Wilhelm Klemm Explained

Wilhelm Karl Klemm
Birth Date:1896 1, df=y
Birth Place:Guhrau, Lower Silesia
Death Place:Gdańsk, Poland
Field:Inorganic and physical chemistry
Known For:Magnetochemistry, Ytterbium, Zintl-Klemm concept
Work Institutions:Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Technische Hochschule Danzig, Technische Hochschule Hannover
Alma Mater:Breslau University
Technische Hochschule Hannover
Doctoral Advisor:Heinrich Biltz (1923), Wilhelm Biltz (1927)
Doctoral Students:Rudolf Hoppe
Awards:Liebig Medal (1951)
Centenary Prize (1958)
Spouse:Dr. Lisabeth Klemm "Li" (nee Herrmann, 9 October 1895, Eberswalde - 15 October 1948, Kiel),[1] 1924-1948; Lina Arndt, 1949-1985.

Wilhelm Karl Klemm (5 January 1896 – 24 October 1985) was an inorganic and physical chemist.[2] Klemm did extensive work on intermetallic compounds, rare earth metals, transition elements and compounds involving oxygen and fluorine. He and Heinrich Bommer were the first to isolate elemental erbium (1934) and ytterbium (1936).[2] [3] Klemm refined Eduard Zintl's ideas about the structure of intermetallic compounds and their connections to develop the Zintl-Klemm concept.

Klemm co-authored one of the ten most-cited papers in the history of the journal Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie.His textbooks on inorganic chemistry became standard works for chemists. His Magnetochemie (c1936) is considered foundational to magnetochemistry. Anorganische Chemie (Inorganic Chemistry) by Klemm and Rudolf Hoppe has been described as a legendary work by two titans of solid state chemistry.

Klemm was the second President of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh), serving from 1952 to 1953.[4] [5] He was President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) from 1965 to 1967.[6] [7] Klemm co-edited the journal Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie from 1939 to 1965.[8] Since 1985, the GDCh has awarded the Wilhelm Klemm Prize in his honor.[9]

Education

Klemm was born on 5 January 1896 in Guhrau, Lower Silesia to Wilhelm and Ottilie (John) Klemm.[10] His father was a master carpenter and furniture manufacturer.Klemm attended the Realgymnasium in Grünberg before serving in the German army from 1914 to 1919.[11] He was an army liaison in Turkey, where he learned Turkish and Arabic.[12]

From 1919 to 1923 Klemm studied chemistry at University of Breslau. In 1923, Klemm received a doctor of philosophy degree. Heinrich Biltz supervised Klemm's dissertation on the chemistry of uric acid,[2] [13] entitled Aus der Chemie der Harnsäure (1923).[14]

In December 1924 Klemm married Lisabeth Herrmann, who had studied chemistry at Danzig (Gdansk) and at Breslau University with Heinrich Biltz. She received her degree in 1921, completing a doctoral thesis magna cum laude on the methylation of uric acid and its methyl derivatives. Her father was a forestry scientist.[15] The Klemms formed a community of which Lisbeth Klemm was the social center, and Wilhelm was the intellectual center.[10]

Heinrich Biltz recommended Klemm to his brother Wilhelm Biltz, who had begun teaching at the Technische Hochschule Hannover in 1921. Klemm habilitated there in the field of inorganic chemistry in 1927.[2]

Career

Technische Universität Hannover

From 1927 to 1929 Klemm worked as a Privatdozent at the Technische Hochschule Hannover. In 1929 he was promoted to the position of associate professor.[2]

Düsseldorf

Klemm was reportedly a Professor for inorganic chemistry in Düsseldorf at some time between 1929 and 1933.[14]

Technische Hochschule Danzig

As of 1 April 1933, Klemm became a full professor and head of the Department of Inorganic Chemistry at the Technische Hochschule Danzig. Klemm replaced Hans Joachim von Wartenberg,[10] who had taught at the Technische Hochschule Danzig from 1913 to 1932 and served in several senior positions including head of the Department of Inorganic Chemistry. Von Wartenberg left in August 1932 to become director of the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Göttingen.[16] [17] [18]

