White South Africans Explained

Group:White South Africans
Wit Suid-Afrikaners
Pop: 4,504,252 (2022 census)[1]
7.27% of South Africa's population
Regions:Throughout South Africa, but mostly concentrated in urban areas. Population by provinces, as of the 2022 census:
Region1:Gauteng
Pop1:1,509,800
Region2:Western Cape
Pop2:1,217,807
Region3:KwaZulu-Natal
Pop3:513,377
Region4:Eastern Cape
Pop4:403,061
Region5:Free State
Pop5:235,915
Region6:Mpumalanga
Pop6:185,731
Region7:North West
Pop7:171,887
Region8:Limpopo
Pop8:167,524
Region9:Northern Cape
Pop9:99,150
Languages:Afrikaans (57.9%)English (40.2%)
Religions:Majority: Christianity (85.6%)
Minority: Irreligion (8.9%)Other (4.6%)
Related Groups:White Zimbabweans, White Namibians, Afrikaners, French Huguenots, Germans, Coloureds, British diaspora in Africa, South African diaspora, other White Africans

White South Africans are South Africans of European descent. In linguistic, cultural, and historical terms, they are generally divided into the Afrikaans-speaking descendants of the Dutch East India Company's original colonists, known as Afrikaners, and the Anglophone descendants of predominantly British colonists of South Africa. In 2016, 57.9% were native Afrikaans speakers, 40.2% were native English speakers, and 1.9% spoke another language as their mother tongue,[2] such as Portuguese, Greek, or German. White South Africans are by far the largest population of White Africans. White was a legally defined racial classification during apartheid.[3]

Most Afrikaners trace their ancestry back to colonists in the mid-17th century and have developed a separate cultural identity, including a distinct language. These colonists included Huguenots who emigrated from France (see Huguenots in South Africa) and Walloons who emigrated from present-day Belgium.

The majority of English-speaking White South Africans trace their ancestry to the 1820 British, Irish, and Dutch colonists. The remainder of the White South African population consists of later immigrants from Europe such as Greeks and Norwegians. Portuguese immigrants arrived after the collapse of the Portuguese colonial administrations in Angola and Mozambique, although many also originate from Madeira.[4] [5] [6]

History

Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to explore Southern Africa (the Cape of Good Hope and the Cape Agulhas) in 1488.[7]

The history of white settlement in South Africa started in 1652 with the settlement of the Cape of Good Hope by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) under Jan van Riebeeck.[8] Despite the preponderance of officials and colonists from the Netherlands, there were also a number of French Huguenots fleeing religious persecution at home and German soldiers or sailors returning from service in Asia.[9] The Cape Colony remained under Dutch rule for two more centuries, after which it was annexed by the United Kingdom around 1806.[10] At that time, South Africa was home to about 26,000 people of European ancestry, a relative majority of whom were still of Dutch origin.[10] However, the Dutch settlers grew into conflict with the British government over the abolition of the slave trade and limits on colonial expansion into African lands. In order to prevent a frontier war, the British Parliament decided to send British settlers to start farms on the eastern frontier.[11] Beginning in 1818 thousands of British settlers arrived in the growing Cape Colony, intending to join the local workforce or settle directly on the frontier.[10] Ironically most of the farms failed due to the difficult terrain, forcing the British settlers to encroach on African land in order to practise pastoralism. About a fifth of the Cape's original Dutch-speaking white population migrated eastwards during the Great Trek in the 1830s and established their own autonomous Boer republics further inland.[12] Nevertheless, the population of white ancestry (mostly European origin) continued increasing in the Cape as a result of settlement, and by 1865 had reached 181,592 people.[13] Between 1880 and 1910, there was an influx of Jews (mainly via Lithuania) and immigrants from Lebanon and Syria arriving in South Africa. Recent immigrants from the Levant region of Western Asia were originally classified as Asian, and thus "non-white", but, in order to have the right to purchase land, they successfully argued that they were "white". The main reason being that they were Caucasian and from the lands where Christianity and Judaism originated from, and that the race laws did not target Jews, who were also a Semitic people. Therefore arguing that if the laws targeted other people from the Levant, it should also affect the Jews.[14] [15]

