| Washington State Ferries | |
| Locale: | Washington |
| Waterway: | Puget Sound, Salish Sea |
| Transit Type: | Ferry |
| Lines: | 10 |
| Vessels: | 21 |
| Terminals: | 20 |
| Ridership: | |
| Yearly Ridership: | |
| Operator: | Washington State Department of Transportation |
| Owner: | Washington State Department of Transportation |
Washington State Ferries (WSF) is a government agency that operates automobile and passenger ferry service in the U.S. state of Washington as part of the Washington State Department of Transportation. It runs ten routes serving 20 terminals located around Puget Sound and in the San Juan Islands, designated as part of the state highway system. The agency maintains a fleet of 21 vessels that are able to carry passengers and vehicles.
The ferry system carried a total of 18.66 million riders in 2023—9.69 million passengers and 8.97 million vehicles.[1] WSF is the largest ferry system in the United States and the second-largest vehicular ferry system in the world behind BC Ferries.[2] The state ferries carried an average of per weekday in .
The ferry system has its origins in the "mosquito fleet", a collection of small steamer lines serving the Puget Sound area during the later part of the nineteenth century and early part of the 20th century. By the beginning of the 1930s, two lines remained: the Puget Sound Navigation Company (known as the Black Ball Line) and the Kitsap County Transportation Company. A strike in 1935 caused the KCTC to close, leaving only the Black Ball Line.[3]
Toward the end of the 1940s, the Black Ball Line wanted to increase its fares, to compensate for increased wage demands from the ferry workers' unions, but the state refused to allow this, and so the Black Ball Line shut down. In 1951, the state bought nearly all of Black Ball's ferry assets for $5 million (Black Ball retained five vessels of its fleet).[4] The state government intended to run ferry service only until cross-sound bridges could be built, but these were never approved and left the ferries as the only means of crossing for vehicles.[5]
The new system was operated by the Washington State Toll Bridge Authority, which ordered ten new vessels that could carry 60 to 100 vehicles. A set of revenue bonds were also issued to purchase the 16 vessels and 20 terminals of the Puget Sound Navigational Company for a total of $4.94 million. The ten initial routes were reduced to eight by the end of the year.[6] A route between Port Townsend and Keystone on Whidbey Island was launched in June 1974 to replace a privately-run service that had lost its franchise.[7]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, WSF reduced service on most routes and suspended trips to Sidney on the Anacortes–San Juan Islands route. The loss of workers who retired, transferred, or were fired during the pandemic caused delays and trip cancellations as service and ridership began to recover in 2021 and 2022, while vessel replacement also ran behind schedule.[8] By early 2023, full levels of service were restored on four routes but remained limited across much of the system; the Sidney route is not expected to re-enter service until 2030.[9] Staffing issues, particularly among ship captains and mates, continue to prevent the full restoration of service on the Seattle–Bremerton and Fauntleroy–Vashon–Southworth routes.[10] As mitigation for the delay in restoring the Seattle–Bremerton run's second vessel, WSF funded additional trips on the parallel Kitsap Fast Ferries that serves both terminals.[11]
WSF has 10 routes that serve 20 terminals in Puget Sound and the Salish Sea in Western Washington.[2] The busiest route is the Seattle–Bainbridge Island ferry, which carried 4.8 million total riders in 2023; the Mukilteo–Clinton ferry carried 2.1 million total vehicles in 2023, the most of any route.[1] [12]
| Route name | Terminals | State route designation[13] | Annual ridership[14] | Annual vehicles carried | Notes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anacortes–Sidney BC (Service suspended) | Sidney, British Columbia | Friday Harbor, San Juan Island | Anacortes | 123,001 | 42,589 |
| |||
| Anacortes–San Juan Islands | Friday Harbor, San Juan Island | 2,009,438 | 947,064 |
| |||||
| Lopez Island | |||||||||
| Shaw Island | |||||||||
| Orcas Island | |||||||||
| Interisland | Friday Harbor, San Juan Island | Orcas Island | Shaw Island | Lopez Island | |||||
| Port Townsend–Coupeville | Port Townsend | Coupeville, Whidbey Island | 819,285 | 372,130 |