The Technische Hochschule Danzig was at that time located in the Free City of Danzig (1920-1939).[19] [20] The population of the city was predominantly German and faculty and staff tended to align with National Socialism even before 1933.[21] The attitudes of scientists at the university have been described in terms of "shades of gray".[20]

Klemm had some involvement with the National Socialists but his motives are not known.Klemm was not a signatory of the Bekenntnis der Professoren an den deutschen Universitäten (1933).[22] He did sign the later Aufstellung zu den Unterzeichnern des Appells „An die Gebildeten der Welt“ (11. November 1933), a list of academics who professed support for Adolf Hitler and National Socialism.[23] Klemm became a member of the NSDAP (Nazi Party) in 1938, rather later than contemporaries like Adolf Butenandt.[20]

Following the Invasion of Poland which began 1 September 1939, the Free City of Danzig was annexed by Germany, and anti-Jewish measures escalated.[24] In a letter to the editorial staff of Chemische Berichte in June 1942 Klemm argued that contributions from chemist Georg-Maria Schwab and other "non-Aryan" authors should not appear in German chemical journals.[25]

Klemm served as head of the Inorganic Chemistry department of the Technische Hochschule Danzig from 1933 to 1945,[14] and was its last vice-rector. He was responsible for the evacuation of equipment, books, files, and people in 1944–1945, in advance of Soviet troops. Approximately 500 books and pieces of equipment and 300 staff and family members sailed on the ship Deutschland on 27 January 1945 bound for Kiel.[24]

Much of the university including the chemistry building was destroyed in subsequent months. Following the war Gdańsk became part of Poland. On 24 March 1945, the university was re-established as a Polish institution.[24]

Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel

During the period of denazification following the war, Nazi party members and others who were more than nominal participants in Nazi activities were barred from public posts. Those applying for academic positions had to certify their acceptability.[26]

Klemm was the lead author for the preparation and publication of the six inorganic chemistry volumes of the FIAT review of German science, 1939-1946 (1948-1949).[27] FIAT volumes were compiled by leading German scientists in cooperation with the Military Government for Germany, involving Field Information Agencies Technical from the British, French, and U.S. zones, to report on the scientific work done in Germany during the war years.[28]

From 23 May 1947 to 1951, Klemm led the Inorganic Chemical Institute at University of Kiel (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel). The Institute of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Kiel has a collection of correspondence and other papers dating from 1947 through the 1960s, relating to Wilhelm Klemm and his successor, Robert Juza.[29]

Klemm's first wife, Lisabeth Klemm (née Herrmann, born 9 October 1895, Eberswalde) died of cancer on 15 October 1948 in Kiel.[15] In 1949, Klemm married Lina Arndt, a dentist who had been a friend of his first wife.[15]

Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster

By 1951, the Allied Powers were lifting reemployment restrictions against Nazi party members, and it became easier for academics to find or change positions.[26] Klemm accepted a position as professor and department head at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster where he remained from 1951 until he retired as professor emeritus in 1964. The university was in need of substantial rebuilding after the war. Klemm headed the Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry. As rector of the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster from 1957 to 1958, Klemm founded its Natural Science Center.He also served as vice-rector from 1958 to 1960.[30]

Scientific contributions

Klemm's scientific work focused on the systematic investigation of solids, to understand the properties of substances and how they related to the substances' atomic arrangement.[10] At a very early stage he recognized the importance of physical methods including crystal structure analysis using X-ray diffraction and magnetochemical measurements for the investigation of solids. His paper with Wilhelm Biltz, "Über die Elektrolytische Leitfähigkeit geschmolzenen Scandiumchlorids"(About the electrolytic conductivity of molten scandium chloride, 1923) became one of the ten most-cited papers in the history of the journal Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie.[8] [31]

Klemm has been described as the founder of modern magnetochemistry for introducing new methods in the 1920s and describing them in detail in his 1936 book, Magnetochemie.[12] It is considered a "pioneering textbook" and the foundation of much subsequent work in the field.[32] [33]

Klemm's areas of focus included the intermetallic compounds, rare earth metals, transition elements and compounds involving oxygen and fluorine.[10] [34] His work on the properties of rare elements such as gallium, germanium, indium, rhenium and related compounds was considered authoritative. He was particularly interested in the synthesis of compounds involving unusual degrees of oxidation, and the comparison of compounds with similar structure in order to better understand their properties.[35]

