| Caxton Hall | |
| Location: | Caxton Street, Westminster |
| Built: | 1883 |
| Architect: | William Lee and F.J. Smith |
| Architecture: | Francois I style |
| Designation1: | Grade II Listed Building |
| Designation1 Date: | 15 March 1984 |
| Designation1 Number: | 1357266 |
Caxton Hall is a building on the corner of Caxton Street and Palmer Street, in Westminster, London, England. It is a Grade II listed building primarily noted for its historical associations. It hosted many mainstream and fringe political and artistic events and after the Second World War was the most popular register office used by high society and celebrities who required a civil marriage.
Following a design competition set by the parishes of St Margaret and St John,[1] the chosen design was a proposal by William Lee and F.J. Smith in an ornate Francois I style using red brick and pink sandstone, with slate roofs. The foundation stone was laid by the philanthropist, Baroness Burdett-Coutts, on 29 March 1882.[2] The facility, which contained two public halls known as the Great and York Halls, was opened as "Westminster Town Hall" in 1883.[3]
The building ceased to be the local seat of government after the creation of the enlarged City of Westminster in 1900.[4] It was renamed Caxton Hall at that time to commemorate the printer, William Caxton,[4] who had worked in the almonry of Westminster Abbey.[5]
However the halls continued to be used for a variety of purposes including public meetings and musical concerts.[6] A central entrance porch and canopy were added in the mid-20th century, now removed.
From 1933 on it was used as a Central London register office and was the venue for many celebrity weddings. This function closed in 1979 and the building stood empty for years getting a place on the Buildings at Risk Register. It was listed as a building of Special Architectural or Historic Interest on 15 March 1984. It was redeveloped as apartments and offices in 2006. The facade and former register office at the front of the building facing Caxton Street were restored and retained being converted into luxury flats (see Facadism). The rear of the building, containing the halls, was demolished and a circular office building, named the Asticus Building, was built on the site.
The building was the location of the First Pan-African Conference in 1900.[7]
The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), part of the British Suffragette movement, held a 'Women's Parliament' at Caxton Hall at the beginning of each parliamentary session from 1907, with a subsequent procession to the Houses of Parliament and an attempt (always unsuccessful) to deliver a petition to the prime minister in person. Caxton Hall's central role in the militant suffrage movement is now commemorated by a bronzed scroll sculpture that stands nearby in Christchurch Gardens open space.[8]
In 1910 the occultist Aleister Crowley staged his Rites of Eleusis at Caxton Hall. The series of performances took place over six weeks, and received mixed reviews.[9]
In 1917 Prime Minister David Lloyd George outlined the main war goals of the Allies.[10]
During the Second World War it was used by the Ministry of Information as a venue for press conferences held by Winston Churchill and his ministers. This wartime role is marked by a commemorative plaque unveiled in 1991.[11]
In 1940, Indian nationalist Udham Singh assassinated Irish colonial administrator Michael O'Dwyer at Caxton Hall, where O'Dwyer was giving a speech. At the end of the speech, Singh walked towards O'Dwyer and fatally shot him. Singh's motivations for the assassination were O'Dwyer's actions during the Indian independence movement in the Punjab Province, where he played a role in the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre (of which Singh was a survivor) and ordered several crackdown against anti-colonial demonstrators.[12]
The Caxton Hall was the location of the press conference that the Russell–Einstein Manifesto was released in 1955 in response to the threat of nuclear war and humanity destroying itself.[13]
On 12 May 1960, over 1,000 people attended the first public meeting of the Homosexual Law Reform Society.[14]
The National Front was formed at a meeting in Caxton Hall, Westminster on 7 February 1967.[15]
It was also used as a central London register office for weddings from October 1933 to 1978.[16] On 18 August 1952, future Prime Minister Anthony Eden married Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, the niece of the then Prime Minister Winston Churchill.[17] Other notable people who were married there include; Donald Campbell, Elizabeth Taylor, Roger Moore, Adam Faith, Joan Collins, Peter Sellers, Yehudi Menuhin, and Ringo Starr.[18]