| ||||
| Mukilteo–Clinton | Clinton, Whidbey Island | Mukilteo | 4,073,761 | 2,234,650 | |||||
| Edmonds–Kingston | Kingston | Edmonds | 4,114,181 | 2,127,315 | |||||
| Seattle–Bainbridge Island | Winslow, Bainbridge Island | Seattle (Colman Dock) | 6,429,853 | 1,929,617 | |||||
| Seattle–Bremerton | Bremerton | 2,739,926 | 673,815 | ||||||
| Fauntleroy–Vashon | Vashon Island | West Seattle (Fauntleroy) | 3,059,587 | 1,738,721 |
| ||||
| Fauntleroy–Southworth | Southworth | ||||||||
| Southworth–Vashon | Southworth | Vashon Island | 200,672 | 109,548 | |||||
| Point Defiance–Tahlequah | Tahlequah, Vashon Island | Tacoma (Point Defiance) | 812,786 | 473,924 | |||||
In 2022, Washington State Ferries had an operating budget of $282.5 million and spent approximately $16.47 per passenger trip.[16] The system has over 1,500 employees, but had had crew shortages in the early 2020s that have led to sailing cancellations and deferred maintenance.[17] Onboard food service, primarily through the ship galley and vending machines, is operated by contractor Sodexo Live.[18]
The agency allows weddings and other celebrations to take place on board ferries, as well as the scattering of cremated remains with advance reservations.[19]
, there are 21 ferries in the WSF fleet that serve Puget Sound.[20] The largest vessels in this fleet carry up to 2500 passengers and 202 vehicles. They are painted in a distinctive white and green trim paint scheme, and feature double-ended open vehicle decks and bridges at each end so that they do not need to turn around.[21] Most of the ferries feature an outdoor deck with two "pickleforks" where passengers board and disembark the vessel.[22]
The fleet uses diesel fuel to power its engines and is the largest consumer of diesel fuel in the state government at 19 million gallons used annually prior to 2020;[23] WSF plans to electrify its fleet over 20 years. By 2040, it intends to build 16 new hybrid-electric vessels and convert six others to have hybrid propulsion. This will reduce carbon emissions by up 180,000 tons annually and save $19 million per year in diesel fuel costs.[24] The first vessel to undergo conversion to use hybrid-electric propulsion is, which will be converted from 2023 to 2024.[25] The program was originally expected to begin in 2022 with a new boat constructed by Vigor Industrial, but cost overruns and disagreements led to delays. Vigor had been the sole shipbuilder for Washington State Ferries since 1997.[26] Bids for the hybrid-electric ferries, which will carry 164 vehicles and 1,500 passengers, were opened to non-Washingtonian shipbuilders in 2024 with invitations sent to 15 interested companies.[23]
, 9 of the 21 active ferries maintained by Washington State Ferries are considered to be in good condition. Cancellation of sailings due to mechanical problems and urgent maintenance increased in the 2010s and 2020s.[26]
The ferry fleet consists of the following vessels:
| Class | Ferry name | Year built | Autocapacity | Passengercapacity | Speed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1959 | 87 | 1,061 | 13kn | |||
| 1967 | 144 | 1,868 | 17kn | |||
| 1967 | 144 | 2,000 | 17kn | |||
| 1972 | 188 | 2,000 | 18kn | |||
| 1973 | 188 | 2,000 | 18kn | |||
| 1979 | 124 | 1,200 | 16kn | Auto capacity increased in 1989. | ||
| 1980 | 124 | 1,200 | 16kn | Auto capacity increased in 1990. | ||
| 1980 | 124 | 1,200 | 16kn | Auto capacity increased in 1992. | ||
| 1981 | 124 | 1,200 | 16kn | Auto capacity increased in 1993. | ||
| 1981 | 124 | 1,2001,090 International | 16kn | Auto capacity increased in 2001. Upgraded to meet SOLAS safety standards for international service on Sidney, BC route in 2005. | ||
| 1982 | 90 | 1,200 | 16kn | |||
| 1997 | 202 | 2,500 | 18kn | |||
| 1998 | 202 | 2,500 | 18kn | |||
| 1999 | 202 | 2,500 | 18kn | |||
| 2010 | 64 | 750 | 15kn | |||
| 2011 | 64 | 750 | 15kn | |||
| 2011 | 64 | 750 | 15kn | |||
| 2014 | 144 | 1,500 | 17kn | |||
| 2015 | 144 | 1,500 | 17kn | |||
| 2017 | 144 | 1,500 | 17kn | |||
| 2018 | 144 | 1,500 | 17kn |
Since the beginning of state-run ferry service in 1951, WSF has retired many vessels as they have become older, too expensive to operate or maintain, or have become too small to provide adequate ferry service. WSF owned passenger-only vessels between 1985 and 2009, but after discontinuing its two passenger-only routes in the 2000s, WSF has sold its passenger-only ferries to other operators.
