Wheat germ agglutinin explained

Symbol:WGA1
Agglutinin isolectin 1
Uniprot:P10968
Organism:Triticum aestivum
Pdb:2uvo

Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) is a lectin that protects wheat (Triticum) from insects, yeast and bacteria. An agglutinin protein, it binds to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and sialic acid.[1] WGA has also been shown to interact with sialic acid residues on oligosaccharides.[2] Succinylated WGA is selective for β-N-acetylglucosamine (β-GlcNAc), making it a useful tool for detecting O-GlcNAc. WGA is composed of a mixture of three isoforms (WGA1, WGA2, WGA3), which are quite similar to each other and each contain an unusually high amount of glycine.[3] [4] These three isoforms vary at a total of 10 amino acid positions and all have dimeric structures with four domains per monomer. Each domain (WGA.A, WGA.B, WGA.C, WGA.D) is hevein-like and is stabilized by a disulfide bond.[5] N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the natural environment of wheat is found in the chitin of insects, and the cell membrane of yeast & bacteria. WGA is found abundantly—but not exclusively—in the wheat kernel, where it got the 'germ' name from. In mammals the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine that WGA binds to is found in cartilage[6] and cornea[7] among other places. In those animals sialic acid is found in mucous membranes, e.g. the lining of the inner nose, and digestive tract.

In solution, WGA exists mostly as a heterodimer of 38,000 daltons. It is cationic at physiological pH. It contains a Carbohydrate-binding module called CBM18.

Use in molecular biology

WGA is also widely used in biological research, particularly in the field of glycobiology. Since WGA binds to glycoconjugates, it can be used to label cell membranes,[8] fibrotic scar tissue[9] and arbuscular mycorrhizae[10] for imaging and analysis. WGA is fairly stable in acidic solutions, and can be resistant to proteolysis.[11] WGA has also demonstrated some cytotoxicity and has thus been used in recent research involving hematological cancers, particularly acute myeloid leukemia. In addition, WGA has been thought to improve drug delivery due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, but research has yet to be performed on this hypothesis.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Monsigny M, Roche AC, Sene C, Maget-Dana R, Delmotte F . Sugar-lectin interactions: how does wheat-germ agglutinin bind sialoglycoconjugates? . European Journal of Biochemistry . 104 . 1 . 147–53 . February 1980 . 6892800 . 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04410.x . free .
  2. Ryva . Bradley . Zhang . Keman . Asthana . Abhishek . Wong . Derek . Vicioso . Yorleny . Parameswaran . Reshmi . 2019 . Wheat Germ Agglutinin as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Leukemia . Frontiers in Oncology . 9 . 100 . 10.3389/fonc.2019.00100 . free . 2234-943X . 6393371 . 30847305.
  3. Balčiūnaitė-Murzienė . Gabrielė . Dzikaras . Mindaugas . January 2021 . Wheat Germ Agglutinin—From Toxicity to Biomedical Applications . Applied Sciences . en . 11 . 2 . 884 . 10.3390/app11020884 . free . 2076-3417.
  4. Allen . A. K. . Neuberger . A. . Sharon . N. . 1973-01-01 . The purification, composition and specificity of wheat-germ agglutinin . Biochemical Journal . 131 . 1 . 155–162 . 10.1042/bj1310155 . 0264-6021 . 1177449 . 4737292.
  5. Leyva . Eduardo . Medrano-Cerano . Jorge L. . Cano-Sánchez . Patricia . López-González . Itzel . Gómez-Velasco . Homero . del Río-Portilla . Federico . García-Hernández . Enrique . January 2019 . Bacterial expression, purification and biophysical characterization of wheat germ agglutinin and its four hevein-like domains . Biopolymers . en . 110 . 1 . e23242 . 10.1002/bip.23242 . 30485415 . 0006-3525.
  6. Ohno J, Tajima Y, Utsumi N . Binding of wheat germ agglutinin in the matrix of rat tracheal cartilage . The Histochemical Journal . 18 . 10 . 537–40 . October 1986 . 3804790 . 10.1007/BF01675194 . 25384990 .
  7. Marfurt CF . Sympathetic innervation of the rat cornea as demonstrated by the retrograde and anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin . The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 268 . 2 . 147–60 . February 1988 . 3360982 . 10.1002/cne.902680202 . 23955233 .
  8. Web site: Plasma Membrane - US. www.thermofisher.com. en. 2020-01-13.
  9. Emde B, Heinen A, Gödecke A, Bottermann K . Wheat germ agglutinin staining as a suitable method for detection and quantification of fibrosis in cardiac tissue after myocardial infarction . European Journal of Histochemistry . 58 . 4 . 2448 . December 2014 . 25578975 . 4289847 . 10.4081/ejh.2014.2448 .
  10. Book: Carotenuto . Gennaro . Genre . Andrea . Fluorescent Staining of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Structures Using Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) and Propidium Iodide . Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi . Methods in Molecular Biology . 2020 . 2146 . 53–59 . 10.1007/978-1-0716-0603-2_5. 32415595 . 2318/1740844 . 978-1-0716-0602-5 . free .
  11. Pellegrina . Chiara Dalla . Perbellini . Omar . Scupoli . Maria Teresa . Tomelleri . Carlo . Zanetti . Chiara . Zoccatelli . Gianni . Fusi . Marina . Peruffo . Angelo . Rizzi . Corrado . Chignola . Roberto . 2009-06-01 . Effects of wheat germ agglutinin on human gastrointestinal epithelium: Insights from an experimental model of immune/epithelial cell interaction . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology . 237 . 2 . 146–153 . 10.1016/j.taap.2009.03.012 . 19332085 . 0041-008X.

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