Dachshund Explained

Dachshund
Country:Germany
Height:Miniature Dachshund: 5– at the withersStandard Dachshund: 8– at the withers
Weight:Miniature Dachshund: up to 11lb Standard Dachshund: 16–
Coat:Smooth-haired, Long-haired, Wire-haired
Colour:Solid red, black & tan, chocolate & tan, dapple, brindle, piebald or blue.
Kc Name:VDH
Kc Std:https://www.vdh.de/welpen/mein-welpe/dachshund
Fcistd:http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/148g04-en.pdf

The dachshund (or ;[1] [2] German: 'badger dog'), also known as the wiener dog or sausage dog, badger dog and doxie, is a short-legged, long-bodied, hound-type dog breed. The dog may be smooth-haired, wire-haired, or long-haired. Coloration varies.

The dachshund was bred to scent, chase, and flush out badgers and other burrow-dwelling animals. The miniature dachshund was bred to hunt small animals such as rabbits.[3]

The dachshund was ranked 9th in registrations with the American Kennel Club in 2022.[4]

Etymology

The name dachshund is of German origin, and means 'badger dog', from ('badger') and ('dog, hound'). The German word Dachshund is pronounced pronounced as /de/. The pronunciation varies in English: variations of the first and second syllables include, and,, . It may be incorrectly pronounced as hound by some English speakers.[5] [6] Although German: Dachshund is a German word, in modern Germany, the dogs are more commonly known by the short name German: Dackel. Working dogs are less commonly known as German: Teckel.[7]

Because of their long, narrow build, they are often nicknamed wiener or sausage dog.[8] [9]

Classification

While classified in the hound group or scent hound group in the United States and Great Britain, the breed has its own group in the countries which belong to the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (World Canine Federation).[10] Many dachshunds, especially the wire-haired subtype, may exhibit behavior and appearance similar to the terrier group of dogs.[11] An argument can be made for the scent (or hound) group classification because the breed was developed to use scent to trail and hunt animals, and probably descended from the Saint Hubert Hound like many modern scent hound breeds such as bloodhounds and Basset Hounds; but with the persistent personality and love for digging that probably developed from the terrier, it can also be argued that they could belong in the terrier, or "earth dog", group.

Characteristics

Appearance

A typical dachshund is long-bodied and muscular with short stubby legs. Its front paws are disproportionately large, being paddle-shaped and particularly suitable for digging. Its skin is loose enough not to tear while tunneling in tight burrows to chase prey. Its snout is long.[12]

Coat and color

There are three dachshund coat varieties: smooth coat (short hair), long-haired, and wire-haired. Longhaired dachshunds have a silky coat and short featherings on legs and ears. Wire-haired dachshunds are the least common coat variety in the United States (although it is the most common in Germany) and the most recent coat to appear in breeding standards.Dachshunds have a wide variety of colors and patterns, the most common one being red. Their base coloration can be single-colored (either red or cream), tan pointed (black and tan, chocolate and tan, blue and tan, or isabella and tan), and in wire-haired dogs, a color referred to as wildboar. Patterns such as dapple (merle), sable, brindle and piebald also can occur on any of the base colors. Dachshunds in the same litter may be born in different coat colors depending on the genetic makeup of the parents.

The Dachshund Club of America (DCA) and the American Kennel Club (AKC) consider Double Dapple to be out of standard and a disqualifying color in the show ring. Piebald is now a recognized color in the Dachshund Club of America (DCA) breed standard.[13]

Dogs that are double-dappled have the merle pattern of a dapple, but with distinct white patches that occur when the dapple gene expresses itself twice in the same area of the coat. The DCA excluded the wording "double-dapple" from the standard in 2007 and now strictly uses the wording "dapple" as the double dapple gene is commonly responsible for blindness and deafness.[14]

Size

Dachshunds come in three sizes: standard, miniature,[15] and kaninchen (German for "rabbit"). Although the standard and miniature sizes are recognized almost universally, the rabbit size is not recognized by clubs in the United States and the United Kingdom. The rabbit size is recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (World Canine Federation) (FCI), which contain kennel clubs from 83 countries all over the world.[16] An increasingly common size for family pets falls between the miniature and the standard size; these are frequently referred to as "tweenies," which is not an official classification.

