| Whitney Plantation Historic District | |
| Nrhp Type: | hd |
| Nocat: | yes |
| Coordinates: | 30.0392°N -90.6506°W |
| Architecture: | Federal, French Creole |
| Added: | November 24, 1992 |
| Mpsub: | Louisiana's French Creole Architecture MPS |
| Refnum: | 92001566 |
The Whitney Plantation Historic District is preserved by the Whitney Institute, a non-profit whose mission is to educate the public about the history and legacies of slavery in the Southern United States. The district, including the main house and outbuildings, is preserved near Wallace, in St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana, on the River Road along the Mississippi River. What was originally known as Habitation Haydel' was founded in 1752 by Ambroise Heidal, one of the many German immigrants who colonized the river parishes in the 18th century. His descendants owned it until 1860.[1]
In 1867, after the Civil War, it was sold to businessman Bradish Johnson. He renamed it Whitney Plantation.[2]
The plantation was an 1,800-acre property. Today, 200 acres are occupied by the museum and historic district complex.[1] It opened to the public for the first time in December 2014. (The remaining acreage was sold off in the 1970s by the previous owners.) The museum was founded by John Cummings, a trial attorney from New Orleans who has spent more than $8 million of his own fortune on this long-term project. He worked on it for nearly 15 years.[3] The director of research is Dr. Ibrahima Seck, a Senegalese scholar specializing in the history of slavery.[1]
The grounds contain several memorial sites dedicated to the more than 100,000 men, women, and children who were enslaved in Louisiana. Original art commissioned by Cummings, such as life-size sculptures of children, were added to help tell the history of slavery. The sculptures are representative of people born into slavery before the Civil War.
Many survivors were interviewed as adults for the Federal Writers Project during the Great Depression in the 1930s. These oral histories of hundreds of the last survivors of slavery in the United States were collected and published by the federal government, to preserve their stories. The transcripts and some audio recordings are held by the Library of Congress.[4] [1] Mr. Cummings donated the entirety of the museum and land to a non-profit in 2019.
The French Creole raised-style main house, built in 1790, is an important architectural example in the state. The plantation has numerous outbuildings or "dependencies": a pigeonnier or dovecote, a plantation store, the only surviving French Creole barn in North America (ca. 1790), a detached kitchen, an overseer's house, a mule barn, and two slave dwellings.
The complex includes three archaeological sites.[5] [6] These have been subject to varying degrees of excavation and exploration.
The 1884 Mialaret House, and its associated buildings and property, were added to the complex by later purchase. They help to represent the long working history of the plantation. It extended well into the 20th century.[7] Some of the extensive land is still planted with sugarcane.
The Whitney Plantation historic district was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1992.[5] [6] It is one of 26 sites featured on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail.
The Whitney Plantation's land was first bought in 1752, by Ambroise Heidal, an immigrant from Germany. At some point his family changed the spelling of their surname to Haydel. Upon Ambroise's death, ownership of the land passed to his youngest son, Jean Jacques Haydel. In 1820, this son bequeathed the property to his own sons, who were named Jean Jacques Jr. and Marcellin. Jean Jacques Jr. and Marcellin later bought a plantation next to the property they had been given by their father. After Marcellin's death in 1839, his widow Marie Azélie Haydel ran the plantation during its most productive time. In this period, it was one of Louisiana's most profitable sugarcane businesses. Marie Haydel was one of Louisiana's largest slaveholders by the time she died in 1860.
Later, in 1867, after the American Civil War had ended, Bradish Johnson became the owner of the plantation. He renamed it as Whitney, in honor of his daughter who had married a man with that surname.
In the late 20th century John Cummings acquired the Whitney complex in 1999, holding it until 2019. He spent more than ten years restoring it before opening it to the public in 2014. He donated the Whitney in 2019, and it is now a 501(c)(3) organization governed by a board of directors.[8] [9] [10]