| Official Name: | Western |
| Settlement Type: | Province |
| Mapsize: | 277px |
| Image Map1: | Zambia districts in Western Provice 2022.png |
| Map Caption1: | Map of Western Province showing its districts |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: |  Zambia |
| Seat Type: | Capital |
| Seat: | Mongu |
| Leader Party: | UPND |
| Government Type: | Provincial Administration |
| Leader Title: | Provincial Minister |
| Leader Name: | Kapelwa Mbangweta |
| Area Total Km2: | 126386 |
| Population Note: | 2015 |
| Population Total: | 991500 |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Utc Offset: | +2 |
| Blank Name Sec1: | HDI (2018) |
| Blank Info Sec1: | 0.542[1] · 7th |
Western Province is one of the 10 provinces in Zambia and encompasses most of the area formerly known as Barotseland. The capital is Mongu, and together with the neighbouring town of Limulunga, Mongu is treated as the capital of Barotseland.
The geography of the province is dominated by the Barotse Floodplain of the Zambezi river, extending from the confluence of the Zambezi with the Lungwebungu and Kabompo Rivers at the northern border of the province, to a point below Senanga and above the Ngonye Falls in the south. This floodplain is inundated from December to June, and is fed by other rivers with their own floodplains, and serves as a vast reservoir storing the waters of the Zambezi. The seasonal flooding is very important to agriculture in the province, providing natural irrigation for the grasslands on which huge herds of cattle depend, and bringing water to the settlements along the edges of the plain. Away from the Zambezi and its tributaries, much of the landscape is a gently undulating series of fossil sand dunes from a previous extension of the Kalahari Desert, with numerous lagoons, pans and seasonal swamps in hollows between the dunes. Dry grassland plains, teak forest, miombo woodlands and patches of evergreen Cryptosepalum forest cover the land.
Mongu is now well supplied with paved roads and drainage . The main one and the chief access for the province is the 590-kilometre Lusaka–Mongu Road from Central Province, through Kaoma to Mongu. There is a plan to link Zambia to its neighbouring Angola and as of 2016, the Barotse Floodplain Causeway, which extends the Lusaka-Mongu Road and connects Mongu with the other side of the Zambezi River (Kalabo) has been completed.[2]
The M10 Road is the other main road in the province, connecting Mongu with Livingstone via Senanga, Sioma (where it crosses the Zambezi) and Sesheke (where it bypasses the Katima Mulilo Border Post and crosses the Zambezi again as the Katima Mulilo Bridge)
The other roads in the province vary from a few good dry-season gravel roads such as Kaoma to Lukulu, to sandy or muddy tracks passable only by trucks and four-wheel drive vehicles.
As per the 2010 Zambian census, Western Province had a population of 902,974, (though the current population (2021) is estimated to be 1,076,683.) accounting to 6.72% of the total Zambian population of 13,092,666. There were 433,505 males and 469,469 females, making the sex ratio 1,083 females for every 1,000 males, compared to the national ratio of 1,028 females for every 1000 males.[3] The literacy rate stood at 61.60% against a national average of 70.2%.[4] The rural population constituted 86.73%, while the urban population was 13.27%. The total area of the province was 126,386 sq. km and the population density was 7.10 per sq. km. The population density during 2000 Zambian census stood at 7.10.[5] The decadal population growth of the province was 1.70%. The median age in the province at the time of marriage was 20.5.[6] The average household size was 5.0, with the families headed by females being 4.3 and 5.4 for families headed by men.[7] The total eligible voters in the province was 68.90%.[8] The unemployment rate of the province was 7.70%. The total fertility rate was 6.0, complete birth rate was 5.5, crude birth rate was 36.0, child women population at birth was 802, general fertility rate was 152, gross reproduction rate was 2.3 and net reproduction rate was 1.7.[9] The total labour force constituted 63.80% of the total population. Out of the labour force, 67.1% were men and 61.1% women. The annual growth rate of labour force was 0.5%.[10] Lozi was the most spoken language with 69.6% speaking it.[11] Albinism is a condition where the victims do not have any pigment in their skin, hair or eyes. The total population in the province with the condition stood at 1,747.[12] The life expectancy at birth stood at 53 compared to the national average of 51.[13]
The Lozi are the major ethnic group in the province. The Lozi are traditionally cattle-keepers. They are a collection of 24 subgroups, with a well-established system of traditional rulers headed by the Litunga. The Litunga is assisted by subchiefs in Sesheke Senanga and Kalabo. The seasonal migrations of the Litunga and his court from the dry-season capital of Lealui, on the Zambezi flood-plain, to Limulunga, is an important cultural and now tourist event called the Kuomboka ceremony. There is an ethnic Nkoya minority centered on Kaoma (previously called Mankoya) district with their own chieftainship. The main traditional leaders of the Nkoya are Mwene (Chief) Mutondo and his equal counterpart, Mwene (Chief) Kahare all of Kaoma District and the surrounding areas. The Nkoya celebrate their annual traditional ceremony called the Kazanga or Kathanga between June and August in Kaoma District.
| HIV infected & AIDS deaths[14] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | HIV infected | AIDS deaths | |
| 1985 | 1,067 | 107 | |
| 1990 | 9,171 | 314 | |
| 1995 | 35,208 | 1,684 | |
| 2000 | 54,123 | 4,097 | |
| 2005 | 58,224 | 5,971 | |
| 2010 | 56,308 | 6,044 |
Cattle are the mainstay of the traditional economy, and are sold in the population centres further east when money is required for cash goods or school or medical expenses. Crops are grown on the fertile Barotse floodplains and along the margin of the flood plain, in particular maize, rice, millet and vegetables. The sandy soils of the province are good for Cashew nuts plantations which are not being exploited this day. The province has a huge forest a high potential for timber cutting and finishing investment. The locals exploit the timber at a small scale for curios and canoe making.
The total area of crops planted during the year 2014 in the province was 112,153.47 hectares which constituted 5.91% of the total area cultivated in Zambia. The net production stood at 103,127 metric tonnes, which formed 2.53% of the total agricultural production in the country. Rice was the major crop in the province with 20,862 metric tonnes, constituting 42.03% of the national output.[16]
Logging for Zambian Teak, which grows wild in the south of the province, was important, and resulted in the construction of the longest private railway in southern Africa from Livingstone to Mulobezi, but this industry has declined due to the very slow rates of re-growth and the reduced demand for railway sleepers. There is no mining within the province, although there have been extensive exploration campaigns for diamonds and petroleum.
The main tourist attractions are water sports and fishing on the Zambezi river, the annual Kuomboka ceremony and the annual Kazanga ceremony held in Kaoma District.
| Profession[17] | % of working population | |
| Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing (by Industry) | 9.50 | |
| Community, Social and Personnel | 4.50 | |
| Construction | 4.50 | |
| Electricity, Gas, and water | 3.10 | |
| Financial & Insurance | 2.40 | |
| Hotels and Restaurants | 1.50 | |
| Manufacturing | 14.10 | |
| Mining & Quarrying | 0.70 | |
| Transportation and Storage | 2.90 | |
| Wholesale & Retail Trade | 3.80 |