A full-grown standard dachshund typically weighs 16to, while the miniature variety normally weighs less than 12abbr=onNaNabbr=on. The kaninchen weighs 8to. According to kennel club standards, the miniature (and kaninchen, where recognized) differs from the full-size only by size and weight, thus offspring from miniature parents must never weigh more than the miniature standard to be considered a miniature as well. While many kennel club size divisions use weight for classification, such as the American Kennel Club, other kennel club standards determine the difference between the miniature and standard by chest circumference; some kennel clubs, such as in Germany, even measure chest circumference in addition to height and weight.[17]

Eye color

Light-colored dachshunds can sport amber, light brown, or green eyes; however, kennel club standards state that the darker the eye color, the better. Dapple and double dapple dachshunds can have multi-coloured "wall" eyes with fully blue, partially blue or patched irises owing to the effect of the dapple gene on eye pigmentation expression.[18] "Wall" eye is permissible according to DCA standards but undesirable by AKC standards.

Temperament

Dachshunds can be stubborn and refuse commands, especially if chasing a small animal which they have a propensity for.[19] [20] [21] As dachshunds were originally used as badger hunters they have a keen sense for chasing smaller animals. Dachshunds are often stubborn, making them a challenge to train.[22] [23] [24]

Dachshunds can be aggressive to strangers and other dogs.[25] Despite this, they are rated in the intelligence of dogs as an average working dog with a persistent ability to follow trained commands 50% of the time or more.[26] They can have a loud bark. Some bark quite a lot and may need training to stop, while others will not bark much at all. Dachshunds can be standoffish toward strangers. A Japanese study found the Miniature Dachshund to have higher rates of refusing to move whilst on a walk, barking at outside noises whilst inside, barking at strangers visiting their home, separation anxiety, inappropriate elimination (faecal and urinary incontinence), hesitancy to approach unknown humans and canines, and aggression towards family members. Highlighting the breed's stubbornness and aggression.[27]

According to the American Kennel Club's breed standards, "the dachshund is clever, lively and courageous to the point of rashness, persevering in above and below ground work, with all the senses well-developed. Any display of shyness is a serious fault."[28] Their temperament and body language give the impression that they do not know or care about their relatively small size. Like many small hunting dogs, they will challenge a larger dog. Indulged dachshunds may become snappy or extremely obstinate.[29]

A 2008 University of Pennsylvania study of 6,000 dog owners who were interviewed indicated that dogs of smaller breeds were more likely to be "genetically predisposed toward aggressive behaviour". Dachshunds were rated the most aggressive, with 20% having bitten strangers, as well as high rates of attacks on other dogs and their owners. The study noted that attacks by small dogs were unlikely to cause serious injuries and because of this were probably under-reported.[30]

Health

The breed is prone to spinal problems, especially intervertebral disk disease (IVDD), due in part to an extremely long spinal column and short rib cage.[31] The risk of injury may be worsened by obesity, jumping, rough handling, or intense exercise, which place greater strain on the vertebrae. About 20–25% of dachshunds will develop IVDD.[32] Dachshunds with a number of calcified intervertebral discs at a young age have a higher risk of developing disc disease in later life. In addition, studies have shown that development of calcified discs is highly heritable in the breed.[33] An appropriate screening programme for IVDD has been identified by Finnish researchers[34] and a UK IVDD screening programme has been developed for breeders[35] with the aim to reduce prevalence of spinal problems.

Treatment consists of combinations of crate confinement and courses of anti-inflammatory medications (steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like carprofen and meloxicam), or chronic pain medications, like tramadol. Serious cases may require surgery to remove the troublesome disk contents.[36] A dog may need the aid of a cart to get around if paralysis occurs.

A minimally invasive procedure called "percutaneous laser disk ablation" has been developed at the Oklahoma State University Veterinary Hospital.[37] Originally, the procedure[38] was used in clinical trials only on dachshunds that had suffered previous back incidents. Since dachshunds are prone to back issues, the goal is to expand this treatment to dogs in a normal population.