The first nationwide census in South Africa was held in 1911 and indicated a white population of 1,276,242. By 1936, there were an estimated 2,003,857 white South Africans, and by 1946 the number had reached 2,372,690.[14] The country began receiving tens of thousands of European immigrants, namely from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Greece, and the territories of the Portuguese Empire during the mid- to late twentieth century.[16] South Africa's white population increased to over 3,408,000 by 1965, reached 4,050,000 in 1973, and peaked at 5,044,000 in 1990.[17]

The number of white South Africans resident in their home country began gradually declining between 1990 and the mid-2000s as a result of increased emigration.

Apartheid era

See also: Population Registration Act, 1950. Under the Population Registration Act of 1950, each inhabitant of South Africa was classified into one of several different race groups, of which White was one. The Office for Race Classification defined a white person as one who "in appearance obviously is, or who is generally accepted as a white person, but does not include a person who, although in appearance obviously a white person, is generally accepted as a coloured person." Many criteria, both physical (e.g. examination of head and body hair) and social (e.g. eating and drinking habits, a native speaker of English, Afrikaans or another European language) were used when the board decided to classify someone as white or coloured.[3] The Act was repealed on 17 June 1991.

Post-apartheid era

Black Economic Empowerment legislation further empowers blacks as the government considers ownership, employment, training and social responsibility initiatives, which empower black South Africans, as important criteria when awarding tenders; private enterprises also must adhere to this legislation.[18] Some reports indicate a growing number of whites in poverty compared to the pre-apartheid years and attribute this to such laws – a 2006 article in The Guardian stated that over 350,000 Afrikaners may be classified as poor, and alluded to research claiming that up to 150,000 were struggling for survival.[19] [20]

As a consequence of Apartheid policies, Whites are still widely regarded as being one of 4 defined race groups in South Africa. These groups (blacks, whites, Coloureds and Indians) still tend to have strong racial identities, and to identify themselves, and others, as members of these race groups[21] [3] and the classification continues to persist in government policy due to attempts at redress like Black Economic Empowerment and Employment Equity.[3]

Diaspora and emigration

Since the 1990s, there has been a significant emigration of whites from South Africa. Between 1995 and 2005, more than one million South Africans emigrated, citing violence as the main reason, as well as the lack of employment opportunities for whites.[22]

Current trends

In recent decades, there has been a steady proportional decline in South Africa's white community, due to higher birthrates among other South African ethnic groups, as well as a high rate of emigration. In 1977, there were 4.3 million whites, constituting 16.4% of the population at the time. As of 2008, it was estimated that at least 800,000 white South Africans had emigrated since 1995.[23]

Like many other communities strongly affiliated with the West and Europe's colonial legacy in Africa, white South Africans were in the past often economically better off than their black African neighbours and have surrendered political dominance to majority rule. There were also some white Africans in South Africa who lived in poverty—especially during the 1930s and increasingly since the end of minority rule. Current estimates of white poverty in South Africa run as high as 12%, though fact-checking website Africa Check described these figures as "grossly inflated" and suggested that a more accurate estimate was that "only a tiny fraction of the white population – as few as 7,754 households – are affected."[24]

The new phenomenon of white poverty is mostly blamed on the government's affirmative action employment legislation, which reserves 80% of new jobs for black people[25] and favours companies owned by black people (see Black Economic Empowerment). In 2010, Reuters stated that 450,000 whites live below the poverty line according to Solidarity and civil organisations,[26] with some research saying that up to 150,000 are struggling for survival.[27] However, the proportion of white South Africans living in poverty is still much lower than for other groups in the country, since approximately 50% of the general population fall below the upper-bound poverty line.[28]

A further concern has been crime. Some white South Africans living in affluent white suburbs, such as Sandton, have been affected by the 2008 13.5% rise in house robberies and associated crime.[29] In a study, Johan Burger, senior researcher at the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), said that criminals were specifically targeting wealthier suburbs. Burger explained that several affluent suburbs are surrounded by poorer residential areas and that inhabitants in the latter often target inhabitants in the former. The report also found that residents in wealthy suburbs in Gauteng were not only at more risk of being targeted but also faced an inflated chance of being murdered during the robbery.[30]

