Westminster Presbyterian Church (Los Angeles) Explained

Westminster Presbyterian Church
Denomination:Presbyterian Church (USA)
Founded Date:October 9, 1904
Architect:Scott Quentin (Alhambra, CA)
Style:Romanesque
Years Built:1931
Seniorpastor:Rev. Carlton A. Rhoden
Location:2230 West Jefferson Blvd.,
Los Angeles, CA 90018
Country:United States
Coordinates:34.0253°N -118.3198°W
Website:https://www.wpcofla.org/

Westminster Presbyterian Church is in the Jefferson Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. Westminster Presbyterian Church is a member of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), the Synod of Southern California and Hawaii and Pacific Presbytery.[1] The congregation, established in 1904, is one of the oldest African American Presbyterian churches in California and west of the Mississippi River.[2] [3]

History

In the early 1900s a group of eighteen African Americans met on Sunday afternoons at Central Presbyterian Church in Los Angeles. Over time the group appealed to the Los Angeles Presbytery to come under “care and development” and on October 21, 1904, the group was received and organized as a church under the name Westminster Presbyterian Church.[4] Rev. Enos P. Baker acted as minister-in-charge.

The Los Angeles Times covered the dedication of the congregation's first church building at West 35th Place and Denker Avenue, “reached by the West Jefferson car line.” The congregation paid for the $3,300 property in full.[5] The dedication sermon in 1908 was given by Dr. Hugh K. Walker of Immanuel Presbyterian Church. The newspaper noted it believed the congregation was the “only colored Presbyterian church on this coast” and one which “promises to become a strong church.” The Los Angeles Herald newspaper reported that the congregation was “the only Presbyterian church in Los Angeles doing a special work” among an estimated 1,500 African Americans in Los Angeles at the time.[6]

Rev. Robert W. Holman

Rev. R. W. Holman, who arrived from South Carolina, was installed May 17, 1908 as Westminster Presbyterian Church's first pastor. Holman was a graduate of Wallingford Institute and author of "National Plague Spots, or the Reproachful Sins of the American People." He had previously served fourteen years as pastor of Zion Presbyterian Church in Charleston, SC, "the oldest and largest colored Presbyterian church [there]."[7]

The Los Angeles Evening Express reported that Holman was “the first colored pastor to occupy a pulpit of the Presbyterian denomination on the Pacific coast.”[8] Later in the year, several African American churches organized a program to raise funds for a colored gymnasium at the YWCA at Eighth and San Pedro streets. Rev. Holman was one of the featured speakers as well as Mrs. Lucy Stanton, the first Black woman to graduate from a four-year college.[9]

By 1909, the church had forty members.[10] The church parsonage was located at 3232 Denker Street.[11]

Rev. Hampton B. Hawes, Sr.

In 1912, Rev. Hampton B. Hawes, a graduate of Fisk University and Lincoln University Theological Seminary, was installed as pastor following Rev. Holman's retirement.[12] [13] [14] Two years later, he married Gertrude Holman, one of Rev. Holman's daughters and church pianoist.[15] In 1937, Rev. Hawes was elected Moderator of the Los Angeles Presbytery at a meeting with 325 ministers and lay delegates.[16]

The late 1930s and early 1940s saw congregational growth. Rev. Hawes supported the building of a recreational center for community young people.[17] On his 26th anniversary of service, the Westminster Sunday School classes, led by superintendents La Vonzell Gates and Neile Adams, celebrated Rev. Hawes. In 1941, the church had 19 Bible school classrooms and two Sunday services.[18] The Westminster Presbyterian Choir had 40-members. Mabel Hawes, another daughter of Rev. Hawes, was organist. Cyrus Keller was the choir director.[19] In 1944, Rev. Hawes was unanimously elected Moderator of the California Synod of the Presbyterian Church (USA).[20]

Westminster organized a Boy Scout Troop in 1947.[21] In 1957, Golden State Mutual Insurance provided free tickets to Westminster's Scout Troop 205 to attend the annual high school football Shrine Hi Classic at the Los Angeles Coliseum.[22]

In 1948, the Los Angeles Times reported that Westminster Presbyterian Church paid $125,000 for the property being vacated by St. Paul's Presbyterian Church located at 2230 West Jefferson Boulevard.[23] St. Paul's congregation was merging with Baldwin Hills Community Presbyterian Church and moving to the facility on La Brea Ave. and Coliseum Street. The newspaper noted there were 800 active Westminster Presbyterian Church members. On Sunday, June 19, 1949, the Westminster caravan traveled from its 35th and Denker location to its new home at 3rd and Jefferson. The first service was held Sunday evening.[24]

