IEEE 802.11ac-2013 explained

IEEE 802.11ac-2013 or 802.11ac is a wireless networking standard in the IEEE 802.11 set of protocols (which is part of the Wi-Fi networking family), providing high-throughput wireless local area networks (WLANs) on the 5 GHz band. The standard has been retroactively labelled as Wi-Fi 5 by Wi-Fi Alliance.^{[1] [2]}

The specification has multi-station throughput of at least 1.1 gigabit per second (1.1 Gbit/s) and single-link throughput of at least 500 megabits per second (0.5 Gbit/s).^[3] This is accomplished by extending the air-interface concepts embraced by 802.11n: wider RF bandwidth (up to 160 MHz), more MIMO spatial streams (up to eight), downlink multi-user MIMO (up to four clients), and high-density modulation (up to 256-QAM).^{[4] [5]}

The Wi-Fi Alliance separated the introduction of 802.11ac wireless products into two phases ("waves"), named "Wave 1" and "Wave 2".^{[6] [7]} From mid-2013, the alliance started certifying Wave 1 802.11ac products shipped by manufacturers, based on the IEEE 802.11ac Draft 3.0 (the IEEE standard was not finalized until later that year).^[8] Subsequently in 2016, Wi-Fi Alliance introduced the Wave 2 certification, which includes additional features like MU-MIMO (down-link only), 160 MHz channel width support, support for more 5 GHz channels, and four spatial streams (with four antennas; compared to three in Wave 1 and 802.11n, and eight in IEEE's 802.11ax specification).^[9] It meant Wave 2 products would have higher bandwidth and capacity than Wave 1 products.^[10]

New technologies

New technologies introduced with 802.11ac include the following:^[11]

• Extended channel binding
  • Optional 160 MHz and mandatory 80 MHz channel bandwidth for stations; cf. 40 MHz maximum in 802.11n.
• More MIMO spatial streams
  • Support for up to eight spatial streams (vs. four in 802.11n)
• Downlink multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO, allows up to four simultaneous downlink MU-MIMO clients)
  • Multiple STAs, each with one or more antennas, transmit or receive independent data streams simultaneously.
    • Space-division multiple access (SDMA): streams not separated by frequency, but instead resolved spatially, analogous to 11n-style MIMO.
  • Downlink MU-MIMO (one transmitting device, multiple receiving devices) included as an optional mode.
• Modulation
  • 256-QAM, rate 3/4 and 5/6, added as optional modes (vs. 64-QAM, rate 5/6 maximum in 802.11n).
  • Some vendors offer a non-standard 1024-QAM mode, providing 25% higher data rate compared to 256-QAM
• Other elements/features
  • Beamforming with standardized sounding and feedback for compatibility between vendors (non-standard in 802.11n made it hard for beamforming to work effectively between different vendor products)
  • MAC modifications (mostly to support above changes)
  • Coexistence mechanisms for 20, 40, 80, and 160 MHz channels, 11ac and 11a/n devices
  • Adds four new fields to the PPDU header identifying the frame as a very high throughput (VHT) frame as opposed to 802.11n's high throughput (HT) or earlier. The first three fields in the header are readable by legacy devices to allow coexistence
  • DFS was mandated between channels 52 and 144 for 5 GHz to reduce interference with weather stations using the same frequency band.

Features

Mandatory

• Borrowed from the 802.11a/802.11g specifications:
  • 800 ns regular guard interval
  • Binary convolutional coding (BCC)
  • Single spatial stream
• Newly introduced by the 802.11ac specification:
  • 80 MHz channel bandwidths

Optional

• Borrowed from the 802.11n specification:
  • Two to four spatial streams
  • Low-density parity-check code (LDPC)
  • Space–time block coding (STBC)
  • Transmit beamforming (TxBF)
  • 400 ns short guard interval (SGI)
• Newly introduced by the 802.11ac specification:
  • five to eight spatial streams
  • 160 MHz channel bandwidths (contiguous 80+80)
  • 80+80 MHz channel bonding (discontiguous 80+80)
  • MCS 8/9 (256-QAM)

New scenarios and configurations

The single-link and multi-station enhancements supported by 802.11ac enable several new WLAN usage scenarios, such as simultaneous streaming of HD video to multiple clients throughout the home, rapid synchronization and backup of large data files, wireless display, large campus/auditorium deployments, and manufacturing floor automation.^[12]

To fully utilize their WLAN capacities, 802.11ac access points and routers have sufficient throughput to require the inclusion of a USB 3.0 interface to provide various services such as video streaming, FTP servers, and personal cloud services.^[13] With storage locally attached through USB 2.0, filling the bandwidth made available by 802.11ac was not easily accomplished.