The global financial crisis slowed the high rates of white people emigrating overseas and has led to increasing numbers of white emigrants returning to live in South Africa. Charles Luyckx, CEO of Elliot International and a board member of the Professional Movers Association, stated in December 2008 that emigration numbers had dropped by 10% in the six months prior. Meanwhile, "people imports" had increased by 50%.[31] In May 2014, Homecoming Revolution estimated that around 340,000 white South Africans had returned to South Africa in the preceding decade.[32]

Furthermore, immigration from Europe has also supplemented the white population. The 2011 census found that 63,479 white people living in South Africa were born in Europe; of these, 28,653 had moved to South Africa since 2001.[33]

At the end of apartheid in 1994, 85% of South Africa's arable land was owned by whites.[34] The land reform program introduced after the end of apartheid intended that, within 20 years, 30% of white-owned commercial farm land should be transferred to black owners. Thus, in 2011, the farmers' association, Agri South Africa, coordinated efforts to resettle farmers throughout the African continent. The initiative offered millions of hectares from 22 African countries that hoped to spur development of efficient commercial farming.[35] The 30 percent target was not close to being met by the 2014 deadline.[36] According to a 2017 government audit, 72% of the nation's private farmland is owned by white people.[37] In February 2018, the Parliament of South Africa passed a motion to review the property ownership clause of the constitution, to allow for the expropriation of land, in the public interest, without compensation,[38] which was supported within South Africa's ruling African National Congress on the grounds that the land was originally seized by whites without just compensation.[39] In August 2018, the South African government began the process of taking two white-owned farmlands.[40] Western Cape ANC secretary Faiez Jacobs referred to the property clause amendment as a "stick" to force dialogue about the transfer of land ownership, with the hope of accomplishing the transfer "in a way that is orderly and doesn't create a 'them' and 'us' [situation]."[41]

Demographics

See also: Distribution of white South Africans.

White South Africans 1904-2022
YearPopulation% of
South Africa
19041,116,805 21.58%
19211,519,488 21.93%
19362,003,857 20.90%
19603,088,492 19.30%
19703,792,848 16.86%
19964,434,697 10.93%
20014,293,640 9.58%
20114,586,838 8.86%
20224,504,252 7.27%
Source: South African census[42]

The Statistics South Africa Census 2011 showed that there were about 4,586,838 white people in South Africa, amounting to 8.9% of the country's population.[43] This was a 6.8% increase since the 2001 census. According to the Census 2011, Afrikaans was the first language of 61% of White South Africans, while English was the first language of 36%. The majority of white South Africans identify themselves as primarily South African, regardless of their first language or ancestry.[44] [45]

Religion

Approximately 87% of white South Africans are Christian, 9% are irreligious, and 1% are Jewish. The largest Christian denomination is the Dutch Reformed Church (NGK), with 23% of the white population being members. Other significant denominations are the Methodist Church (8%), the Roman Catholic Church (7%), and the Anglican Church (6%).[46]

Migrations

Meanwhile, many white South Africans have also emigrated to Western countries over the past two decades, mainly to English-speaking countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. However, the financial crisis has slowed the rate of emigration and in May 2014, the Homecoming Revolution estimated that around 340,000 white South Africans had returned in the preceding decade.[32]

Distribution

According to Statistics South Africa, white South Africans comprised 7.7% of the total population of South Africa in 2022. Their proportional share in municipalities may be higher than census figures indicate, given an undercount in the 2001 census.[47]

The following table shows the distribution of white people by province, according to the 2011 census:[48]

