| Western Springs Reserve | |
| Other Name: | Te Wai Ōrea |
| Photo Width: | 300 |
| Type: | Public park |
| Location: | Western Springs, Auckland, New Zealand |
| Coordinates: | -36.864°N 174.723°W |
| Area: | 64 acres (0.26 km2) |
| Operator: | Auckland Council |
| Status: | Open year round |
Western Springs Reserve, also known as Western Springs Lakeside Te Wai Ōrea, consists of a sanctuary for wildlife, surrounding a lake fed by the natural springs. There are walking paths surrounding the lake with bridges going across sections of it. Auckland Zoo, Museum of Transport & Technology and Western Springs Stadium are all situated around the park.
Park facilities include a playground, picnic tables, barbecue facilities, public toilets, drinking fountains, public artwork, the Circle of Friends Memorial Garden and the Fukuoka Garden.
The park is the site of a natural freshwater aquifer, where water comes through the surface through cracks in basalt lava flow from Te Tātua a Riukiuta.[1] [2] Prior to European settlement, the land was primarily a pūriri lava rock forest ecosystem, a now rare ecosystem consisting of plants growing in a minimal soil environment, growing amongst rock and leaf humus.[3] [4]
Historically, Western Springs Te Wai Ōrea was one of two major wetlands in the central Auckland area and was a significant site for Tāmaki Māori who valued it for its clean, clear water and for the harvesting of ōrea or New Zealand long fin eels. The aquifer and wetland have the traditional Māori name Te Wai Ōrea to, which means 'the waters of eels'.
A traditional Māori story involves Ruarangi, a chief of the supernatural Patupaiarehe people, escaping a siege on Owairaka / Mount Albert through lava tunnels and emerging at Te Wai Ōrea.[5] [6]
During a battle fought in the area, Kawharu, a Manukau Māori warrior chief, fought local iwi at a ridge site overlooking Te Wai Ōrea named Te Raeokawharu (Kawharu’s brow), where Surrey Crescent is situated today.
In 1830-40, during the Māori musket wars, Ngati Tahinga, Waiohua and Te Taou lived in the wider area, which was named Te Rehu.
In 1877, an earth dam was constructed to create a larger artificial lake, in order to serve as the source of Auckland's drinking water. The Western Springs lake was the source for Auckland's drinking water for the next 30 years. The pākehā name was chosen to differentiate the springs from those at Pukekawa / Auckland Domain, which was the previous major water source for Auckland. The springs were used until 1928, when they were superseded by damming projects in the Waitākere Ranges.[7]
In 1922, the Auckland Zoo was opened adjacent to the lake, followed by the Western Springs Stadium in 1929 and Museum of Transport & Technology in 1964.[2] During the Depression in the early 1930s, the area adjacent to Motions Road was developed as a camping ground. During World War II, the camping ground was used as a military camp for the United States Armed Forces. Afterwards, Western Springs was proposed as a site for an amusement park in 1953, however this did not eventuate due to a lack of funding.[2] In 1961, the Auckland City Council parks department began administering the area, and in 1977 it was officially opened as a public park.[2]
In 2001, The New Zealand Circle of Friends Memorial Garden, was established in the park's Kānuka Grove, including a stone memorial engraved with the names of 50 people who have died from HIV/AIDS in New Zealand.[8] [9]
The Fukuoka Gardens was developed in the park in 1989, gifted to Auckland by Fukuoka in recognition of their sister city relationship.[10] This garden was officially added to the park in 2017, and includes a pavilion, waterfall, pond and over 1800 native Japanese and New Zealand species.
Waterfowl, such as swans, pūkeko and ducks make up a significant proportion of the visible wildlife of the park.[2] While birdfeeding has historically been a large draw for the public to come to the park, this behaviour is being discouraged due to the negative effects this has on the environment.[2]
The park is home to significant numbers of native eels, Anguilla australis and Anguilla dieffenbachii, in addition to a number of pest species such as koi carp. Grass carp were introduced into the lake in 2005, in order to control invasive plant species.[2]
The park has a mix of exotic and native plant species. A number of threatened and rare New Zealand species are found in the park, including the haplolepideous moss Fissidens berteroi, short-hair plume grass (Dichelachne inaequiglumis), and the parasitic vine Cassytha paniculata (mawhai).[2]