Example configurations

All rates assume 256-QAM, rate 5/6:

Scenario	Typical client form factor	PHY link rate	Aggregate capacity (speed)
One-antenna AP, one-antenna STA, 80 MHz	Handheld	433 Mbit/s	433 Mbit/s
Two-antenna AP, two-antenna STA, 80 MHz	Tablet, laptop	867 Mbit/s	867 Mbit/s
One-antenna AP, one-antenna STA, 160 MHz	Handheld	867 Mbit/s	867 Mbit/s
Three-antenna AP, three-antenna STA, 80 MHz	Laptop, PC	1.30 Gbit/s	1.30 Gbit/s
Two-antenna AP, two-antenna STA, 160 MHz	Tablet, laptop	1.73 Gbit/s	1.73 Gbit/s
Four-antenna AP, four one-antenna STAs, 160 MHz (MU-MIMO)	Handheld	867 Mbit/s to each STA	3.39 Gbit/s
Eight-antenna AP, 160 MHz (MU-MIMO) one four-antenna STA one two-antenna STA two one-antenna STAs	Digital TV, Set-top Box, Tablet, Laptop, PC, Handheld	3.47 Gbit/s to four-antenna STA 1.73 Gbit/s to two-antenna STA 867 Mbit/s to each one-antenna STA	6.93 Gbit/s
Eight-antenna AP, four 2-antenna STAs, 160 MHz (MU-MIMO)	Digital TV, tablet, laptop, PC	1.73 Gbit/s to each STA	6.93 Gbit/s

Wave 1 vs. Wave 2

Wave 2, referring to products introduced in 2016, offers a higher throughput than legacy Wave 1 products, those introduced starting in 2013. The maximum physical layer theoretical rate for Wave 1 is 1.3 Gbit/s, while Wave 2 can reach 2.34 Gbit/s. Wave 2 can therefore achieve 1 Gbit/s even if the real world throughput turns out to be only 50% of the theoretical rate. Wave 2 also supports a higher number of connected devices.^[10]

Data rates and speed

+Modulation and coding schemes
MCS index	Spatial Streams	Modulation type	Coding rate	Data rate (Mbit/s)^[14]
				20 MHz channels		40 MHz channels		80 MHz channels		160 MHz channels
				800 ns	400 ns GI	800 ns GI	400 ns GI	800 ns GI	400 ns GI	800 ns GI	400 ns GI
0	1	BPSK	1/2	6.5	7.2	13.5	15	29.3	32.5	58.5	65
1	1	QPSK	1/2	13	14.4	27	30	58.5	65	117	130
2	1	QPSK	3/4	19.5	21.7	40.5	45	87.8	97.5	175.5	195
3	1	16-QAM	1/2	26	28.9	54	60	117	130	234	260
4	1	16-QAM	3/4	39	43.3	81	90	175.5	195	351	390
5	1	64-QAM	2/3	52	57.8	108	120	234	260	468	520
6	1	64-QAM	3/4	58.5	65	121.5	135	263.3	292.5	526.5	585
7	1	64-QAM	5/6	65	72.2	135	150	292.5	325	585	650
8	1	256-QAM	3/4	78	86.7	162	180	351	390	702	780
9	1	256-QAM	5/6			180	200	390	433.3	780	866.7
0	2	BPSK	1/2	13	14.4	27	30	58.5	65	117	130
1	2	QPSK	1/2	26	28.9	54	60	117	130	234	260
2	2	QPSK	3/4	39	43.3	81	90	175.5	195	351	390
3	2	16-QAM	1/2	52	57.8	108	120	234	260	468	520
4	2	16-QAM	3/4	78	86.7	162	180	351	390	702	780
5	2	64-QAM	2/3	104	115.6	216	240	468	520	936	1040
6	2	64-QAM	3/4	117	130.3	243	270	526.5	585	1053	1170
7	2	64-QAM	5/6	130	144.4	270	300	585	650	1170	1300
8	2	256-QAM	3/4	156	173.3	324	360	702	780	1404	1560
9	2	256-QAM	5/6			360	400	780	866.7	1560	1733.3
0	3	BPSK	1/2	19.5	21.7	40.5	45	87.8	97.5	175.5	195
1	3	QPSK	1/2	39	43.3	81	90	175.5	195	351	390
2	3	QPSK	3/4	58.5	65	121.5	135	263.3	292.5	526.5	585
3	3	16-QAM	1/2	78	86.7	162	180	351	390	702	780
4	3	16-QAM	3/4	117	130	243	270	526.5	585	1053	1170
5	3	64-QAM	2/3	156	173.3	324	360	702	780	1404	1560
6	3	64-QAM	3/4	175.5	195	364.5	405			1579.5	1755
7	3	64-QAM	5/6	195	216.7	405	450	877.5	975	1755	1950
8	3	256-QAM	3/4	234	260	486	540	1053	1170	2106	2340
9	3	256-QAM	5/6	260	288.9	540	600	1170	1300	2340	2600
0	4	BPSK	1/2	26	28.8	54	60	117.2	130	234	260
1	4	QPSK	1/2	52	57.6	108	120	234	260	468	520
2	4	QPSK	3/4	78	86.8	162	180	351.2	390	702	780
3	4	16-QAM	1/2	104	115.6	216	240	468	520	936	1040
4	4	16-QAM	3/4	156	173.2	324	360	702	780	1404	1560
5	4	64-QAM	2/3	208	231.2	432	480	936	1040	1872	2080
6	4	64-QAM	3/4	234	260	486	540	1053.2	1170	2106	2340
7	4	64-QAM	5/6	260	288.8	540	600	1170	1300	2340	2600
8	4	256-QAM	3/4	312	346.8	648	720	1404	1560	2808	3120
9	4	256-QAM	5/6			720	800	1560	1733.3	3120	3466.7