ProvinceWhite pop. (2001)White pop. (2011)White pop. (2022)% province (2001)% province (2011)% province (2022)change 2001–2011change 2011–2022% total whites (2011)% total whites (2022)
Eastern Cape305,837310,450403,061 4.94.75.6align=right-0.2 +0.9 6.88.9
Free State238,789239,026235,9158.88.78.0align=right-0.1 align=right-0.7 5.25.2
Gauteng1,768,0411,913,8841,509,80018.815.610.0align=right-3.2 align=right-5.6 41.733.5
KwaZulu-Natal482,115428,842513,3775.04.24.1align=right-0.8 align=right-0.1 9.311.4
Limpopo132,420139,359167,5242.72.62.5align=right-0.1 align=right-0.1 3.03.7
Mpumalanga197,079303,595185,731 5.97.53.6+1.6 align=right-3.9 6.64.1
North West233,935255,385171,8877.87.34.5align=right-0.5 align=right-2.8 5.63.8
Northern Cape102,51981,24699,15010.37.17.3align=right-3.2 +0.2 1.82.2
Western Cape832,902915,0531,217,80718.415.716.0align=right-2.7 +0.3 19.927.0
Total4,293,6404,586,8384,504,2529.68.97.3align=right-0.7 align=right-1.6 100.0100.0

2022 Census Accuracy Controversy

After the publication of the census results it was reported that the undercount rate was 31%. The high undercount rate was reported as an issue of concern as it raised questions about the accuracy of the number of white, Indian, foreign-born and homeless people recorded in the census.[49]

Politics

Former South African President Jacob Zuma commented in 2009 on Afrikaners being "the only white tribe in a black continent or outside of Europe which is truly African", and said that "of all the white groups that are in South Africa, it is only the Afrikaners that are truly South Africans in the true sense of the word."[50] These remarks have led to the Centre for Constitutional Rights (CCR) laying a complaint with the Human Rights Commission against Zuma. According to the CCR's spokesman, Zuma's remarks constituted "unfair discrimination against non-Afrikaans-speaking, white South Africans....."[51]

In 2015, a complaint was investigated for hate speech against Jacob Zuma who said "You must remember that a man called Jan van Riebeeck arrived here on 6 April 1652, and that was the start of the trouble in this country."[52]

Former South African President Thabo Mbeki stated in one of his speeches to the nation that: "South Africa belongs to everyone who lives in it. Black and White."[53]

Prior to 1994, a white minority held complete political power under a system of racial segregation called apartheid. During apartheid, immigrants from Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan were considered honorary whites in the country, as the government had maintained diplomatic relations with these countries. These were granted the same privileges as white people, at least for purposes of residence.[54] Some African Americans such as Max Yergan were granted an "honorary white" status as well.[55]

Statistics

Historical population

Statistics for the white population in South Africa vary greatly. Most sources show that the white population peaked in the period between 1989 and 1995 at around 5.2 to 5.6 million. Up to that point, the white population largely increased due to high birth rates and immigration. Subsequently, between the mid-1990s and the mid-2000s, the white population decreased overall. However, from 2006 to 2013, the white population increased.