One of the defining community projects of Rev. Hawes tenure, following a visit to Seoul with Dr. Henry A. McPherson,[25] was his campaign to procure homes for homeless and unwanted Korean War orphans of "Negro" paternity. The California Eagle reported in 1956 that more than thirty families had "made applications for adoption proceedings."[26] By 1958, more than fifty families had been recommended for the adoption program, which was directed by Henry Holt.[27]

In 1958, Rev. Hawes celebrated forty-five years of service to Westminster Presbyterian Church. The congregation gifted him a 1958 Ford Mercury automobile. Mrs. Sarah A. McPherson, one of the original members of Westminster, gave the car keys to Rev. and Mrs. Hawes.[28] At his retirement service, Rev. Hawes had been instrumental in placing 70 Korean orphans for adoption, including 40 within Westminster Presbyterian Church families. The Los Angeles Sentinel photographed Rev. Hawes with a dozen adoptees attending the retirement service. Church membership had increased to 1,500 upon his retirement.

Rev. Dr. James E. Jones

The 1960s saw increased visibility for Westminster Presbyterian Church because of the community and political activism of its new pastor. Rev. James E. Jones, formerly pastor at St. John's Presbyterian Church in Detroit and director of the St. John's Community House, became the new leader at Westminster.[29] [30] Church members reported that Rev. Jones had "already captured the hearts of the membership and [had] proposed an impressive program for the church.[31] Membership reached approximately 1,600, according to news reports.[32]

In 1963, Jones traveled to Brazil for a 30-day, nine-city trip to build bridges with Brazilian churches.[33] Previously the church created a two-year fraternal pastoral relationship with Brazilian Rev. Zacharias Bravo. Rev. Bravo was responsible for evangelism and established 85 neighborhood prayer and Bible study groups during his tenure.[34]

During the tenure of Rev. Jones, in the early 1960s, Frederick K. C. Price, who later became an author, televangelist and founder of the Los Angeles-based Crenshaw Christian Center, was an active member of Westminster Presbyterian Church.[35] [36]

Jones served on the Los Angeles Board of Education from 1965 to 1969 and was elected Board president in 1968.[37] He was the first African American to be elected to that office, where he advocated for voluntary busing to integrate Los Angeles schools. Following the 1965 Watts Riots, California governor Edmund G. “Pat” Brown, Sr. named Jones to the eight-member McCone Commission to study the factors behind the riots and opportunities for future corrections.[38] In 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson invited Jones to serve on the White House's planning conference called “To Fulfill These Rights.”[39] Jones was an active member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and marched with the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. in Selma, Alabama.[40] Jones was also a consultant to the national advisory committee planning the children's television program Sesame Street.

In 1974, Westminster celebrated its 70th anniversary. Los Angeles Mayor Thomas Bradley, who had been in office nearly two years, was a featured speaker at the anniversary program.[41]

In 1975, the Rev. Michael Livingston was ordained a Presbyterian minister at Westminster, his home church.[42] He would later serve as assistant pastor of St. Paul's Presbyterian Church in Los Angeles[42] and Interim Senior Minister at the Riverside Church in New York City.[43] [44]

The church's 75th Diamond Anniversary banquet in 1979 was held at the Biltmore Hotel with Academy Award-winning actor Gregory Peck serving as master of ceremonies.[45] Mayor Tom Bradley presented Rev. Jones with a commendation on behalf of the city.[46] NAACP Executive Director Benjamin Hooks was the featured speaker. Other prominent guests included US Congressman Julian Dixon, Rabbi Edgar F. Magnin of Wilshire Boulevard Temple, and Dr. H. Claude Hudson, a founder of the Los Angeles NAACP chapter. The anniversary celebration continued through the holiday season. The Pre-Christmas Communion service at Westminster was officiated by noted theologian Dr. Howard Thurman with the assistance of Rev. William Abbot, Rev. Dr. H. Garnett Lee, Dr. Charles Marks, and Rev. Jones.[47]

Rev. Oliver L. Brown, II

Rev. Brown's tenure was marked by inviting others to Westminster to minister in words and music. Rev. Brown hosted Dr. Jeremiah Wright, Jr., pastor of the Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago to an annual week-long revival for eight years, from 1993 through 2000.[48]

List of pastors

Over the years, Westminster Presbyterian Church, Los Angeles has had a number of spiritual leaders, including:

YearsPastoral chargeNamePortraitNotes
1904 – 1908Minister in chargeRev. Enos Pomeroy Baker
(1856–1911)
White minster with the Church Extension Committee
McCormick Theological Seminary, 1886 graduate.
Past president, Presbyterian College of the Southwest, Del Norte, CO.[49]
1908 – 1912InstalledRev. Robert W. Holman
(1854–1931)
Congregation's first installed pastor. Rev. Holman previously pastored Zion Presbyterian Church in Charleston, SC starting in 1884.[50] In 1964, the church merged with Olivet Presbyterian Church to become Zion Olivet Presbyterian Church.[51]
1912 – 1959InstalledRev. Hampton B. Hawes
(1888–1976)
Longest serving pastor. His mother had been an enslaved person.
Father of jazz pianist Hampton Hawes.[52]
1959 – 1985InstalledRev. Dr. James E. Jones
(1916–1998)
Lincoln University Theological Seminary and Union Theological Seminary graduate.
Dr. James Edward Jones Primary Center(elementary school) opened in 2008.
1960 – 1962Fraternal Associate PastorRev. Zacharias Bravo (1918–1962)Bravo was one of the first pastors sent by the Presbyterian church in Brazil to serve in the USA.[53] From Bauru, Sãn Paulo, Bravo was to serve two years at Westminster.[54] He was the author of But You Shall Receive the Power.[55] Following a July 1962 meeting in Fresno, California with evangelist Billy Graham about an upcoming Brazil crusade, Bravo drowned in a private pool.[56] [57]
1966 – 1973Associate PastorRev. Dr. Warren LeeLee, a Los Angeles born Korean, was ordained and installed at Westminster as minister of Christian Education.[58] He later became associate director of the San Francisco Theological Seminary Advance Pastoral Studies program in 1981 and retired in 2008 as the program's director.[59]
1972Assistant PastorRev. William Brimberry Abbot
(1923–1997)
Graduate of Princeton Theological Seminary (BDiv)[60]
1980 – 1983Parish AssociateRev. Arthur C. Ross, Jr.
(1949–2022)
Later pastor of Bel-Vue Community United Presbyterian Church (Los Angeles)
1984 - unknownParish AssociateRev. John F. Warner
(1946–2010)
Graduate of Union Theological Seminary (M.Div). Later pastor of Crerar Memorial Presbyterian Church (Chicago, IL) from 1993 to 2010.[61]
1986 – 1988Supply PastorRev. William Brimberry Abbot
(1923–1997)
Rev. Abbot returned to Westminster.[62]
1988 – 2001InstalledRev. Oliver L. Brown, II
(1941–2006)
Westminster's fourth pastor was installed on October 2, 1988.[63] Later founding pastor of First African Presbyterian Church in America (Los Angeles)[64] One of Brown's sons, Olujimi Brown of Atlanta, followed him into ministry.[65] [66]
1990 - 1995Associate PastorRev. David M. Morris
(1946–2009)
As a child, Morris spent his first twelve years attending Westminster.[67] He was also a grandson of Rev. H.B. Hawes, Sr. and graduate of the American Baptist Seminary of the West (M.Div).
2001 – 2005Interim PastorRev. Glenn L. JonesPresided at the opening of the Dr. Charles H. Moore Westminster Arms Senior Housing complex in 2004.
Jones is also a music composer and director.[68]
2006 – 2011Installed Designated Rev. Virginia M. BrownThe church's first female pastor. Graduate of Pittsburgh Theological Seminary (M.Div.)
2011 – 2014Interim Pastor Rev. Dr. Charles MarksGraduate of Pittsburgh Theological Seminary (M.Div.) and San Francisco Theological Seminary (D.Min.)[69] The 2009 film The Least Among You, starring Cedric Sanders and Louis Gossett Jr., was inspired by Rev. Marks.[70]
2014 – PresentInstalledRev. Carlton A. RhodenAmerican Baptist Seminary of the West, 2005 graduate.[71]

Historic-Cultural Monument

The current Westminster Presbyterian Church building was originally constructed for St. Paul's Presbyterian Church for about $60,000.[72] According to Southwest Builder and Contractor magazine, architect Scott Quentin designed a building with a "basement banquet room, social hall, auditorium to seat 600 people and Sunday School rooms to accommodate 800 pupils."[73] Atop the church building's tower is a twelve-foot revolving, lighted cross.

