Angelica sylvestris explained

Angelica sylvestris or wild angelica is a species of flowering plant, native to Europe and central Asia. An annual or short-lived perennial growing to a maximum of 2.5m (08.2feet), it has erect purplish stems and rounded umbels of minuscule white or pale pink flowers in late summer.[1] [2]

Habitat and ecology

The Latin specific epithet sylvestris means "growing in woodland".[3] However it tolerates a range of conditions including fields, hedgerows, open woods, marshes and fens. It will grow in light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils.

It has recently been determined to be an invasive weed in New Brunswick and Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada. "According to the New Brunswick Invasive Species Council, unless this species is controlled, Woodland Angelica could spread throughout Canada, overwhelming other vegetation."[4] [5] The flowers are visited by a wide array of insects and are thus characterised by a generalised pollination system.[6]

Adult wasps of Dolichovespula norwegica are known to feed off the nectar provided by A. sylvestris.[7]

Cultivation and uses

A. sylvestris is cultivated in gardens. The cultivar 'Ebony', with pink flowers, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[8]

It was used as a vegetable until the 20th century. The plant can be stored. The stem was eaten fresh, and the leaves could be boiled to a stew for storage or cooked with milk. The plant has also been used for dyeing.

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Woodland Angelica - Angelica sylvestris . 4 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110917065915/http://www.nbisc.ca/Species/Angelicasylvestris.html . 17 September 2011 . dead .
  2. Book: Brickell. Christopher. The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. 2008. Dorling Kindersley. United Kingdom. 9781405332965.
  3. Book: Harrison, Lorraine . RHS Latin for Gardeners . 2012 . Mitchell Beazley . United Kingdom . 978-1845337315 .
  4. News: Invasive species going wild in the Saint John River Valley . August 4, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927054751/http://www.natureconservancy.ca/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=13554&news_iv_ctrl=0&abbr=at_ncc_ . September 27, 2011 . dead .
  5. Web site: Woodland Angelica - Angelica sylvestris . . August 4, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110917065915/http://www.nbisc.ca/Species/Angelicasylvestris.html . September 17, 2011 . dead .
  6. 10.1111/plb.12328. Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers. Plant Biology. 2015. Van Der Kooi. C. J.. Pen. I.. Staal. M.. Stavenga. D. G.. Elzenga. J. T. M.. 25754608. 18. 1. 56–62.
  7. Web site: Dolichovespula norwegica . Ecology of Commanster . https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084814/http://www.commanster.eu/commanster/Insects/Bees/SuBees/Dolichovespula.norwegica.html . 2014-10-06 . dead .
  8. Web site: RHS Plantfinder - Angelica sylvestris 'Ebony' . Royal Horticultural Society . 12 January 2018.

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