William Aiken House and Associated Railroad Structures should not be confused with Gov. William Aiken House.
| William Aiken House and Associated Railroad Structures | |
| Nrhp Type: | nhld |
| Nocat: | yes |
| Location: | Properties on King, John, and Meeting Streets, Charleston, South Carolina |
| Coordinates: | 32.7892°N -79.9375°W |
| Area: | 27acres |
| Built: | 1807 |
| Designated Nrhp Type: | November 4, 1963[1] |
| Added: | October 15, 1966 |
| Refnum: | 66000698 |
The William Aiken House and Associated Railroad Structures make up a National Historic Landmark District in Charleston, South Carolina, that contains structures of South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company and the home of the company's founder, William Aiken. These structures make up one of the largest collection of surviving pre-Civil War railroad depot facilities in the United States. The district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963.[1] [2] [3]
The historic district has three distinct sections. The main section is bounded by Mary, King, Meeting, and John Streets, north of Charleston's historic downtown area, and includes the Aiken House, surviving elements of the main railroad depot, and associated warehouses. A second, smaller area is located on the north side of Line Street, between King and Meeting Streets, where the company's railroad car repair and refurbishing facility was located. These two areas are joined by the former railroad right-of-way, which is still readily discernible in most of the blocks between them.[2]
The Aiken House is located at the corner of King and Ann Streets on the west side of the main section. It is an 1807 Federal Adamesque wood-frame house, two stories high, with a two-story porch extending across its southern facade. It is where the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company was founded in 1827, with William Aiken, an Irish immigrant, as its first president. Construction of the railroad line took place between 1830 and 1833, marred by the death of Aiken when horses drawing his carriage were frightened by construction-related noises, overturning it, and also by the explosion of the Best Friend of Charleston, the first American-made steam locomotive. When it began operation, it had the greatest length of track (136miles) in the world under single management.[2] In 1929, the Southern Railway, which had taken possession of the house with its acquisition of the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company, removed several decorative elements such as a fireplace mantel from the Aiken House and used them in the executive offices of the Southern Railway Building, its Washington, D.C. headquarters.[4]
There are two principal depot buildings in the district. The "Camden Depot" stands on John Street, and the "Tower Depot", now little more than a pair of crenellated towers, stands on Mary Street. These two buildings were completed in 1850, and in the area between, two warehouses were built in the following decade. The depots and one of the warehouses are architecturally distinguished by their Gothic Revival features, which are not frequently found on railroad infrastructure. The Tower Depot, which was the railroad's original passenger depot, was only used until 1853, when a through depot was built near Line Street. In 1857, the large brick Italianate car shop was built adjacent to the main railroad line just north of Line Street.[2]
Non-contributing structures in the district include:
All of the following Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) records are filed under Charleston, Charleston County, SC: