List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients (Ba–Bm) explained
The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) and its variants were the highest awards in the military of Nazi Germany during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded for a wide range of reasons and across all ranks, from a senior commander for skilled leadership of his troops in battle to a low-ranking soldier for a single act of extreme gallantry.[1] Presentations were made to members of the three military branches of the Wehrmacht—the Heer (Army), Kriegsmarine (Navy) and Luftwaffe (Air Force)—as well as the Waffen-SS, the Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD—Reich Labour Service) and the Volkssturm (German national militia). There were also 43 recipients in the military forces of allies of Nazi Germany.[2]
There is currently no official German Government list of KC recipients. Analysis and acceptance of the order commission of the Association of Knight's Cross Recipients (AKCR) indicates that up to 7,321 awards may have been made between its first presentation on 30 September 1939 and its last bestowal on 17 June 1945. These recipients are listed in the 1986 edition of Walther-Peer Fellgiebel's book, German: Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 [''The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945'']. Fellgiebel was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, and was also the former chairman and head of the order commission of the AKCR. In 1996, a second edition of this book was published with an addendum delisting 11 of the recipients.
In 2007, Veit Scherzer published his German: Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 [''The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945'']. Scherzer's book was compiled from documents held by the German Federal Archives, and cast doubt on 193 of the listings in Fellgiebel's 1996 book. The majority of the disputed recipients were listed as having received the award in 1945, when the deteriorating situation of the Third Reich during the final days of World War II left a number of nominations incomplete and pending in various stages of the approval process.[3]
Listed here are the 368 Knight's Cross recipients of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS whose last name is in the range "Ba–Bm".[4] Scherzer has challenged the validity of 13 of these listings.[5] This is the first of two lists of all 725 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients whose last name starts with "B". The recipients whose last name is in the range "Bn–Bz" are listed at List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients (Bn–Bz).[6]
Background
The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grades were based on four separate enactments. The first enactment, German: Reichsgesetzblatt I S. 1573 of 1 September 1939 instituted the Iron Cross (German: Eisernes Kreuz), the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Großkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes). Article 2 of the enactment mandated that the award of a higher class be preceded by the award of all preceding classes.[7] As the war progressed, some of the recipients of the Knight's Cross distinguished themselves further and a higher grade, the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub), was instituted. The Oak Leaves, as they were commonly referred to, were based on the enactment German: Reichsgesetzblatt I S. 849 of 3 June 1940.[8] In 1941, two higher grades of the Knight's Cross were instituted. The enactment German: Reichsgesetzblatt I S. 613 of 28 September 1941 introduced the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern) and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten).[9] At the end of 1944 the final grade, the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit goldenem Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten), based on the enactment German: Reichsgesetzblatt 1945 I S. 11 of 29 December 1944, became the final variant of the Knight's Cross authorized.[10]
Recipients
The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Supreme Command of the Armed Forces) kept separate Knight's Cross lists, one for each of the three military branches, Heer (Army), Kriegsmarine (Navy), Luftwaffe (Air Force) and for the Waffen-SS. Within each of these lists a unique sequential number was assigned to each recipient. The same numbering paradigm was applied to the higher grades of the Knight's Cross, one list per grade.[11] Of the 368 awards made to servicemen whose last name is in the range "Ba–Bm", 31 were later awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, 12 the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords and one the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds; 19 presentations were made posthumously. Heer members received 232 of the medals; 15 went to the Kriegsmarine, 100 to the Luftwaffe, and 21 to the Waffen-SS.[4] The sequential numbers greater than 843 for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and 143 for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords are unofficial and were assigned by the Association of Knight's Cross Recipients (AKCR) and are therefore denoted in parentheses.[12] The recipients are initially ordered alphabetically by last name. The rank listed is the recipient's rank at the time the Knight's Cross was awarded.
Notes
Discrepancies in sources
References
Bibliography
- Book: Fellgiebel
, Walther-Peer
. 2000 . 1986 . Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 – Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile . The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 – The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches . de . Friedberg, Germany . Podzun-Pallas . 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- Book: Scherzer
, Veit
. 2007 . Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives . The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives . de . Jena, Germany . Scherzers Militaer-Verlag . 978-3-938845-17-2.
- Book: Thomas . Franz . Wegmann . Günter . 1985 . Die Ritterkreuzträger der Deutschen Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Teil I: Sturmartillerie . The Knight's Cross Bearers of the German Armed Forces 1939–1945 Volume I: Assault Artillery . de . Osnabrück, Germany . Biblio-Verlag . 978-3-7648-1447-2.
- Book: Thomas . Franz . Wegmann . Günter . 1987 . Die Ritterkreuzträger der Deutschen Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Teil III: Infanterie Band 1: A–Be . The Knight's Cross Bearers of the German Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Part III: Infantry Volume 1: A–Be . de . Osnabrück, Germany . Biblio-Verlag . 978-3-7648-1153-2.
- Book: Von Seemen
, Gerhard
. 1976 . Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 : die Ritterkreuzträger sämtlicher Wehrmachtteile, Brillanten-, Schwerter- und Eichenlaubträger in der Reihenfolge der Verleihung : Anhang mit Verleihungsbestimmungen und weiteren Angaben . The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 : The Knight's Cross Bearers of All the Armed Services, Diamonds, Swords and Oak Leaves Bearers in the Order of Presentation: Appendix with Further Information and Presentation Requirements . de . Friedberg, Germany . Podzun-Verlag . 978-3-7909-0051-4.
- Book: Williamson . Gordon . Gordon Williamson (writer) . Bujeiro . Ramiro . 2004 . Knight's Cross and Oak Leaves Recipients 1939–40 . Oxford, UK . Osprey Publishing . 978-1-84176-641-6.
External links
- Web site: Das Bundesarchiv. Military Archive – Freiburg im Breisgau. 2 January 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101229195453/http://www.bundesarchiv.de/bundesarchiv/dienstorte/freiburg/index.html.en. 29 December 2010.
Notes and References
- Williamson & Bujeiro 2004, pp. 3–4.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 113–460, 483, 485–487, 492, 494, 498–499, 501, 503, 509.
- Scherzer 2007, pp. 117–186.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 119–135, 485–486.
- Scherzer 2007, pp. 117–122.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 135–152, 487.
- Web site: Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I S. 1573; 1 September 1939. de. Reichsministerium des Inneren (Ministry of the Interior). 21 February 2008. PDF. ALEX Österreichische Nationalbibliothek. 31 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190331061438/http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?apm=0&aid=dra&datum=19390007&zoom=2&seite=00001573&ues=on&x=21&y=6. live.
- Web site: Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I S. 849; 3 June 1940. de. Reichsministerium des Inneren (Ministry of the Interior). 21 February 2008. PDF. ALEX Österreichische Nationalbibliothek. 31 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190331061438/http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?apm=0&aid=dra&datum=19400007&zoom=2&seite=00000849&ues=on&x=22&y=10. live.
- Web site: Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I S. 613; 28 September 1941. de. Reichsministerium des Inneren (Ministry of the Interior). 21 February 2008. PDF. ALEX Österreichische Nationalbibliothek. 31 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190331061438/http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?apm=0&aid=dra&datum=19410007&zoom=2&seite=00000613&ues=on&x=14&y=9. live.
- Web site: Reichsgesetzblatt 1945 I S. 11; 29 December 1944. de. Reichsministerium des Inneren (Ministry of the Interior). 21 February 2008. PDF. ALEX Österreichische Nationalbibliothek. 31 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190331061438/http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?apm=0&aid=dra&datum=19450007&zoom=2&seite=00000011&ues=on&x=14&y=10. live.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 112.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 49–51, 102–111.
- For an explanation of the various naming schemes used by the Luftwaffe, Heer, Kriegsmarine and Waffen-SS refer to nomenclature used by the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 196.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 197.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 119, 484.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 119.
- The brackets around the doctor title [Dr.] denotes that the academic title was attained after the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 198.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 120.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 199.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 120, 484.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 200.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 121.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 121, 484.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 201.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 122.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 122, 484.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 202.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 203.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 123.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 204.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 205.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 124.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 124, 484.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 124, 485.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 206.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 125.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 207.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 125, 485.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 208.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 126.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 126, 485.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 209.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 210.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 127.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 211.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 485.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 212.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 128.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 213.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 128, 486.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 214.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 129.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 129, 486.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 215.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 216.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 130.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 130, 486.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 217.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 218.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 131.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 486.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 219.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 131, 486.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 132.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 220.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 221.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 133.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 222.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 223.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 133, 486.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 134.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 134, 486.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 224.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 134, 487.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 225.
- Fellgiebel 2000, p. 135.
- Scherzer 2007, p. 226.
- Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 135, 487.