Klemm studied molar volumes and coefficients of expansion of both fused and solid halides. He also examined indium, gallium, germanium, and rhenium, and rare earth elements, determining their heats of formation and studying their reactivity with ammonia.[2]

In 1936, Wilhelm Klemm and Anna Neuber published research on the magnetic properties of triphenylchromium compounds. Their magnetic susceptibility (approx. 1.73 Bohr magnetons) was found to be inconsistent with the structure determination proposed by Franz Hein for penta-, tetra- and triphenylchromium compounds.[36] [37]

In 1934, Wilhelm Klemm and Heinrich Bommer were the first to achieve pure erbium, by heating erbium chloride with potassium.[38] In 1936, Wilhelm Klemm and Heinrich Bommer were the first to isolate elemental ytterbium by reducing ytterbium (III) chloride with potassium at 250 °C. They also determined the crystal structure and magnetic properties of the metal.[2] [39] [40] [3] Klemm's work on transition metal oxides, fluorides and lanthanides was interrupted in 1939 by World War II.[12]

Klemm's research led to the identification of systematic relationships among the elements of the periodic system. It also led to a new method for classifying rare earths based on the stability of both completely filled and "half-filled" electrons which could be applied to both ions and metals.[2]

Klemm identified unusual oxidation states in oxo- and fluoro- complexes and refined the ideas of Eduard Zintl on the structure of intermetallic compounds to develop the Zintl-Klemm concept.[10] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45]

One of Klemm's students and coworkers was Rudolf Hoppe. Hoppe worked with Klemm on fluorides,[46] and in 1962 produced the first noble gas compounds.[47] [48]

Textbooks

Over the course of his career, Klemm wrote and co-wrote a number of textbooks on inorganic chemistry which became standard textbooks in the field, repeatedly reprinted and translated. These include:

Organizational contributions

Klemm was a member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina) in Halle, Germany; the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften) in Munich, Germany;the Göttingen Academy of Sciences (Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen) in Göttingen, Germany; and the Rhine-Westphalian Academy of Sciences in Düsseldorf, Germany.

Klemm was co-editor of Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (the journal for inorganic and general chemistry) from 1939 to 1965.[2] [8]

From 1945 onwards, his central tasks were to reestablish teaching and research in Kiel (1947-1951) and in Münster (1951-) and to help reconstruct chemical institutions at the national and international levels.[12]

Wilhelm Klemm was an influential science organizer. He became the second president of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (1952-1953), working to foster communication between chemists in different zones of post-war Germany. In the 1950s and 1960s, he worked to build communication and cohesion between scientists in the GDR and the Federal Republic. As president of the GDCh he participated in the founding of the Chemical Society of the GDR, formally created on 11 May 1953.

Wilhelm Klemm campaigned for international exchange in the sciences. From 1965 to 1967 he was President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).[52] He was the first German scientist to fill such a high international position after World War II.

In 1966 he became the secretary-treasurer of the recently formed Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), whose purpose was to encourage the use of international standards of scientific nomenclature, symbols, constants, and data sets.[53] He served on the committee from 1968 to 1975, also holding the position of vice-president.

Philanthropy

On 8 July 1977 Wilhelm and Lina Klemm signed a will describing their intention to use the revenue from the eventual sale of their home at Theresiengrund 22 for scholarships for students to travel and present their research internationally.

Lina Klemm died on 4 April 1985.[15] Wilhelm Klemm died on 24 October 1985 while visiting Gdansk for the first time since the war, to receive commemorative medal no. 467 from the Gdańsk University of Technology.[54] His body was returned to Münster, where he is buried in the Münster Central Cemetery, ID 186397208.[55]

The first scholarships of the Wilhelm-Klemm-Stiftung were awarded in 1987.[56]