The stained glass windows in the church's sanctuary were crafted by Judson of Los Angeles and the church's organ and chimes were built by the Artcraft Company.[74] The church building also included a full kitchen, special stage, and dressing rooms in the Fellowship Hall. Kitchenettes were also built on each floor. An illuminated playground and Boy Scout Club were built on the church's roof.

Financing for St. Paul's came through a $40,000 loan from the Bank of America and Los Angeles bar owner and crime boss Charles H. Crawford. In June 1930, shortly after an indictment on bribery charges, Crawford was baptized and admitted into the membership of St. Paul's Presbyterian Church. The pastor at St. Paul's was Rev. Gustav A. Briegleb, the noted minister portrayed by John Malkovich in the 2008 film Changeling. On the day of his baptism, Crawford placed a ring set with two large diamonds, and valued at $3,500, in the collection plate at Briegleb's church. Accompanying the ring was a note from Crawford asking Briegleb to sell the ring and use the proceeds to help build a parish house.[75] In November 1930, Crawford made a further gift of $25,000 to be used in building a parish hall to be named Amelia Crawford House in honor of his mother.

The Westminster Presbyterian Church building on Jefferson Boulevard was granted City of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument status (No. 229) on 11 June 1980 recognizing the importance of the building to Los Angeles, California or national history.[76]