In addition to back problems, the breed is prone to patellar luxation where the kneecap can become dislodged.[39] [40] Dachshunds may also be affected by osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease). The condition seems to be mainly limited to wire-haired Dachshunds, with 17% being carriers.[41] A genetic test is available to allow breeders to avoid breeding carriers to carriers. In such pairings, each puppy will have a 25% chance of being affected.[42]

In some double dapples, there are varying degrees of vision and hearing loss, including reduced or absent eyes.[43] Not all double dapples have problems with their eyes and/or ears, which may include degrees of hearing loss, full deafness, malformed ears, congenital eye defects, reduced or absent eyes, partial or full blindness, or varying degrees of both vision and hearing problems; but heightened problems can occur owing to the genetic process in which two dapple genes cross, particularly in certain breeding lines. Dapple genes, which are dominant genes, are considered "dilution" genes, meaning whatever color the dog would have originally carried is lightened, or diluted, randomly; two dominant "dilution" genes can cancel each other out, or "cross", removing all color and producing a white recessive gene, essentially a white mutation.[44] When occurring genetically within the eyes or ears, this white mutation can be detrimental to development, causing hearing or vision problems.

Other dachshund health problems include hereditary epilepsy,[45] granulomatous meningoencephalitis, dental issues, Cushing's syndrome, thyroid and autoimmune problems,[46] various allergies[47] and atopies, and various eye conditions including cataracts, glaucoma, progressive retinal atrophy, corneal ulcers, nonulcerative corneal disease, sudden acquired retinal degeneration, and cherry eye. Dachshunds are also 2.5 times more likely than other breeds of dogs to develop patent ductus arteriosus, a congenital heart defect. Dilute color dogs (Blue, Isabella, and Cream) are very susceptible to color dilution alopecia, a skin disorder that can result in hair loss and extreme sensitivity to sun. Since the occurrence and severity of these health problems is largely hereditary, breeders are working to eliminate these.

Factors influencing the litter size of puppies and the proportion of stillborn puppies per litter were analyzed in normally sized German dachshunds.[48] The records analyzed contained data on 42,855 litters. It was found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression. It was also found that young and older dams had smaller litter sizes and more stillborn puppies than middle-aged dams.

A study in Japan found the Miniature Dachshund to have lower rates of glaucoma than other breeds. With 2.4% of cases belonging to the breed but the breed making up 10.1% of visits to the veterinary hospital.[49]

Dachshunds are predisposed to hypothyroidism.[50]

Life expectancy

A 2018 study in Japan of pet cemetery data put the Miniature Dachshund life expectancy at 13.9 years compared to 13.7 overall and 15.1 for crossbreeds.[51] A 2024 study in the UK found a life expectancy of 13.2 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds with the Miniature Dachshund found to have a life expectancy of 14 years.[52] A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 11.5 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall.[53] A 2005 Swedish study of insurance data found 28% of Dachshund died by the age of 10, less than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10.[54]

History

The dachshund is a creation of German breeders and includes elements of German, French, and English hounds and terriers. Dachshunds have been kept by royal courts all over Europe, including that of Queen Victoria, who was particularly enamored of the breed.[55]

The first verifiable references to the dachshund, originally named the "Dachs Kriecher" ("badger crawler") or "Dachs Krieger" ("badger warrior"), came from books written in the early 18th century.[56] Prior to that, there exist references to "badger dogs" and "hole dogs", but these likely refer to purposes rather than to specific breeds. The original German dachshunds were larger than the modern full-size variety, weighing between 14and, and originally came in straight-legged and crook-legged varieties (the modern dachshund is descended from the latter). Though the breed is famous for its use in exterminating badgers and badger-baiting, dachshunds were also commonly used for rabbit and fox hunting, for locating wounded deer, and in packs were known to hunt game as large as wild boar and as fierce as the wolverine.[57]

There are huge differences of opinion as to when dachshunds were specifically bred for their purpose of hunting badger, as the American Kennel Club states the dachshund was bred in the 15th century, while the Dachshund Club of America states that foresters bred the dogs in the 18th or 19th century.

Double-dapple dachshunds, which are prone to eye disease, blindness, or hearing problems, are generally believed to have been introduced to the United States between 1879 and 1885.[58] [59]

The flap-down ears and famous curved tail of the dachshund have deliberately been bred into the dog. In the case of the ears, this is to keep grass seeds, dirt, and other matter from entering the ear canal. The curved tail is dual-purposed: to be seen more easily in long grass and, in the case of burrowing dachshunds, to help haul the dog out if it becomes stuck in a burrow.[60] The smooth-haired dachshund, the oldest style, may be a cross between the German Shorthaired Pointer, a Pinscher, and a Bracke (a type of bloodhound), or to have been produced by crossing a short Bruno Jura Hound with a pinscher.[61] Others believe it was a cross from a miniature French pointer and a pinscher; others claim that it was developed from the St. Hubert Hound, also a bloodhound, in the 18th century,[62] and still others believe that they were descended from Basset Hounds, based upon their scent abilities and general appearance.[63]