Several companies are currently offering 802.11ac chipsets with higher modulation rates: MCS-10 and MCS-11 (1024-QAM), supported by Quantenna and Broadcom. Although technically not part of 802.11ac, these new MCS indices became official in the 802.11ax standard, ratified in 2021.

160 MHz channels are unavailable in some countries due to regulatory issues that allocated some frequencies for other purposes.

Advertised speeds

802.11ac-class device wireless speeds are often advertised as AC followed by a number, that number being the highest link rates in Mbit/s of all the simultaneously-usable radios in the device added up. For example, an AC1900 access point might have 600 Mbit/s capability on its 2.4 GHz radio and 1300 Mbit/s capability on its 5 GHz radio. No single client device could connect and achieve 1900 Mbit/s of throughput, but separate devices each connecting to the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radios could achieve combined throughput approaching 1900 Mbit/s. Different possible stream configurations can add up to the same AC number.

Type	2.4 GHz band Mbit/s	2.4 GHz band config [all 40 MHz]	5 GHz band Mbit/s	5 GHz band config [all 80 MHz]
AC450^[15]	-	-	433	1 stream @ MCS 9
AC600	150	1 stream @ MCS 7	433	1 stream @ MCS 9
AC750	300	2 streams @ MCS 7	433	1 stream @ MCS 9
AC1000	300	2 streams @ MCS 7	650	2 streams @ MCS 7
AC1200	300	2 streams @ MCS 7	867	2 streams @ MCS 9
AC1300	400	2 streams @ 256-QAM	867	2 streams @ MCS 9
AC1300^[16]	-	-	1,300	3 streams @ MCS 9
AC1350^[17]	450	3 streams @ MCS 7	867	2 streams @ MCS 9
AC1450	450	3 streams @ MCS 7	975	3 streams @ MCS 7
AC1600	300	2 streams @ MCS 7	1,300	3 streams @ MCS 9
AC1700	800	4 streams @ 256-QAM	867	2 streams @ MCS 9
AC1750	450	3 streams @ MCS 7	1,300	3 streams @ MCS 9
AC1900	600	3 streams @ 256-QAM	1,300	3 streams @ MCS 9
AC2100	800	4 streams @ 256-QAM	1,300	3 streams @ MCS 9
AC2200	450	3 streams @ MCS 7	1,733	4 streams @ MCS 9
AC2300	600	4 streams @ MCS 7	1,625	3 streams @ 1024-QAM
AC2400	600	4 streams @ MCS 7	1,733	4 streams @ MCS 9
AC2600	800	4 streams @ 256-QAM	1,733	4 streams @ MCS 9
AC2900	750	3 streams @ 1024-QAM	2,167	4 streams @ 1024-QAM
AC3000	450	3 streams @ MCS 7	1,300 + 1,300	3 streams @ MCS 9 x 2
AC3150	1000	4 streams @ 1024-QAM	2,167	4 streams @ 1024-QAM
AC3200	600	3 streams @ 256-QAM	1,300 + 1,300	3 streams @ MCS 9 x 2
AC5000	600	4 streams @ MCS 7	2,167 + 2,167	4 streams @ 1024-QAM x 2
AC5300^[18]	1000	4 streams @ 1024-QAM	2,167 + 2,167	4 streams @ 1024-QAM x 2