Awards and honors

Additional sources

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Lisabeth Klemm . Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis . 9 October 1895 . 10 December 2018.
  2. Oesper . Ralph E. . Wilhelm Klemm . Journal of Chemical Education . July 1952 . 29 . 7 . 336 . 10.1021/ed029p336. 1952JChEd..29..336O .
  3. Book: Sinha . Shyama P. . Klemm . Wilhelm . Early attempts on the systematics of the lanthanoids . Systematics and the properties of the lanthanides . 2012 . D. Reidel Pub. Co. (NATO ASI Series) . Berlin . 9789027716132 . 3–16 . https://books.google.com/books?id=LGzoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 . 28 December 2018.
  4. Rilling . Rainer . The Structure of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (Society of German Chemists) . Social Studies of Science . 29 June 2016 . 16 . 2 . 235–260 . 10.1177/0306312786016002002 . 146359507 .
  5. Web site: Präsidenten der GDCh von der Gründung im Jahre 1949 bis in die Gegenwart . GDCh . 10 December 2018.
  6. Web site: PAST OFFICERS OF IUPAC . IUPAC . 10 December 2018.
  7. Book: McCullough . John P. . Scott . Donald W. . Calorimetry of non-reacting systems : prepared under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Commission on Thermodynamics and the Thermochemistry . Oct 22, 2013 . Elsevier . 9781483226705 . viii . 10 December 2018.
  8. Fässler . Thomas F. . Klapötke . Thomas M. . Limberg . Christian . 125 Years . Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie . 16 March 2017 . 643 . 6 . 406–409 . 10.1002/zaac.201710004 . free .
  9. Web site: Wilhelm-Klemm-Preis . GDCh . 10 December 2018.
  10. Barth . Johann Ambrosius . IN MEMORIAM : Wilhelm Klemm (1896 - 1985) Nestor der Anorganischen Festkorperchemie . Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie . 1996 . 622 . 1–8 . 10.1002/zaac.19966220102 .
  11. Hoppe . Rudolf H. . Wilhelm Klemm 1896-1985 . Journal of Fluorine Chemistry . 1998 . 90 . 2 . 177–179 . 10.1016/S0022-1139(98)00176-6 .
  12. Web site: Grobe . Joseph . Wilhelm Klemm . Universität Oldenburg . 14 December 2018.
  13. Web site: Wilhelm Klemm, PhD . Chemistry Tree . 10 December 2018.
  14. Web site: Wilhelm Klemm . Kiel Directory of Scholars . 5 January 1896 . 14 December 2018.
  15. Web site: Beneke . Klaus . Li (Lisabeth) Klemm, geb. Hermann . Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel . 10 December 2018. 2005.
  16. Web site: Konieczny . Stanisław . Hans von Wartenberg (1880-1960) . Gdańsk University of Technology . 17 December 2018.
  17. Book: Arndt . Karl . Gottschalk . Gerhard . Smend . Rudolf . Meller . Anton . Göttinger Gelehrte : die Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen in Bildnissen und Würdigungen 1751-2001 / 1. . 2001 . Wallstein-Verl . 978-3892444855 . 440 .
  18. Book: Schmaltz . Florian . Kampfstoff-Forschung im Nationalsozialismus : zur Kooperation von Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten, Militär und Industrie . Oct 2, 2017 . Wallstein . 9783892448808 . 60 . 18 December 2018.
  19. Web site: Danzig -- Holocaust Encyclopedia . United States Holocaust Museum . 18 December 2018.
  20. Book: Petropoulos . Jonathan . Roth . John . Lewis . Jeffrey . Gray zones : ambiguity and compromise in the Holocaust and its aftermath. Chapter 21. Catalyzing Fascism: Academic Science in National Socialist Germany and Afterward . October 2006 . Berghahn Books . 9781845453022 . 311– . https://books.google.com/books?id=jdRO9_rsokUC&pg=PA313 . 18 December 2018.
  21. Book: Bauer . Yehuda . American Jewry and the Holocaust : the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939-1945 . 1981 . Wayne State University Press . Detroit . 978-0814343487 . 143–146 . 18 December 2018.
  22. Book: Bekenntnis der Professoren an den Universitäten und Hochschulen zu Adolf Hitler und dem nationalsozialistischen Staat; überreicht vom Nationalsozialistischen Lehrerbund Deutschland-Sachsen . 1933 . Nationalsozialistischer Lehrerbund, Deutschland-Sachsen .