In popular culture

Presbyterian churches in Los Angeles

Within the Presbytery of the Pacific, there are eight primarily African American Presbyterian congregations. These are: Angeles Mesa Presbyterian Church, Bel-Vue Community Presbyterian Church, Church of the Redeemer Presbyterian Church, Community United Presbyterian Church, First Presbyterian Church of Inglewood, First Presbyterian Church of Los Angeles, St. Paul's Presbyterian Church, and Westminster Presbyterian Church.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: PRESBYTERYOFTHEPACIFIC.ORG . presbyteryofthepacific.org . 1 July 2021.
  2. News: Black History Moments in L.A.'s Faith Community . 1 July 2021 . Los Angeles Sentinel . 2016-02-10.
  3. News: Church Dedication. Colored Presbyterians. . 1 July 2021 . The Los Angeles Times . 7 Mar 1908 . 24 . en.
  4. Web site: Rivas . Angel . Gonzalez . Guadalupe . Westminster Presbyterian Church of Los Angeles . ArcGIS StoryMaps . Cal State LA, Big Data Project . 1 July 2021 . en . 2021-04-21.
  5. News: Colored People Finance Well. Dedicate a Church that is Free From Debt. . 2 July 2021 . The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com . 9 Mar 1908 . 5 . en.
  6. News: Will Mark Gala Day . 1 July 2021 . Los Angeles Herald at Newspapers.com . 7 Mar 1908 . 6 . en.
  7. News: Chew . Prof. E. L. . As to the Negro from the Schools . 1 July 2021 . The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com . 12 Feb 1909 . 33 . en.
  8. News: Installation Service for Colored Pastor . 1 July 2021 . Los Angeles Evening Express . 16 May 1908 . 4 . en.
  9. News: Mass Meeting to Raise Funds for Colored YMCA Gymnasium . 1 July 2021 . Los Angeles Evening Post-Record at Newspapers.com . 21 Aug 1908 . 6 . en.
  10. News: Bryant . Rev. G. R. . The Religious Life of Los Angeles Negroes . 1 July 2021 . The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com . 12 Feb 1909 . 35 . en.
  11. News: Still Seek Firebugs. Police and Fire Adjustors After Persons Who Burned Parsonage of Colored Church. . 1 July 2021 . The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com . 27 Aug 1913 . 14 . en.
  12. News: Alumni News . 1 July 2021 . Lincoln University Herald . 6 . Oct 1913 . 6.
  13. Web site: Shaun . J. . Westminster Presbyterian Church History for 115th Anniversary . 1 July 2021.
  14. News: Dr. Hawes to speak at Occidental. D.D. degree will be conferred on Westminster pastor. . 1 July 2021 . Newspapers.com . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 30 May 1940 . 6 . en.
  15. Web site: California, U.S., County Birth, Marriage, and Death Records, 1849-1980 for Gertrude L Holman . www.ancestry.com . 1 July 2021 . 215.
  16. News: Pastors back marriage law. . 1 July 2021 . The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com . 27 Jan 1937 . 23 . en.
  17. News: Westminster Church's Sunday School Will Honor Rev. Hawes . 1 July 2021 . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 1 Jun 1939 . 7 . en.
  18. News: Westminster Reports Show Big Gains . 1 July 2021 . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 3 Apr 1941 . 15 . en.
  19. News: Hawes, Choir at Immanuel Presbyterian . 1 July 2021 . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 13 Feb 1941 . 4 . en.
  20. News: Angeleno Given Church Post . The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com . 28 Jul 1944 . 7 . en.
  21. News: Westminster to Have Scout Troop . Los Angeles Sentinel . 10 June 1947 . 8.
  22. News: GSM Treats Scouts to Shrine Classic . Los Angeles Sentinel . 25 July 1957 . A3.
  23. News: Presbyterians Ready to Join Congregations . 1 July 2021 . The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com . 18 Sep 1948 . 15 . en.
  24. News: Congregation Moves Tomorrow. . 1 July 2021 . The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com . 18 Jun 1949 . 15 . en.
  25. News: Westminster Will Celebrate Founding . Los Angeles Sentinel . 27 June 1959 . B9.
  26. News: Pastor to Show Color Films of Far East Tour. . 1 July 2021 . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 9 Apr 1956 . 6 . en.
  27. News: Congregation Gives Car to Minister on Anniversary . 1 July 2021 . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 5 Jun 1958 . 5 . en.
  28. News: Retirement Celebration for Rev. Hawes . Los Angeles Sentinel . 25 Dec 1958 . A9.
  29. News: Pastor Installed by Vote of Members . 3 July 2021 . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 4 Feb 1960 . 5 . en.
  30. News: Community House Marks 20th Year . 3 July 2021 . The Detroit Tribune at Newspapers.com . 26 May 1956 . 1 . en.
  31. News: Ceremony Will Install New Westminster Pastor Tonight . 3 July 2021 . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 21 Jan 1960 . 5 . en.
  32. News: Westminster Congregation to Welcome New Pastor . 3 July 2021 . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 3 Dec 1959 . 5 . en.
  33. News: Westminster Pastor Makes Brazilian Tour . 24 July 2021 . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 23 May 1963 . 7 . en.
  34. News: Cox . Claire . Foreign missionaries are busy in the United States . 24 July 2021 . Redlands Daily Facts at Newspapers.com . 19 Aug 1961 . 2 . en.
  35. News: Bowen Men Set to Create New Society . 31 July 2021 . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 7 Nov 1963 . 5 . en.
  36. News: Bowen's Men . 31 July 2021 . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 24 Sep 1964 . 36 . en.