Products

Commercial routers and access points

Quantenna released the first 802.11ac chipset for retail Wi-Fi routers and consumer electronics on November 15, 2011.^[19] Redpine Signals released the first low power 802.11ac technology for smartphone application processors on December 14, 2011.^[20] On January 5, 2012, Broadcom announced its first 802.11ac Wi-Fi chips and partners^[21] and on April 27, 2012, Netgear announced the first Broadcom-enabled router.^[22] On May 14, 2012, Buffalo Technology released the world’s first 802.11ac products to market, releasing a wireless router and client bridge adapter.^[23] On December 6, 2012, Huawei announced commercial availability of the industry's first enterprise-level 802.11ac Access Point.^[24]

Motorola Solutions is selling 802.11ac access points including the AP 8232.^[25] In April 2014, Hewlett-Packard started selling the HP 560 access point in the controller-based WLAN enterprise market segment.^[26]

Commercial laptops

On June 7, 2012, it was reported that Asus had unveiled its ROG G75VX gaming notebook, which would be the first consumer-oriented notebook to be fully compliant with 802.11ac^[27] (albeit in its "draft 2.0" version).

Apple began implementing 802.11ac starting with the MacBook Air in June 2013,^{[28] [29]} followed by the MacBook Pro and Mac Pro later that year.^{[30] [31]}

Hewlett-Packard incorporates 802.11ac compliance in laptop computers.^[32]

Commercial handsets (partial list)

Vendor	Model	Release Date	Chipset	Notes
		March 22, 2013	BCM4335 ^[33]	First 802.11ac-enabled handset announced February 19, 2013^[34]
		April 26, 2013	BCM4335 ^[35]
Samsung		September 25, 2013	BCM4339 ^[36]	Subsequent Devices Include 802.11ac
		October 2013^[37]	BCM4339 ^[38]	BCM4339 is the updated version of the BCM4335
		November 2013^[39]	WCN3680	First 802.11ac-enabled Windows Phone
Nokia		February 20, 2014^[40]	WCN3680	Lumia 930 is Europe version of the same phone, also with 802.11ac
		March 25, 2014	WCN3680 ^[41]
Samsung		April 11, 2014	BCM4354^[42]
LG		September 18, 2013	AWL9581 ^[43]
LG		May 23, 2014	BCM4339 ^[44]
		July 25, 2014 ^[45]	WCN3680 ^[46]
Samsung		June 18, 2014	QCA6174
Samsung		September 7, 2014	E702A7^[47]
		September 19, 2014	BCM4345^[48]	First 802.11ac-enabled iOS devices
		October 16, 2014	BCM4356^[49]
Samsung		October 10, 2014	BCM4358^[50]
Samsung		August 21, 2015	BCM4359 ^[51]

Commercial tablets

Vendor	Model	Release Date	Chipset	Notes
		June 20, 2014	Avastar 88W8897	802.11ac-enabled touchscreen computing device
		October 24, 2014	Broadcom BCM4350	First 802.11ac-enabled iOS tablet device
		November 3, 2014		2x2 MIMO

Chipsets

Vendor	Part #	Streams			256-QAM	Applications
Broadcom	BCM43602	3				routers, laptops
Broadcom	BCM4360	3				routers, laptops
Broadcom	BCM43569	2				DTV
Broadcom	BCM4352	2				tablets
Broadcom	BCM4350	2				tablets
Broadcom	BCM4356	2				handsets, tablets
Broadcom	BCM4354	2				handsets, tablets
Broadcom	BCM4339	1				handsets
Broadcom	BCM4335	1				handsets
Broadcom	BCM4359	2				handsets
Broadcom	BCM43455	1				handsets
	Avastar 88W8897	2				tablets
Marvell	Avastar 88W8864	3				routers
Qualcomm	WCN3680	1				handsets
Qualcomm		2				tablets
Qualcomm	QCA9880	3				home routers
Qualcomm		3				enterprise routers
Qualcomm	QCA9892	2				tablets, PtP Links
Qualcomm		4				enterprise access points
Qualcomm	QCA9992	3				enterprise access points
	MT7610	1				PC (PCIe or USB)
MediaTek	MT7650	1				handsets
MediaTek	MT7612E	2				laptops (PCIe 2.0)
MediaTek		2				laptops (USB 3.0)
Quantenna	QAC2300	4				routers
	RS9117	1				handsets
Redpine Signals	RS9333	3				routers
Realtek	RTL8811AU	1				adapter (USB 2.0)
Realtek	RTL8812AU	2				adapter (USB 3.0)
Intel	AC-3160	1				laptops
Intel	AC-7260	2				laptops