Below is a list of ferries that WSF has retired since 1951. Unless otherwise noted, all vessels introduced in 1951 were acquired from the Puget Sound Navigation Company (PSN), also known as the Black Ball Line, when the state took over the company's routes and ferryboats in Puget Sound.
| Ferry name | Class | Year built (rebuilt) | Year in service | Year retired | Auto capacity | Passenger capacity | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | 1900 (1928/ 1932) | 1951 | 1964 | 52 | 950 | Converted to a car ferry in 1926 | ||
| None | 1913 | 1951 | 1967 | 40 | 453 | Previously owned by King County and used on Lake Washington | ||
| None | 1922 | 1951 | 1969 | 50 | 659 | Purchased by PSN in 1941 | ||
| None | 1922 | 1951 | 1958 | 55 | 468 | Purchased by PSN in 1941 | ||
| None | 1923 (1931) | 1951 | 1951 | 33 | 312 | |||
| Anderson | 1925 | 1951 | 1961 | 32 | 325 | |||
| None | 1925 (1947) | 1951 | 1967 | 30 | 300 | Purchased by the state in 1947 | ||
| Wood Electric | 1926 | 1951 | 1972 | 50 | 770 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 | ||
| None | 1926 (1935) | 1951 | 1967 | 110 | 1943 | Originally built as MV Peralta in 1926; rebuilt as Kalakala in 1935 using Peraltas hull | ||
| 1927 | 1951 | 1967 | 90 | 1500 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 and converted to a single-ended ferry | |||
| 1927 | 1951 | 1967 | 90 | 1500 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 and converted to a single-ended ferry | |||
| Wood Electric | 1927 | 1951 | 1973 | 50 | 400 | Purchased by PSN in 1938 | ||
| 1927 (1958/ 1985) | 1951 | 2007 | 59 | 616 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 | |||
| 1927 (1958/ 1986) | 1951 | 2007 | 59 | 616 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 | |||
| 1927 (1958/ 1987) | 1951 | 2007 | 59 | 616 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 | |||
| 1927 (1958/ 1981) | 1951 | 2007 | 64 | 412 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 | |||
| Wood Electric | 1928 | 1951 | 1972 | 50 | 601 | Purchased by PSN in 1940 | ||
| None | 1929 | 1951 | 1969 | 32 | 465 | Operated under a state contract since 1940 after the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed | ||
| Anderson | 1930 | 1951 | 1980 | 50 | 646 | |||
| None | 1938 | 1954 | 1993 | 55 | 605 | Purchased by WSF in 1954 | ||
| None | 1947 (1990) | 1954 | 2012 | 48 | 546 | Purchased by WSF in 1954, sold to Atlantic Capes Fisheries in 2013 | ||
| 1954 (1988) | 1954 | 2016 | 87 | 854 | ||||
| None | 1954 | 1970 | 1982 | 65 | 350 | Purchased by WSF in 1970, sold in 1982 and renamed | ||
| 1958 (1995) | 1958 | 2017 | 87 | 792 | ||||
| 1966 | 1967 | 2019 | 144 | 2000 | ||||
| None | 1967 | 1967 | 2016 | 34 | 199 | |||
| 1967 (1991) | 1968 | 2020 | 144 | 1069 | Upgraded to meet SOLAS standards for Sidney, BC. | |||
| None | 1985 | 1985 | 2003 | 0 | 250 | Operating as M/V Glacier Express in Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska as of 2013 | ||
| 1989 | 1989 | 2009 | 0 | 230 | Sold in 2011 | |||
| 1989 | 1989 | 2009 | 0 | 230 | Sold in 2011; capsized on July 18, 2012 | |||
| 1998 | 1998 | 2008 | 0 | 350 | Sold to Golden Gate Ferries, renamed MV Golden Gate | |||
| 1999 | 1999 | 2008 | 0 | 350 | Sold to Golden Gate Ferries, renamed MV Napa |