The exact origins of the dachshund are therefore unknown. According to William Loeffler, from The American Book of the Dog (1891), in the chapter on dachshunds: "The origin of the Dachshund is in doubt, our best authorities disagreeing as to the beginning of the breed." What can be agreed on, however, is that the smooth dachshund gave rise to both the long-haired and the wire-haired varieties.[64]

There are two theories about how the standard long-haired dachshund came about. One theory is that smooth dachshunds would occasionally produce puppies which had slightly longer hair than their parents. By selectively breeding these animals, breeders eventually produced a dog which consistently produced long-haired offspring, and the long-haired dachshund was born. Another theory is that the standard long-haired dachshund was developed by breeding smooth dachshunds with various land and water spaniels. The long-haired dachshund may be a cross among any of the small dog breeds in the spaniel group, including the German Stoeberhund, and the smooth dachshund.

The wire-haired dachshund, the last to develop, was bred in the late 19th century. There is a possibility the wire-haired dachshund was a cross between the smooth dachshund and various hard-coated terriers and wire-haired pinschers, such as the Schnauzer, the Dandie Dinmont Terrier, the German Wirehaired Pointer, or perhaps the Scottish Terrier.

Symbol of Germany

Dachshunds have traditionally been viewed as a symbol of Germany. Political cartoonists commonly used the image of the dachshund to ridicule Germany.[65] During World War I, the dachshund's popularity in the United States plummeted because of this association. As a result, they were often called "liberty hounds", just as "liberty cabbage" became a term for sauerkraut mostly in North America.[66] The stigma of the association was revived to a lesser extent during World War II, though it was comparatively short-lived. Kaiser Wilhelm II and German field marshal Erwin Rommel were known for keeping dachshunds.

Owing to the association of the breed with Germany, as well as its particular popularity among dog keepers in Munich at the time, the dachshund was chosen as the first official mascot for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, with the name Waldi.[67]

Sports

Some people train and enter their dachshunds to compete in dachshund races, such as the Wiener Nationals. Several races across the United States routinely draw several thousand attendees.[68]

Despite the popularity of these events, the Dachshund Club of America opposes "wiener racing", as many greyhound tracks use the events to draw large crowds to their facilities. The DCA is also worried about potential injuries to dogs, owing to their predisposition to back injuries. Another favorite sport is earthdog trials, in which dachshunds enter tunnels with dead ends and obstacles attempting to locate either an artificial bait or live but caged (and thus protected) rats.[69]

Dackel versus Teckel

In Germany, dachshunds are widely called Dackel (both singular and plural). Among hunters, they are mainly referred to as Teckel. There are kennels which specialize in breeding hunting dachshunds, the so-called jagdliche Leistungszucht ("hunting-related performance breeding") or Gebrauchshundezucht ("working dog breeding"), as opposed to breeding family dogs. Therefore, it is sometimes incorrectly believed that Teckel is either a name for the hunting breed or a mark for passing the test for a trained hunting dog (called "VGP", "Verband-Gebrauchsprüfung") in Germany.[70]

Popularity

Dachshunds are one of the most popular dogs in the United States, ranking 12th in the 2018 AKC registration statistics.[71] They are popular with urban and apartment dwellers, ranking among the top 10 most popular breeds in 76 of 190 major US cities surveyed by the AKC.[72] There are organized local dachshund clubs in most major American cities, including New York, New Orleans, Portland, Los Angeles, and Chicago.