  37. News: Oliver . Myrna . Rev. James E. Jones; First Black to Head School Board . 4 July 2021 . The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com . 29 Sep 1998 . 22 . en.
  38. News: King and Yorty Feud Over Causes of Roiting in LA . 3 July 2021 . Detroit Free Press at Newspapers.com . 20 Aug 1965 . 17 . en.
  39. Web site: Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education records . oac.cdlib.org . 4 July 2021 . Box 393.
  40. Hall . Simon . The NAACP, Black Power, and the African American Freedom Struggle, 1966–1969 . The Historian . 2007 . 69 . 1 . 59 . 10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00174.x . 24453911 . 143800915 . 4 July 2021 . 0018-2370.
  41. News: Westminster Celebrates 70 Years . Los Angeles Sentinel . 10 Oct 1974 . C8.
  42. News: BAC Slates Celebraton . Los Angeles Sentinel . 18 Oct 1990 . C10.
  43. Web site: Senior Minister . Riverside Church . 1 August 2021 . New York City, NY.
  44. News: Francis . Barbara . Transitions for the week of 10-7-22 . 26 March 2023 . Baptist News Global . 6 October 2022.
  45. News: 75th Anniversary . Los Angeles Sentinel . 11 Oct 1979 . A2.
  46. News: Anniversary (photo 19 of Peck, Jones, Bradley, Hooks) . Los Angeles Sentinel . 8 Nov 1979 . B11.
  47. News: Thurman Speaks . Los Angeles Sentinel . 29 Nov 1979 . C11.
  48. News: Wright Set for Revival . Los Angeles Sentinel . 13 Jan 2000 . C5.
  49. News: Death of Rev. E. P. Baker . 2 July 2021 . The Highland Park Herald at Newspapers.com . 17 Jun 1911 . 3 . en.
  50. Book: Simms . Lois Averetta . A history of Zion, Olivet, and Zion-Olivet churches, 1850-1985, Charleston, South Carolina . 1987 . L.A. Simms . 3, 35 . 21410845 . 18 July 2021 . English.
  51. Book: Simms . Lois Averetta . A history of Zion, Olivet, and Zion-Olivet churches, 1850-1985, Charleston, South Carolina . 1987 . L.A. Simms . 43–44 . 21410845 . English.
  52. News: Hampton Hawes . 3 July 2021 . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 23 Oct 1958 . 10 . en.
  53. News: Rev. Z. Bravo Joins Staff at Westminster . 24 July 2021 . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 4 Aug 1960 . 5 . en.
  54. News: Rev. Bravo to Lecture on Brazil . 24 July 2021 . The San Bernardino County Sun at Newspapers.com . 11 Feb 1962 . 39 . en.
  55. Book: Bravo . Zacharias . Mas recebereis o poder . 1958 . Hinman & Overholt . 31674195 . 24 July 2021 . Portuguese.
  56. News: Minster drowns in Fresno pool . 24 July 2021 . The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com . 18 Jul 1962 . 18 . en.
  57. News: Graham scores sin; Brazilian trip aide drowns . 24 July 2021 . The Sacramento Bee at Newspapers.com . 18 Jul 1962 . 46 . en.
  58. News: Westminister Installs Lee . Los Angeles Sentinel . March 23, 1967 . D6.
  59. McGowan . Evans . Lee Full of Gratitude, Humility, Hope . Chimes (SFTS) . Spring 2008 . 8–9 .
  60. Book: William Brimberry Abbot . www.worldcat.org . 4779114236 . 18 July 2021 . English.
  61. Web site: Obituary for JOHN F. WARNER (Aged 64) . Chicago Tribune . 17 July 2021 . 1–21 . 9 November 2010.
  62. Book: Adams . Neil . 1988 Directory Westminster Presbyterian Church . 1988 . Alan Mills Church Directory Division . 1, 9.
  63. Book: Adams . Neil . 1991 Directory Westminster Presbyterian Church . 1991 . Alam Mills Directory Division . 1, 2.
  64. Web site: Rev. Oliver Louis Brown II Obituary (2006) Los Angeles Times . Legacy.com . 3 July 2021.
  65. News: Murray . Virgie . Celebration of O. Brown's Life Set . 18 July 2021 . The Los Angeles Sentinel . Sep 2006. .
  66. News: Impact Church lead pastor, founder announces retirement The Atlanta Voice . 24 July 2021 . The Atlanta Voice Atlanta GA News . 21 May 2021.
  67. Book: 1991 Directory Westminster Presbyterian Church . 1991 . Alan Mills Directory Division . 6, 7.
  68. News: Applegate . Joe . Gospel music at St. Stephen's and Calvary Baptist San Diego Reader . 3 July 2021 . www.sandiegoreader.com . en.
  69. Web site: Rev. Charles Marks, D.Min. – New Theological Seminary of the West . ntswest.org . 3 July 2021.
  70. Web site: Bowen . Elaine Hegwood . Film Monthly.com – The Least Among You . www.filmmonthly.com . 18 July 2021.
  71. News: Getting a pastor, giving a hospital, tacking issues. . 2 July 2021 . The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com . 3 Feb 2007 . 89 . en.
  72. Web site: Bariscale . Floyd . No. 229 - Westminster Presbyterian Church Building . 1 July 2021.
  73. Regarding St. Paul's Presbyterian Church . Southwest Builder and Contractor . Dec 5, 1930 . 49.
  74. News: Westminster Presbyterian to Move to New Location Sunday . Los Angeles Sentinel . Jun 16, 1949 . B2 . en.
  75. News: Charles Crawford Joins Church of Dr. Briegleb. Los Angeles Times. 1930-06-01.
  76. Web site: Historic Landmarks Detail Los Angeles City Planning . planning.lacity.org . 1 July 2021.
  77. Web site: Merry Christmas II You by Mariah Carey . Genius . 22 July 2021 . en.
  78. Web site: Cupid and the Bride . Newspapers.com . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 1 August 2021 . 7 . en.
  79. News: Norma Williams in Pre-Nupital Whirl . Los Angeles Sentinel . 21 Aug 1952 . C3.
  80. Architect Paul Williams' Daughter Weds . Jet Magazine . 11 September 1952 . 19 . 1 August 2021 . Johnson Publishing Company . en.
  81. News: Westminster Presbyterian Church . 24 July 2021 . California Eagle at Newspapers.com . 20 Mar 1931 . 11 . en.