  23. Web site: Aufstellung zu den Unterzeichnern des Appells "An die Gebildeten der Welt" (11.11.1933) . Deutsches Pressemuseum im Ullsteinhaus e.V. . 14 December 2018.
  24. Web site: Januszajtis . Andrzej . The history of the Technical University of Gdańsk up to 1945 . Historia Mądrością Przyszłość Wyzwaniem . 18 December 2018.
  25. Deichmann . Ute . Chemists and Biochemists during the National Socialist Era . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. . 2002 . 41 . 8 . 1310–1328. 10.1002/1521-3773(20020415)41:8<1310::AID-ANIE1310>3.0.CO;2-7 . 19750754 .
  26. Web site: McCloy . John J. . Volume 8. Occupation and the Emergence of Two States, 1945 - 1961 The Present Status of Denazification (December 31, 1950) . German History in Documents and Images . 26 December 2018. December 31, 1950.
  27. Book: Klemm . Wilhelm . Inorganic chemistry [by] Wilhelm Klemm [and others.] . 1948–1949 . Off. of Military Govt. for Germany, Field Information Agencies Technical, British, French, U.S. . 49001833 .
  28. Book: Miller . Matthew W. . Searching the chemical literature : a collection of the papers presented at the symposium on searching the chemical literature . January 1, 1961 . American Chemical Society . 9780841221505 . 132–138. Chapter 20: FIAT Review of German Science.
  29. Web site: Zur Geschichte der Universität Kiel und des Instituts für Anorganische Chemie . Universität Kiel . 18 December 2018.
  30. Web site: Rectors and Vice-Rectors since 1902 . WWU Munster . 26 December 2018.
  31. Biltz . Wilhelm . Klemm . Wilhelm . Über die Elektrolytische Leitfähigkeit geschmolzenen Scandiumchlorids . Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie . September 1923 . 131 . 1 . 22–26 . 10.1002/zaac.19231310103 .
  32. Book: Pöttgen . Rainer . Johrendt . Dirk . Intermetallics : synthesis, structure, function . June 23, 2014 . De Gruyter . 9783486721348 . 245 . 26 December 2018.
  33. Book: Klemm . Wilhelm . Magnetochemie . 1936 . Akademische Ver-lagsgesellschaft . Leipzig.
  34. Klemm . Wilhelm . Meisel . Karl . v. Vogel . Hans Ulrich . Über die Sulfide der seltenen Erden . Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie . 23 May 1930 . 190 . 1 . 123–144 . 10.1002/zaac.19301900113 .
  35. Teissier . Pierre . L'émergence de la chimie du solide en France (1950-2000). : De la formation d'une communauté à sa dispersion . Histoire, Philosophie et Sociologie des Sciences . 2007. Université de Nanterre - Paris X . 21 December 2018.
  36. Book: Werner . Helmut . Landmarks in organo-transition metal chemistry : a personal view . December 16, 2008 . Springer . 978-0-387-09848-7 . 20 December 2018.
  37. Klemm . W. . Neuber . A. . Das magnetische Verhalten der Chromphenylverbindungen . Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. . 1936 . 227 . 3 . 261–271. 10.1002/zaac.19362270306 .
  38. Book: Emsley . John . Nature's building blocks : everything you need to know about the elements . October 1, 2011 . Oxford University Press . 978-0199605637 . 167 . New., [completely rev. and updated] . 28 December 2018.
  39. Klemm . W. . Bommer . H. . Zur Kenntnis der Metalle der seltenen Erden . Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie . 8 March 1937 . 231 . 1–2 . 138–171 . 10.1002/zaac.19372310115.
  40. Simon . Arndt . Mattausch . Hansjürgen . Ryazanov . Mikhail . Kremer . Reinhard K. . Lanthanides as d Metals . Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie . May 2006 . 632 . 6 . 919–929 . 10.1002/zaac.200500506 . 21 December 2018. free .
  41. Book: Zintl compounds . 8 . 4467–4475. Kauzlarich . Susan M. . Encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry . 1994 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-0-471-93620-6.
  42. Nesper . Reinhard . The Zintl-Klemm Concept - A Historical Survey . Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie . November 2014 . 640 . 14 . 2639–2648 . 10.1002/zaac.201400403.