Notable dogs and owners

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://web.archive.org/web/20211104232313/https://www.lexico.com/definition/dachshund dachshund
  2. Web site: Dachshund – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary . Merriam-webster.com . 16 May 2012.
  3. Web site: AKC. Dachshund History: The Badger Dog's Fascinating Past. 2021-06-28.
  4. Web site: AKC Dog Registration Statistics. American Kennel Club. 5 April 2023.
  5. Web site: The Right Way to Pronounce 'Dachshund'. 2018-10-14. mentalfloss.com. en. 2019-10-22.
  6. Web site: 7 dog breeds you're probably mispronouncing. Stiefvater. Sarah. Business Insider. 2019-10-22.
  7. Web site: Dachshund . Duden . 2012-11-25.
  8. Web site: wiener dog . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University . 30 January 2024.
  9. Web site: sausage dog . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University . 30 January 2024.
  10. Web site: Fédération Cynologique Internationale Group 4 "Dachshund Group". Fédération Cynologique Internationale. 16 June 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090815103443/http://old.fci.be/nomenclatures_detail.asp?lang=en&file=group4. 15 August 2009. dmy-all.
  11. Book: Nicholas, Anna . Dachshund . TFH Publications . Neptune City . 1987 . 0-86622-158-1 . 10 .
  12. Web site: American Kennel Club Official Standard of the Dachshund . akc.org . 11 December 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143635/https://images.akc.org/pdf/breeds/standards/Dachshund.pdf . 12 June 2018 . dead .
  13. Web site: Breed standard. Dachshund Club of America. 13 March 2014 . 2024-02-22.
  14. Web site: What to Know About Dachshunds. Webmd. 2024-02-22.
  15. Web site: Dachshund Breed Standard . American Kennel Club . 3 February 2009.
  16. Web site: Fédération Cynologique Internationale Official Website . Fédération Cynologique Internationale . 16 June 2009.
  17. Book: Hutchinson, Robert . For the Love of Dachshunds. 2005 . BrownTrout Publishers . 1-56313-903-0 . 112 . 16 June 2009.
  18. Web site: The Double Dapple . The Dachshund Magazine Online . 25 June 2007.
  19. Book: Stall, Sam. The Good, the Bad, and the Furry. 93–94. Quirk Books. 2005. 1-59474-021-6.
  20. Book: Kilcommons. Brian. Brian Kilcommons. Wilson. Sarah. Paws to Consider. 156–157. 0-446-52151-5. 1999. Warner Books .
  21. Web site: Dachshund info. 25 July 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090418212636/http://albertadachshundrescue.com/dachshundinfo.cfm. 18 April 2009. dead.
  22. Web site: Is a Dachshund Right For You . WienerDogRescue.com . 25 July 2009 . 12 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912172118/http://www.wienerdogrescue.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=61 . dead .
  23. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions. DachshundRescue.org. 25 July 2009. 12 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220112005135/http://dachshundrescue.org/faq.html. dead.
  24. Web site: Dachshund Facts. 3doxies.com. 8 April 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110416003654/http://www.3doxies.com/archives/2011/04/08/dachshund-facts/. 16 April 2011. dead.
  25. Breed Differences in Canine Aggression. 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 114. 3–4. 441–460. Duffy, Deborah. 2008. etal. 16 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20150430053538/http://www.appliedanimalbehaviour.com/article/S0168-1591%2808%2900114-7/abstract. 30 April 2015. dead.
  26. Book: Coren, Stanley. The intelligence of dogs. 2006. Free press. 0-7432-8087-3.
  27. YAMADA . Ryoko . KUZE-ARATA . Sayaka . KIYOKAWA . Yasushi . TAKEUCHI . Yukari . Prevalence of 25 canine behavioral problems and relevant factors of each behavior in Japan . Journal of Veterinary Medical Science . Japanese Society of Veterinary Science . 81 . 8 . 2019 . 0916-7250 . 10.1292/jvms.18-0705 . 1090–1096. 31167977 . 6715928 .
  28. Web site: Dachshund Breed Standard . American Kennel Club . 14 May 2007.
  29. Web site: Dachshunds . Burke's Backyard with Don Burke . 14 May 2007.
  30. News: Dobson . Roger . Sausage dogs are the most aggressive dogs . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/2254479/Sausage-dogs-are-the-most-aggressive-dogs.html . 11 January 2022 . subscription . live . The Daily Telegraph . London . 8 July 2008 . 19 November 2009 .