Year White population % of total population Source
17011,265-Cape Colony (excluding indentured servants)[56]
179514,292-Cape Colony (excluding indentured servants)
1904 1,116,805 21.6% 1904 Census
1911 1,270,000 22.7% 1911 Census
1960 3,088,492 19.3% 1960 Census
1961 3,117,000 19.1% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1961
1962 3,170,000 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1962
1963 3,238,000 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1963
1964 3,323,000 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1964
1965 3,398,000 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1965
1966 3,481,000 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1966
1967 3,563,000 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1967
1968 3,639,000 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1968
1969 3,728,000 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1969
1970 3,792,848 17.1% 1970 Census
1971 3,920,000 17.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1971
1972 4,005,000 16.9% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1972
1973 4,082,000 16.8% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1973
1974 4,160,000 16.7% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1974
1975 4,256,000 16.8% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1975
1976 4,337,000 18.2% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1976
1977 4,396,000 17.9% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1977
1978 4,442,000 18.5% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1978
1979 4,485,000 18.4% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1979
1980 4,522,000 18.1% 1980 Census
1981 4,603,000 18.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1981
1982 4,674,000 18.3% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1982
1983 4,748,000 18.2% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1983
1984 4,809,000 17.7% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1984
1985 4,867,000 17.5% 1985 Census
1986 4,900,000 17.3% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1986
1991 5,068,300 13.4% 1991 Census
1992 5,121,000 13.2% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1992
1993 5,156,000 13.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1993
1994 5,191,000 12.8% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1994
1995 5,224,000 12.7% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1995
1996 4,434,697 10.9% South African National Census of 1996
1997 4,462,200 10.8% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1997
1998 4,500,400 10.7% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1998
1999 4,538,727 10.5% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1999
2000 4,521,664 10.4% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2000
2001 4,293,640 9.6% South African National Census of 2001
2002 4,555,289 10.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2002
2003 4,244,346 9.1% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2003
2004 4,434,294 9.5% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2004
2005 4,379,800 9.3% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2005
2006 4,365,300 9.2% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2006
2007 4,352,100 9.1% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2007
2008 4,499,200 9.2% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2008
2009 4,472,100 9.1% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2009
2010 4,584,700 9.2% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2010
2011 4,586,838 8.9% South African National Census of 2011
2013 4,602,400 8.7% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2013
2014 4,554,800 8.4% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2014
2015 4,534,000 8.3% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2015
2016 4,515,800 8.1% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2016
2017 4,493,500 8.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2017
2018 4,520,100 7.8% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2018
2019 4,652,006 7.9% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2019
2020 4,679,770 7.8% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2020
2021 4,662,459 7.8% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2021
2022 4,639,268 7.7% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2022

Fertility rates

Contraception among white South Africans is stable or slightly falling: 80% used contraception in 1990, and 79% used it in 1998.[57]

Year Total fertility rate[58] Source
1960 3.5 SARPN
1970 3.1 SARPN
1980 2.4 SARPN
1989 1.9 UN.org
1990 2.1 SARPN
1996 1.9 SARPN
1998 1.9 SARPN
2001[59] 1.8 hst.org.za
2006 1.8 hst.org.za
2011 1.7 Census 2011

Life expectancy

The average life expectancy at birth for males and females

Year Average life expectancy Male life expectancy Female life expectancy
1980[60] 70.3 66.8 73.8
1985[61] 71 ? ?
1997 73.5 70 77
2009[62] [63] 71 ? ?

Unemployment

Province White unemployment rate (strict)
Eastern Cape[64] 4.5%
Gauteng[65] 8.7%
KwaZulu-Natal[66] 8.0%
Limpopo[67] 8.0%
7.5%
Northern Cape[68] 4.5%
2.0%
Total

Income

Average annual household income by population group of the household head.[69] [70]

Population group Average income (2015) Average income (2011) Average income (2001)
WhiteR 444 446 (321.7%) R 365 134 (353.8%) R 193 820 (400.6%)
Indian/AsianR 271 621 (196.6%) R 251 541 (243.7%) R 102 606 (212.1%)
ColouredR 172 765 (125.0%) R 112 172 (108.7%) R 51 440 (106.3%)
AfricanR 92 983 (67.3%) R 60 613 (58.7%) R 22 522 (46.5%)
TotalR 138 168 (100%) R 103 204 (100%) R 48 385 (100%)

Percentage of workforce

Province Whites % of the workforce Whites % of population
10% 4%
Gauteng[71] 25% 18%
11% 6%
5% 2%
19% 12%
Western Cape[72] 22% 18%
Total

Languages

Language2016201120011996
Afrikaans57.9%align=right 60.8%59.1%57.7%
English40.2%35.9%39.3%38.6%
Other languages1.9%3.3%1.6%3.7%
Total100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%

Religion

Religion
Number Percentage (%)
align=left – Christianity3,726,26686.8%
– Dutch Reformed churches 1,450,86133.8%
– Pentecostal/Charismatic/Apostolic churches 578,09213.5%
343,1678.0%
– Catholic Church282,0076.6%
– Anglican Church250,2135.8%
– Other Reformed churches 143,438 3.3%
– Baptist churches 78,302 1.8%
– Presbyterian churches 74,158 1.7%
– Lutheran churches 25,972 0.6%
– Other Christian churches500,05611.6%
Judaism61,6731.4%
Islam8,4090.2%
Hinduism2,5610.1%
No religion377,007 8.8%
Other or undetermined117,721 2.7%
Total4,293,637100%