See also

• IEEE 802.11ad

External links

• 802.11ac Technology Introduction white paper
• MIMO 802.11ac Test Architectures
• 802.11ac: The Fifth Generation of Wi-Fi Technical Paper
• 802.11ac primer
• Intel Wireless Products Selection Guide

Notes and References

1. Web site: Wi-Fi Alliance introduces Wi-Fi 6 .
2. Web site: Here Come Wi-Fi 4, 5 and 6 in Plan to Simplify 802.11 Networking Names – The Wi-Fi Alliance Wants to Make Wireless Networks Easier to Understand and Recognize . Shankland . Stephen . 2018-10-03 . . 2020-02-13 .
3. Van Nee. Richard. 2011. Breaking the Gigabit-per-second barrier with 802.11ac . IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine.
4. Web site: Cheat Sheet: What You Need to Know about 802.11ac . Kassner . Michael . 2013-06-18 . . 2013-06-20 .
5. Web site: 802.11ac: A Survival Guide . Chimera.labs.oreilly.com . 2014-04-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170703105148/http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001739/ch04.html . 2017-07-03 . dead .
6. Web site: 802.11AC WAVE 2 A XIRRUS WHITE PAPER.
7. Web site: 802.11ac Wi-Fi Part 2: Wave 1 and Wave 2 Products.
8. Web site: 802.11ac: The Fifth Generation of Wi-Fi Technical White Paper. March 2014. Cisco.
9. Web site: Wi-Fi Alliance launches 802.11ac Wave 2 certification. RCR Wireless. 29 June 2016.
10. Web site: 6 things you need to know about 802.11ac Wave 2 . techrepublic.com . 2016-07-13 . 2018-07-26.
11. IEEE 802.11ac: from channelization to multi-user MIMO. 2013-10-08 . 10.1109/MCOM.2013.6619570. Bejarano. Oscar. Knightly. Edward. Park. Minyoung. IEEE Communications Magazine. 51. 10. 84–90. 317094 .
12. Web site: 802.11ac Usage Models Document . 2008-11-10 . Rolf . de Vegt.
13. Web site: ASUS RT-AC56U & USB-AC56 802.11AC Review . Hardwarecanucks.com . 2014-04-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140424061000/http://www.hardwarecanucks.com/forum/hardware-canucks-reviews/63773-asus-rt-ac56u-usb-ac56-802-11ac-review.html . 2014-04-24 . dead .
14. Web site: IEEE Std 802.11ac™-2013 - 22.5 Parameters for VHT-MCSs . IEEE . 2015-04-13 . 323–339 . 2013-12-11.
15. Web site: AC580 USB Wireless Adapter Roundup . SmallNetBuilder.com . 2014-11-04 . 2018-01-02.
16. Web site: Linksys WUMC710 Wireless-AC Universal Media Connector Reviewed . SmallNetBuilder.com . 2014-01-28 . 2016-08-08.
17. Web site: Archer C59. TP-LINK.com. 2017-03-19. 2017-03-19.
18. Web site: Ngo . Dong . Netgear R8500 Nighthawk X8 AC5300 Smart WiFi Router review . CNET.com . 2016-08-08.
19. Quantenna Launches World's First 802.11ac Gigabit-Wireless Solution for Retail Wi-Fi Routers and Consumer Electronics . Quantenna . 2011-11-15 .
20. Redpine Signals Releases First Ultra Low Power 802.11ac Technology for Smartphone Application Processors . Redpine Signals . 2011-12-14 . 2013-03-15.
21. Broadcom Launches First Gigabit Speed 802.11ac Chips - Opens 2012 CES with 5th Generation (5G) Wi-Fi Breakthrough . Broadcom . 2012-01-05 . 2013-03-15.
22. Web site: Netgear's R6300 router is first to use Broadcom 802.11ac chipset, will ship next month for $200. Engadget. 10 September 2014.
23. Buffalo's 802.11ac Wireless Solutions Available Now . Buffalo Technology (via PRNewswire) . Austin, Texas . May 14, 2012 . 2013-03-15.