  31. V. F. . Jensen. A. K.. Ersbøll . 2000. Mechanical Factors affecting the Occurrence of Intervertebral Disc Calcification in the Dachshund – a Population Study. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series A. 47 . 5. 283–296. 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2000.00296.x . 10932525.
  32. Web site: Intervertebral Disc Disease. Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. ufaw.org.uk. 10 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150306042830/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/intervertebraldicdiseasedachshunds.php. 6 March 2015. dead.
  33. Mogensen. Mette Sloth. Karlskov-Mortensen. Peter. Proschowsky. Helle Friis. Lingaas. Frode. Lappalainen. Anu. Lohi. Hannes. Jensen. Vibeke Frøkjær. Fredholm. Merete. 2011-09-01. Genome-Wide Association Study in Dachshund: Identification of a Major Locus Affecting Intervertebral Disc Calcification. Journal of Heredity. en. 102. Suppl_1. S81–S86. 10.1093/jhered/esr021. 21846751. 0022-1503.
  34. Lappalainen. Anu K. Vaittinen. Elina. Junnila. Jouni. Laitinen-Vapaavuori. Outi. 2014-12-19. Intervertebral disc disease in Dachshunds radiographically screened for intervertebral disc calcifications. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 56. 1. 89. 10.1186/s13028-014-0089-4. 0044-605X. 4285634. 25523328 . free .
  35. Web site: Dachshund IVDD – X-ray Scheme. 2020-08-03. www.dachshund-ivdd.uk. en. 15 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200815020135/https://www.dachshund-ivdd.uk/testing-for-ivdd/x-ray-scheme/. dead.
  36. 10.1111/j.1532-950X.1999.00421.x . BVSc . Dhupa . MPH . N. David . J. Waters DVM . PhD . Diplomate ACVS . -1#Sarit . Nita Glickman MS . 1999 . Reoperative Neurosurgery in Dogs With Thoracolumbar Disc Disease . Veterinary Surgery . 28 . 6. 421–428 . 10582738 .
  37. Web site: On the Forefront: Prophylactic laser disk ablation in dogs at Oklahoma State University – Veterinary Medicine. 1 July 2007. 19 November 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20080318173451/http://www.vetmedpub.com/vetmed/On+the+Forefront/On-the-Forefront-Prophylactic-laser-disk-ablation-/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/440886?contextCategoryId=8701. 18 March 2008. dead.
  38. Kenneth E. . Bartels . Higbee . Russell G. . Robert J. . Bahr . David S. . Galloway . Tiffany S. . Healey . Christopher . Arnold . Outcome of and complications associated with prophylactic percutaneous laser disk ablation in dogs with thoracolumbar disk disease: 277 cases (1992–2001) . 15 June 2003 . 222 . 12 . 1733–1739 . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association . 10.2460/javma.2003.222.1733. 12830867 . free .
  39. Book: Coile. D. Caroline . Earle-Bridges . Michelle . The Dachshund Handbook . Barron's Educational Series . 2005 . 126 . 0-7641-2673-3.
  40. Web site: Dachshund Dog Breed Information. American Kennel Club. en. 2020-02-27.
  41. Eckardt . J. . Kluth . S. . Dierks . C. . Philipp . U. . Distl . O. . 34816198 . Population screening for the mutation associated with osteogenesis imperfecta in dachshunds . 10.1136/vr.101122 . Veterinary Record . 172 . 14 . 364 . 2013 . 23315765.
  42. Web site: "Brittle Bone" Gene in Dachshunds Discovered. https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232619/http://www.dachshund-dca.org/Media/newsletter%20articles/2011%20Articles/BrittleBoneGeneVaccinations.pdf . 2014-04-26 . live. Newsletter. Dachshund Club of America. 6 April 2013.
  43. Web site: Parizo. Angie. Double Dapple Warnings. 19 November 2009. 16 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210516205046/https://starlightkennel.com/Dapple.html. dead.
  44. Web site: Recessive and Dominant Genes. Weatherly's Miniature Dachshunds. 19 November 2009.
  45. Book: Adamson, Eve . Dachshunds for Dummies . For Dummies . 2007 . 2nd . 231 . 978-0-470-22968-2.
  46. Web site: Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia. Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. ufaw.org.uk. 10 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150211130732/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/IMMUNEMEDIATEDTHROMBOCYTOPENIADACHSHUNDS.php. 11 February 2015. dead.
  47. Book: Adamson, Eve . Dachshunds for Dummies . For Dummies . 2007 . 2nd . 232 . 978-0-470-22968-2.