Notable White South Africans

Science and technology

Military

Royalty and aristocracy

Arts and media

Business

Politics

Sport

Other

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 10 October 2023 . Census 2022: Statistical Release . 12 October 2023 . statssa.gov.za . 6.
  2. Web site: South Africa – Community Survey 2016. www.datafirst.uct.ac.za. 25 November 2018.
  3. What's in a name? Racial categorisations under apartheid and their afterlife. https://web.archive.org/web/20061108101109/http://www.transformation.und.ac.za/issue%2047/47%20posel1.pdf . 8 November 2006 . Transformation. 0258-7696 . 2001. Posel. Deborah. 50–74.
  4. Book: Encyclopedia of the Developing World. 1707. 9781135205157 . Leonard . Thomas M. . 18 October 2013 . Routledge .
  5. Book: The SAGE Deaf Studies Encyclopedia. 242. 9781483346472 . Gertz . Genie . Boudreault . Patrick . 5 January 2016 . SAGE Publications .
  6. Book: Community and Conscience: The Jews in Apartheid South Africa. 9781584653295 . Shimoni . Gideon . 2003 .
  7. Web site: South Africa profile - Timeline - BBC News.
  8. Book: Hunt, John. Campbell. Heather-Ann. Dutch South Africa: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708. 2005. 13–35. University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia. 978-1904744955.
  9. Book: Keegan, Timothy. Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order. 1996. registration. 1996. 15–37. David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd. 978-0813917351.
  10. Book: Lloyd, Trevor Owen. The British Empire, 1558–1995. 1997. 201–203. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 978-0198731337.
  11. Book: Clark, Nancy L.. South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid. Routledge. William H. Worger. 2016. 978-1-138-12444-8. 3. Abingdon, Oxon. English. 883649263.
  12. Book: Greaves, Adrian. The Tribe that Washed its Spears: The Zulus at War. 2 September 2014. Barnsley. Pen & Sword Military. 2013. 36–55. 978-1629145136.
  13. Book: Census of the colony of the Cape of Good Hope. 1865. HathiTrust Digital Library. 1866. 24 September 2017. 11.
  14. Book: Shimoni, Gideon. Community and Conscience: The Jews in Apartheid South Africa. 2003. 1–4. University Press of New England. Lebanon, New Hampshire. 978-1584653295.
  15. Web site: The Struggle Of The Christian Lebanese For Land Ownership In South Africa. Maronite Institute. https://web.archive.org/web/20150512161002/http://maroniteinstitute.org/MARI/JMS/july00/The_Struggle.htm. 12 May 2015.
  16. Book: Kriger. Robert. Kriger. Ethel. Afrikaans Literature: Recollection, Redefinition, Restitution. 1997. 75–78. Rodopi BV. Amsterdam. 978-9042000513.
  17. Web site: Population of South Africa by population group. . Dammam. South African Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries. 2004. 20 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20050228135335/http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/abstract04/Population.pdf. 28 February 2005.
  18. Web site: Redirecting old link. https://web.archive.org/web/20100810232559/http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70714. 10 August 2010. 18 March 2015.
  19. Web site: Simon Wood meets the people who lost most when Mandela won in South Africa. The Guardian. 22 January 2006. 18 March 2015.
  20. Web site: Foreign Correspondent – 30/05/2006: South Africa – Poor Whites. ABC. 18 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20071205033500/http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2006/s1655159.htm. 5 December 2007. dead.
  21. Book: Pillay. Kathryn. The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity. Indian Identity in South Africa. 2019. 77–92. 10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_9. 978-981-13-2897-8. 239275825 .
  22. Web site: Million whites leave SA – study. 24.com. 5 June 2013. Peet van Aardt. https://web.archive.org/web/20080416135445/http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2003186. 16 April 2008. 24 September 2006.
  23. http://www.economist.com/node/12295535 White flight from South Africa | Between staying and going
  24. https://africacheck.org/reports/do-400-000-whites-live-in-squatter-camps-in-south-africa-the-answer-is-no/ Do 400,000 whites live in squatter camps in South Africa? No