24. News: Huawei Announces Commercial Availability of Industry's First Enterprise-level 802.11ac Access Point. Huawei . 6 December 2012.
25. Web site: Motorola Modular Access Points Performance Review. broadbandlanding.com. en. 2017-03-02.
26. Web site: HP Launches the HP 560 802.11ac Access Point . HP . 2014-03-31 .
27. News: Asus gaming notebook first to feature full 802.11ac . Electronista . 2012-06-07. 2013-03-15.
28. News: Apple unveils new MacBook Air lineup with all-day battery life, 802.11ac Wi-Fi . . 2013-06-11. 2013-06-11.
29. Web site: Apple - Macbook Air. Apple.com. 10 September 2014.
30. Web site: MacBook Pro with Retina display - Technical Specifications. Apple . 10 January 2014.
31. Web site: Mac Pro - Technical Specifications. Apple . 10 January 2014.
32. Web site: HP ENVY TouchSmart 17-j043cl Notebook PC Product Specifications HP ENVY TouchSmart 17-j043cl Notebook PC . https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223411/http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?docname=c03904324&tmp_task=prodinfoCategory&cc=us&dlc=en&lc=en&product=5447282#N364 . 2014-02-21 . HP Support . 2014-04-17 .
33. Web site: HTC One Teardown . iFixit.com . 25 March 2013 . 2016-08-08.
34. Web site: HTC One M8 | HTC United States | HTC United States . Htc.com . 2016-08-08.
35. Web site: Inside the Samsung Galaxy S4 - Recent Teardowns. https://web.archive.org/web/20130427084156/http://www.chipworks.com/blog/recentteardowns/2013/04/25/inside-the-samsung-galaxy-s4/. dead. 27 April 2013. 27 April 2013. 15 May 2018.
36. Web site: Cellular, WiFi, Speaker & Noise Rejection - Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Review . Anandtech.com . 2016-08-08.
37. Web site: LG Nexus 5 - Full phone specifications . Gsmarena.com . 2016-08-08.
38. Web site: Nexus 5 Teardown . iFixit.com . 31 October 2013 . 2016-08-08.
39. Web site: Nokia Lumia 1520 Specifications - Microsoft - USA . Microsoft.com . 2014-07-23 . 2016-08-08.
40. Web site: Nokia Lumia Icon. Nokia . 2014-11-10.
41. Web site: HTC One (M8) Teardown . iFixit.com . 25 March 2014 . 2016-08-08.
42. Web site: Samsung Galaxy S5 Hits Stores, Chock Full of Broadcom Tech - Broadcom Connected. https://web.archive.org/web/20140422123554/http://blog.broadcom.com/wireless-technology/samsung-galaxy-s5-hits-stores-chock-full-of-broadcom-tech/. dead. 22 April 2014. 22 April 2014. 15 May 2018.
43. LG Electronics G2 Powered by ANADIGICS 802.11ac WiFi FEIC. https://web.archive.org/web/20140304052942/http://www.anadigics.com/news/press_releases/lg_electronics_g2_powered_anadigics_80211ac_wifi_feic. 2014-03-04. ANADIGICS. 2013-08-15.
44. Web site: First Look: LG G3 Teardown – uBreakiFix Blog . Ubreakifix.com . 2014-05-30 . 2016-08-08.
45. Web site: Amazon Fire Phone - 13MP Camera, 32GB - Shop Now . Amazon.com . 2016-08-08.
46. Web site: Amazon Fire Phone Teardown . iFixit.com . 25 July 2014 . 2016-08-08.
47. Web site: Samsung Note 4 & Alpha Teardown . Techinsights.com . 2014-09-10 . 2016-08-08.
48. Web site: Exclusive Video Teardown: Apple iPhone 6 | Electronics360 . Electronics360.globalspec.com . 2014-09-23 . 2016-08-08.
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51. Web site: Video Performance, WiFi Performance, and GNSS Performance - The Samsung Galaxy Note5 and Galaxy S6 edge+ Review . Anandtech.com . 2016-08-08.