  48. Gresky C, Hamann H, Distl O . [Influence of inbreeding on litter size and the proportion of stillborn puppies in dachshunds] . de . Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. . 118 . 3–4 . 134–9 . 2005 . 15803761 .
  49. KATO . Kumiko . SASAKI . Nobuo . MATSUNAGA . Satoru . NISHIMURA . Ryohei . OGAWA . Hiroyuki . Incidence of Canine Glaucoma with Goniodysplasia in Japan: A Retrospective Study . Journal of Veterinary Medical Science . Japanese Society of Veterinary Science . 68 . 8 . 2006 . 0916-7250 . 10.1292/jvms.68.853 . 853–858. free . 16953087 .
  50. Book: Rhodes . Karen Helton . Werner . Alexander H. . Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion . Wiley-Blackwell . Ames, Iowa . 2011-01-25 . 978-0-8138-1596-1 . 148.
  51. INOUE . Mai . KWAN . Nigel C. L. . SUGIURA . Katsuaki . Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data . Journal of Veterinary Medical Science . Japanese Society of Veterinary Science . 80 . 7 . 2018 . 0916-7250 . 10.1292/jvms.17-0384 . 1153–1158. 29798968 . 6068313 .
  52. McMillan . Kirsten M. . Bielby . Jon . Williams . Carys L. . Upjohn . Melissa M. . Casey . Rachel A. . Christley . Robert M. . Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death . Scientific Reports . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 14 . 1 . 2024-02-01 . 2045-2322 . 10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w . 531. 38302530 . 10834484 .
  53. Roccaro . Mariana . Salini . Romolo . Pietra . Marco . Sgorbini . Micaela . Gori . Eleonora . Dondi . Maurizio . Crisi . Paolo E. . Conte . Annamaria . Dalla Villa . Paolo . Podaliri . Michele . Ciaramella . Paolo . Di Palma . Cristina . Passantino . Annamaria . Porciello . Francesco . Gianella . Paola . Guglielmini . Carlo . Alborali . Giovanni L. . Rota Nodari . Sara . Sabatelli . Sonia . Peli . Angelo . Factors related to longevity and mortality of dogs in Italy . Preventive Veterinary Medicine . 225 . 2024 . 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106155 . 106155. free . 11585/961937 . free .
  54. Egenvall . A . Bonnett . Bn . Hedhammar . å . Olson . P . Mortality in over 350,000 Insured Swedish Dogs from 1995–2000: II. Breed-Specific Age and Survival Patterns and Relative Risk for Causes of Death . Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica . 46 . 3 . 2005-09-30 . 1751-0147 . 16261925 . 1624818 . 10.1186/1751-0147-46-121 . free .
  55. Web site: Dachshund History Queen Victoria . https://archive.today/20140531034424/http://smalldogbreedsinformation.com/dachshund/ . dead . 31 May 2014 . Dachshund History Sub Category . 3 May 2014 .
  56. Der vollkommene teutsche Jäger (The Complete German Hunter), Johann Friedrich von Flemming, 1719–1724, Leipzig.
  57. October 14, 1875. THE CHAMPION DACHSHUND, MANN. Forest and Stream; A Journal of Outdoor Life, Travel, Nature Study, Shooting, Fishing, Yachting (1873–1930). 149. ProQuest.
  58. Web site: Dachshund Breed Information: History, Health, Pictures, and more. www.easypetmd.com. en. 2018-03-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023802/http://www.easypetmd.com/doginfo/dachshund. 27 March 2018. dead.
  59. Web site: Dach-Facts: Double Dapple Health Risks. https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023841/https://dachshundbreedcouncil.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/dach-facts-dapple1.pdf . 2018-03-27 . live. www.dachshundbreedcouncil.org.uk.
  60. Web site: Brown. Adverd. A Brief History of the Breed. 28 October 2009. TwoDogZoo.com.
  61. Web site: History and Development . Dachshund Club of America . 16 June 2009.
  62. Web site: Dachshund Dog Breed Origins . 5StarDog . 16 June 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090909152551/http://www.5stardog.com/dog-breeds-dachshund.asp . 9 September 2009 . dead .
  63. Book: Loeffler, William . Shields . George O. . The American Book of the Dog . Dachshunds . 217–239 . https://books.google.com/books?id=14JCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA217 . Cassell and Co . University of California . 1891.
  64. Web site: Dachshund History: The Badger Dog's Fascinating Past . June 20, 2024 . American Kennel Club.
  65. News: Political Cartoon for War Bonds . The New York Times . 5 April 1943.
  66. Book: Green, Graham . A Sort of Life . 49 .