  25. News: Race against time. Simon. Wood . The Guardian. London. 22 January 2006. 25 February 2013. Certainly the new phenomenon of white poverty is often blamed on the government's Affirmative Action employment legislation, which reserves 80 per cent of new jobs for blacks..
  26. News: Tough times for white South African squatters. Finbarr. O'Reilly. Reuters. 26 March 2010. 25 February 2013 . At least 450,000 white South Africans, 10 percent of the total white population, live below the poverty line.
  27. News: Race against time. Simon. Wood. The Guardian. London. 22 January 2006. 25 February 2013. some research claiming that up to 150,000 are destitute and struggling for survival.
  28. Web site: Five facts about poverty in South Africa Statistics South Africa. Africa. Statistics South. en-US. 24 August 2019.
  29. News: Criminals feel 'entitled' to steal . Hilda . Fourie . Beeld . Johannesburg . 2 July 2008 . 25 February 2013 . According to the police's latest crime statistics, which were announced at the Union Buildings on Monday, house robberies had increased countrywide by 13.5%..
  30. News: Criminals feel 'entitled' to steal. Hilda. Fourie. Beeld. Johannesburg. 2 July 2008. 25 February 2013. According to the report, Gautengers who live in richer neighbourhoods "like Brooklyn, Garsfontein, Sandton, Honeydew and Douglasdale, have a bigger chance of being targeted or murdered in house robberies"..
  31. https://web.archive.org/web/20081224005209/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=908437 Coming Home
  32. News: Jane Flanagan. Why white South Africans are coming home. Bbc.co.uk. 3 May 2014. 15 January 2016. live. https://archive.today/20140503091419/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27252307. 3 May 2014.
  33. Web site: Community Profiles > Census 2011 > Migration . Statistics South Africa . 31 August 2013.
  34. Web site: Land Debate: The Facts Are on the Table. Agri SA. 2 March 2018. 1 November 2017.
  35. Web site: Boers are moving north — News — Mail & Guardian Online. Mg.co.za. 3 May 2011. 28 September 2011.
  36. Book: Cherryl Walker. Pallotti. Arrigo. Engel. Ulf. South Africa after Apartheid: Policies and Challenges of the Democratic Transition. 2016. Brill. Leiden. 9789004325593. 153. 2 March 2018.
  37. News: South Africa begins seizing white-owned farms. .
  38. News: First step to land expropriation without compensation. Pather. Ra'eesa. The M&G Online. 23 August 2018. en.
  39. News: South Africa votes to seize land from white farmers. The Independent. 23 August 2018. en-GB.
  40. News: Eybers. Johan. Dispute after state authorised expropriation of farm. City Press. 19 August 2018.
  41. News: Harper. Paddy. Whittles. Govan. ANC unity cracks over land issue. 2 March 2018. Mail and Guardian. 2 March 2018.
  42. Web site: 10 October 2023 . Census 2022: Statistical Release . 12 October 2023 . statssa.gov.za . 6.
  43. Web site: Census 2011 . 30 October 2012 . Statistics South Africa . 30 October 2012 . 3 .
  44. Web site: Alexander. Mary. Black, white – or South African?. 30 June 2006. SAinfo. 26 June 2013. With 82% defining themselves as 'South African', whites identify with the country the most, followed by coloureds and Indians. Five percent of whites consider themselves to be Africans, while 4% identify themselves according to race and 2% according to language or ethnicity.. 24 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160724225617/http://www.southafrica.info/about/democracy/identity-300606.htm#.UcqyRjs3Cz4. dead.
  45. Web site: A Nation in the Making: A Discussion Document on Macro-Social Trends in South Africa. https://web.archive.org/web/20060711171013/http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2006/socioreport.pdf. 11 July 2006. 2006. Government of South Africa. 26 June 2013.
  46. Web site: Table: Census 2001 by province, gender, religion recode (derived) and population group. . Statistics South Africa . 19 January 2016.
  47. News: Pretoria News. Where have all the whites gone?. 8 October 2005. 25 March 2010.
  48. Book: Census 2011: Census in brief. Statistics South Africa. Pretoria. 2012. 9780621413885. 21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150513171240/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf . 13 May 2015 . live.