  43. Book: Kranak . Verina . Investigating Hydrogenous Behavior of Zintl Phases Interstitial Hydrides, Polyanionic Hydrides, Complex Hydrides, Oxidative Decomposition. . 2017 . Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University . 978-91-7797-006-4 . 26 December 2018.
  44. Klemm . Wilhelm . Metalloids and their Compounds with Alkali Metals . Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London . 1958.
  45. Klemm . W. . Busmann . E. . Volumeninkremente und Radien einiger einfach negativ geladener Ionen . Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie . 1963 . 319 . 5–6 . 297–311. 10.1002/zaac.19633190511 .
  46. Book: Banks . R.E. . Fluorine chemistry at the millennium : fascinated by fluorine . 2000 . Elsevier . 978-0080434056 . 49 . 1st . 21 December 2018.
  47. News: Rudolf Hoppe (1922 – 2014) . 21 December 2018 . Chemistry Views . 2014.
  48. Jansen . Martin . Rudolf Hoppe (1922 2014) . Angewandte Chemie . 23 February 2015 . 127 . 9 . 2626 . 10.1002/ange.201411646. 25612056 . 2015AngCh.127.2626J .
  49. Book: Debus . Allen G. . World Who's Who in Science: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists from Antiquity to the Present . 1968. 2 . A. N. Marquis.
  50. Book: Kurz . Philipp . Stock . Norbert . Synthetische Anorganische Chemie : Grundkurs. . 2013 . De Gruyter . 978-3110258752 . 5 . 27 December 2018.
  51. Web site: Ruck . Michael . Anorganische Chemie - Klemm, Wilhelm; Hoppe, Rudolf . Bucher.de . 10 December 2018.
  52. Book: Klemm . Wilhelm . Report on the work of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1957-1967 . 1969 . London . Butterworths.
  53. Waddington . Guy . CODATA-Its Organization, Activities, and Goals . Journal of Chemical Documentation . 1969 . 9 . 3 . 174–177. 10.1021/c160034a014 .
  54. Web site: Wilhelm Klemm (1896-1985) . Gdańsk University of Technology . 18 December 2018.
  55. Book: Müller-Cleve . Bernhard . Vom Central-Kirchhof 1887 zum Zentralfriedhof 1987: eine Chronik 100jähriger Friedhofsgeschichte in Münster . 1987 . Zentralfriedhofskommission.
  56. Book: 20 Jahre Wilhelm-Klemm-Stiftung . 1 November 2006 . Shaker . 9783832255206 .
  57. Web site: August-Wilhelm-von-Hofmann-Denkmünze Liebig-Denkmünze . GDCH . 20 December 2018.
  58. Book: International Who's Who, 1985-86 . 1985 . Klemm, Wilhelm Karl . Europa Publications Ltd. . London . 793.
  59. Asmus . E. . Fresenius . W. . Kurtenacker . A. . Prof. Dr., Dr. H. C. Wilhelm Klemm zum 60. Geburtstag . Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie . January 1956 . 149 . 1–2 . 1–3 . 10.1007/BF00454139 . 95681683 .
  60. Web site: Centenary Prize Previous Winners . Royal Society of Chemistry . 27 December 2018.
  61. Web site: DEUTSCHE CHEMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT . Ein Streifzug durch 150 Jahre chemische Gesellschaften in Deutschland . GDCh . 21 December 2018.
  62. Richtmyer Receives Hudson Award of ACS; German Chemists Cited . Chemical & Engineering News . 30 September 1963 . 41 . 39 . 64–68 . 10.1021/cen-v041n039.p064 . free .
  63. Book: Werner . Helmut . Geschichte der anorganischen chemie : die entwicklung einer wissenschaft in Deutschland von Döbereiner bis heute . 11 January 2017 . Wiley-VCH . 9783527338870 . 453 . 21 December 2018.
  64. Web site: Bundesrepublik Deutschland . Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis . 20 December 2018.
  65. Bronger . W. . Dear esteemed Professor Klemm . Journal of the Less-Common Metals . 1980 . 76 . vii – ix . 14 December 2018.
  66. Web site: Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße . Straßennamen in Münster . 14 December 2018.
  67. News: Völker . Karin . Münster / Münsterland Neubaupläne und Sanierungssstau Uni Münster beschert der Bauindustrie Millionen-Aufträge . 17 December 2018 . Business.on-de . June 1, 2015.
  68. Web site: Namensvorlesungen (Named Lectures) . GDCh . 21 December 2018.

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