  67. Web site: Meet the Mascots: Waldi (Munich 1972) . Whelliston, Kyle . 8 July 2008 . Swifter Higher . 7 January 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100308075540/http://swifterhigher.com/2008/07/meet-the-mascots-waldi-munich.php. 8 March 2010 .
  68. Web site: Mercker . Jan . 19 September 2017 . Short on Legs, Long on Competition: It's the 2017 Wiener Dog Races . Loudoun Now.
  69. Web site: Earthdog Den Trials . Canada's Guide to Dogs . 16 June 2009.
  70. http://www.dtk1888.de/fragen.html FAQ of the German Teckelclub on the naming issue
  71. Web site: AKC Dog Registration Statistics . American Kennel Club . 2 December 2022.
  72. Web site: 2006 AKC Top Breeds By City . American Kennel Club . 24 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150218194740/http://www.akc.org/register/top-dogs-by-city/ . 18 February 2015 . dead .
  73. http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/lNKB8hiuk0G-0zQGZcI0fQ.aspx John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
  74. Web site: White House Pets Menu 1850 to 1889. Presidential Pet Museum. 30 April 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110724044040/http://www.presidentialpetmuseum.com/whitehousepets-3.htm. 24 July 2011. dead.
  75. Belozerskaya, Marina The Medici Giraffe (2006) 371.
  76. Web site: Lightness: E.B. White On Atomic Energy. 3 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20060420135118/http://www.trufax.org/paradigm/paradigm/lightness.html. 20 April 2006 .
  77. Bugliosi, Vincent Norton. 2007 pg 8
  78. Web site: Dachshunds in Pop Culture: Andy Warhol . Dachshundlove.blogspot.com . 17 November 2007 . 16 May 2012.
  79. Web site: College ArchaeologyArt History HistoryRome . David Hockney's Dog Days . Thamesandhudsonusa.com . 16 May 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110928005930/http://www.thamesandhudsonusa.com/new/fall06/528627.htm . 28 September 2011 . dead .
  80. Web site: 8 Curious Facts About Dachshunds. www.puppies.co.uk.
  81. News: Paterson. Tony. End of the line for Germany's Last Emperor. The Independent. 18 November 2012. 25 January 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131214233718/http://www.huisdoorn.nl/eng/. 14 December 2013. dmy-all.
  82. News: http://www.fontanka.ru/2009/07/25/007/. Zelenogorsk celebrates the 461st anniversary of its foundation . ru:Зеленогорск отмечает 461-ю годовщину со дня основания. 25 July 2009. Society. fontanka.ru. ru. 6 April 2018.
  83. [Robert Lee Scott, Jr.|Scott, Robert L. Jr.]
  84. Book: Golden, Eve . King, Bob. Golden Images: 41 Essays on Silent Film Stars. McFarland. 2001. 140. 0-7864-0834-0.
  85. Web site: Moxie: The Dachshund of Fallingwater . . Mill Run, PA, USA . 28 November 2011.
  86. Web site: Fallingwater Facts. Fallingwater. 26 January 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120415114237/http://www.fallingwater.org/38/fallingwater-facts. 15 April 2012. dmy-all.
  87. News: Bates . Stephen . See the queen by request or bump into her at a shop . 21 April 2022 . The Guardian . Guardian News & Media Limited . 14 April 2001.
  88. News: Madsen . Anders Christian . Meet Queen Margrethe Of Denmark, An Unsung Style Heroine . 21 April 2022 . Vogue . 2 Mary 2020 . Condé Nast.
  89. News: McCullagh . Suzanne . Royals and the adorable pets that are an integral part of their lives . 21 April 2022 . Hola . 10 June 2020 . Hola S.L..
  90. News: Nora Vanatta . Obese Dachshund takes on challenge of being Doxie version of 'Biggest Loser' . OregonLive.com . 3 October 2012 . 7 September 2012.
  91. News: Obie The Obese Dachshund: One Adorable Doxie's Mission To Lose 40 Pounds . Huffington Post . 3 October 2012 . Sarah . Medina . 10 September 2012.
  92. Web site: Obie the Dachshund reaches goal weight . KGW.com . 28 April 2014 . Jeff . Thompson . https://web.archive.org/web/20160221063256/http://www.kgw.com/home/Obie-the-Dachshund-reaches-goal-weight-217785851.html/ . 21 February 2016 . dead .
  93. Web site: A vigil for Carole. 16 January 2012.
  94. News: New York Times Animal Best-Sellers. The New York Times. 6 April 2018.
  95. Web site: CRUSOE THE CELEBRITY DACHSHUND. Shorty Awards. 6 April 2018.
  96. Web site: Wenger . Stephanie . 11 November 2018 . So Sweet! The Always Adorable Crusoe the Celebrity Dachshund Is Your People's Choice Awards Animal Star of 2018 . 9 April 2019 . E! News . NBC Universal.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Dachshund".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.