  49. Web site: Davis . Rebecca . 12 October 2023 . How much can we rely on Census 2022? . 13 October 2023 . Daily Maverick . en.
  50. Web site: Zuma: Afrikaners true S Africans. 3 May 2010.
  51. https://web.archive.org/web/20090408065357/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=974092 Zuma's Afrikaner remark before HRC
  52. Web site: David Smith . Jacob Zuma under investigation for using hate speech . The Guardian. 20 February 2015 . 15 January 2016.
  53. Web site: Address of the then President of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, at the celebration of Nelson Mandela's 90th Birthday. African National Congress Website. 19 July 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081205024635/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mbeki/2008/tm0719.html. 5 December 2008. 23 March 2010.
  54. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,895835,00.html Honorary Whites
  55. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-09-06-a-chronicle-of-apartheids-propaganda-war-on-black-america/#.Uiz_1tKsiSo A chronicle of Apartheid's propaganda war on black America
  56. Ross . Robert . 1975 . The `White' Population of South Africa in the Eighteenth Century . Population Studies . 29 . 2 . 217–230 . 10.2307/2173508 . 0032-4728. 1887/4261 . free .
  57. Web site: South Africa . SARPN . 17 December 2008 . 25 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20081119045440/http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0000104/page4.php. 19 November 2008.
  58. Web site: South Africa . SARPN . 17 December 2008 . 25 August 2013.
  59. Web site: Health Statistics. Health Systems Trust, South Africa. 2002. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060515222114/http://www.hst.org.za/healthstats/5/data/eth. 15 May 2006.
  60. Web site: Susan De Vos. Population and Development among Blacks in South Africa: A Review. Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin. 34. 15 January 2016.
  61. News: Israel and the apartheid lie. Israel21c. 14 November 2004. 15 January 2016.
  62. Web site: Keynote address to the Civil Society Conference by Zwelinzima Vavi, General Secretary of COSATU. cosatu.org.za. 27 October 2010. 15 January 2016.
  63. Web site: South Africa: COSATU's Zwelinzima Vavi's Ruth First Memorial Lecture. LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal. 15 January 2016.
  64. Web site: A profile of the Eastern Cape province: Demographics, poverty, inequality and unemployment. PROVIDE Project. August 2005. 15 January 2016.
  65. Web site: Gauteng life 'a mixed bag'. Fin24.com. 27 May 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100530030122/http://www.fin24.com/Business/Gauteng-life-a-mixed-bag-20100527. 30 May 2010.
  66. Web site: A Profile of the Mpumalanga Province: Demographics, Poverty, Income, Inequality and Unemployment from 2000 till 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101126001218/http://elsenburg.com/provide/reports/backgroundp/BP2009_1_8_%20MP%20Demographics.pdf. 26 November 2010 . Elsenburg . February 2009 . 31 August 2013.
  67. Web site: A profile of the Limpopo province: Demographics, poverty, inequality and unemployment. PROVIDE Project. August 2005. 15 January 2016.
  68. Web site: A profile of the Northern Cape province: Demographics, poverty, inequality and unemployment. PROVIDE Project. August 2005. 15 January 2016.
  69. http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0310/P03102014.pdf Living Conditions of Households in South Africa, 2014/2015
  70. Web site: Chart of the Week: How South Africa changed, and didn't, over Mandela's lifetime.
  71. Web site: A profile of Gauteng: Demographics, poverty, inequality and unemployment . Elsenburg . 31 August 2013.
  72. Web site: A profile of the Western Cape province: Demographics, poverty, inequality and unemployment . Elsenburg . 31 August 2013.
  73. News: The rise of Glencore, the biggest company you've never heard of. Cobain. Ian. 19 May 2011. The Guardian. 19 May 2011.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "White South Africans".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.