
2015101,491,106 5.52% 882,497 626,201
2016104,258,124 2.73% 898,356 648,595
2017103,902,992 0.26% 879,560 685,338
2018107,394,029 3.33% 895,682 693,790
2019110,531,3002.92% 904,301 639,276
202042,918,68561.17% 548,016 599,179
202175,704,760 76.00% 707,661 734,771
202293,699,630 23.77% 724,145 688,614
2023104,653,451 11.69% 775,818 579,331
Source: Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport[69] [70]

On-time performance (domestic major U.S. carriers only)

On-time performance by calendar year!Year!Percent of ontime departures!Percent of ontime arrivals!Average departuredelay (min)!Average arrivaldelay (min)!Percent ofcancelled flights
201982%85%59.4369.230.61%
202087%87%56.4969.054.69%
202185%88%55.0267.940.67%
202279%82%59.1071.701.57%
202378%82%60.7375.740.82%

Accidents and incidents

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Atlanta airport – Economic and social impact . Ecquants . September 7, 2013.
  2. Web site: Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport Statistics . February 5, 2024.
  3. effective July 11, 2024.
  4. Web site: ATL airport data at skyvector.com . skyvector.com. August 22, 2022.
  5. Web site: ATL Airport 2023 Operating Statistics. atl.com. March 23, 2024.
  6. Web site: Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130706181307/http://news.delta.com/index.php?s=18&item=100 . July 6, 2013 . June 23, 2013 . Delta Air Lines.
  7. Web site: Delta Hub Station . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160626181305/http://news.delta.com/hartsfield-jackson-atlanta-international-airport. June 26, 2016. June 29, 2016.
  8. Web site: Radka . Ricky . Airline Hub Guide: Which U.S. Cities Are Major Hubs and Why it Matters . December 23, 2021 . February 27, 2022 . Airfare Watchdog.
  9. Web site: Delta TechOps . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131220024534/http://centreforaviation.com/profiles/suppliers/delta-techops . December 20, 2013 . June 12, 2013 . CAPA Centre for Aviation.
  10. Web site: 2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: College Park CCD, GA . . 1 (PDF p. 2/3) . 2022-08-03 . Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Arprt. - The airport marker is shown in the unincorporated Clayton County side.
  11. Web site: Zoning Ordinance, City of Atlanta, Georgia; Sheet 32 . City of Atlanta . April 13, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151017161016/http://gis.atlantaga.gov/apps/zoning_maps/pdf/zoning_sheet_14-128.pdf . October 17, 2015 . dead.
  12. Web site: City Map . City of College Park . April 13, 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110929005052/http://www.collegeparkga.com/DocumentView.aspx?DID=67 . September 29, 2011 .
  13. Web site: Official Zoning Map. City of Hapeville. January 6, 2009. April 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20111122090543/http://ga-hapeville2.civicplus.com/DocumentView.aspx?DID=1107&DL=1. November 22, 2011. live.
  14. Book: The Margaret Mitchell Encyclopedia . Anita Price Davis . 47 . McFarland . 2014 . 978-0-7864-9245-9.
  15. http://www.aviationexplorer.com/eastern_airlines.htm Eastern Airlines History, Facts and Pictures
  16. Web site: Station Thread for Atlanta Area, GA . . April 13, 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140627185200/http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/threadex/process_records . June 27, 2014 .
  17. Book: Garrett, Franklin . Atlanta and Its Environs . 1969 . II . University of Georgia Press . 851 . 978-0-8203-0913-2 . April 13, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160427140908/https://books.google.com/books?id=7qpif6-Z5o4C&q=airport#v=snippet&q=airport&f=false . April 27, 2016 . live .
  18. Web site: Airport History . Atlanta Department of Aviation . March 11, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110301150527/http://www.atlanta-airport.com/Airport/ATL/Airport_History.aspx . March 1, 2011 .
  19. This predecessor of today's OAG was published monthly by the Official Aviation Guide Co of Chicago.
  20. Book: Hartsfield . Dale . Leonard . Donna Garrison . What's In A Name? A Historical Perspective of Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport . December 5, 2014 . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . Charleston, SC . 978-1-5054-0027-4 . 83–84 . 1st . 930872527 .
  21. Book: Martin . Harold H. . Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events, 1940s–1970s . March 2011 . University of Georgia Press . 978-0-8203-3907-8 . 267 . November 12, 2020 . en.
  22. Federal Airways Air Traffic Activity for Calendar 1957
  23. Web site: Atlanta International Airport – 1975. DepartedFlights.com. September 11, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151017161016/http://www.departedflights.com/ATL75.html. October 17, 2015. live.
  24. Book: Henderson, David. Sunshine Skies: Historic Commuter Airlines of Florida and Georgia. 978-1-4404-2474-8. 101. Zeus Press. November 2008. Atlanta. July 22, 2009. https://archive.today/20091008092416/http://www.sunshineskies.net/book.html. October 8, 2009. live.
  25. Web site: Grimes . Andrea . August 8, 2024 . History of ATL – ATL – Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190202212611/https://www.atl.com/about-atl/history-of-atl/ . February 2, 2019 . February 2, 2019.
  26. Now Arriving: A New Generation of Airports. Walters. Helen. Business Week. January 23, 2007. April 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20130530045439/http://images.businessweek.com/ss/07/01/0123_wowairport/source/7.htm. May 30, 2013. dead.
  27. News: Maynard Jackson, Jr. . Atlanta Journal-Constitution . June 25, 2003 . June 12, 2008.
  28. News: Hartsfield Project Costs Soar to $9B . Rachel . Tobin–Ramos . . September 21, 2007 . November 1, 2007.
  29. Web site: Atlanta International Airport: Fifth Runway . Atlanta Department of Aviation . May 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070424235605/http://www.atlanta-airport.com/sublevels/airport_info/5thMain.htm . April 24, 2007 .
  30. Web site: Flat Rock Cemetery . September 9, 2009 . Tomitronics . https://web.archive.org/web/20110309073654/http://tomitronics.com/flat%20rock%20cemetery/index.html . March 9, 2011 . live .
  31. Web site: Aviation 'Bridges' the Gap for Future Growth . Williams-Russell and Johnson, Inc. . June 12, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060525222127/http://www.wrjinc.com/index.php?pid=95 . May 25, 2006.
  32. Web site: Atlanta International Airport: Benchmark Results . . 2004 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070926030758/http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/publications/bench/DOWNLOAD/pdf/ATL_2004.pdf . September 26, 2007 .
  33. Web site: Atlanta FAA Air Traffic Control Tower . https://web.archive.org/web/20220729053355/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/209137/atlanta-faa-air-traffic-control-tower-hapeville-ga-usa . 2022-07-29., emporis.com
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