Western Oregon Indian Termination Act Explained

The Western Oregon Indian Termination Act or Public Law 588, was passed in August 1954 as part of the United States Indian termination policy. It called for the termination of federal supervision over the trust and restricted property of numerous Native American bands and small tribes, all located west of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon.^[1] The act also called for disposition of federally owned property which had been bought for the administration of Indian affairs, and for termination of federal services which these Indians received under federal recognition.^[1] The stipulations in this act were similar to those of most termination acts.

Tribes and bands

The Western Oregon Indian Termination Act was unique because of the number of tribes it affected. In all, 61 tribes in Western Oregon were terminated, more than the total tribes terminated under all other individual acts.^[1] However, it appears that authorities named every tribe that had been named in various treaties over the years. A review of the 1890^[2] and 1930 censuses shows that several of the named tribes in the termination act reported no members.^[3] In addition, the history of the area, with the Coastal Reservation being established by Executive Order and not treaty, then separated into the Siletz and Grande Ronde Reservations, then those two reservations being combined, and yet again separated, makes the situation complicated and difficult to ascertain specific data.^[4]

The 1930 census report notes that there were people who reported that they were Indian but did not denote a tribe in almost every state. In addition, it combines groups into language stock and tribes; however, "tribe" may reflect all speakers rather than separate bands and tribes. The total number of Indians affiliated with the language groups were as follows:

• Athapaskan (1930= 504; 1910 =656)
• Chinookan (1930= 561; 1910 =897)
• Kalapooian (1930= 45; 1910 = 106)
• Kusan (1930= 107; 1910 =93)
• Salish (1930= 9; 1910 = 18)
• Shastan (1930= 138; 1910 =177)
• Waiilatpuan (1930= 193; 1910 =302)
• Yakonan (1930= 7; 1910 =55)

The totals in Oregon for 1930 were 1,564. In comparison, the numbers for the 1910 census for these same groups represented a population of 2,304.^[3] On June 22, 1956, the final roll of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz contained 929 names.^[5] On April 14, 1956, the Federal Register published the final roll of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde which contained 862 names.^[6] The combined total of these two confederations' population was 1,791, though there may well have been scattered native peoples in the coastal region who were not affiliated with these reservations.

Restoration acts

There were five restoration acts that restored all of the bands who had tribe members that had been located on the Grand Ronde or Silez Reservations. Some of these tribes were restored with those acts and later obtained their own federal recognition.

The Chinook Indian Nation is made up of the five westernmost Tribes of Chinookan peoples, Lower Chinook, Willapa and Wahkiakum in Washington State plus Clatsop and Cathlamet in Oregon. The Chinook Nation is seeking Tribal recognition.^[7]

+ Western Oregon Indians
	As Listed on Treaty	Tribal entity	Language Stock	Merger with Other Reservation	Date of Reinstatement	Date of Land Restoration	Details
1.		Alsiya Indians	Yakonan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians^[8]	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation	As of the 1890 census, there were no members of this tribe enumerated who were not in the confines of the Siletz Reservation. Comments in the 1930 US Federal Census state, "The report of the Office of Indian Affairs for 1932 shows 13 Alsea and Yaquina enrolled at the Siletz Reservation of whom 5 are residing there and 8 elsewhere." It also indicates that the 1910 Census showed 29 Alsea, 7 Siuslaw, and 19 Yaquina living in Oregon.^[9]
2.		Applegate Creek Tribe	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation	As of the 1890 census, there were no members of this tribe enumerated who were not in the confines of the Siletz Reservation.
3.		Kalapuya Indians	Kalapooian	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community and Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	Various bands of this group were incorporated into either the Grand Ronde or Siletz Communities.
4.		Chafan Band of the Kalapuya	Kalapooian	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	There were no members of this tribe enumerated on the 1890 census.
5.		Muddy Creek Chemapho Band of the Central Kalapuya	Kalapooian	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
6.		Chetco Indians	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
7.		Chet-less-ing-ton Band of Tututni^[10]	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
8.			Chinookan	n/a	n/a	On January 3, 2001 the US Congress endorsed restoring the tribal status of 5 Tribes of the Chinook Indian Nation: the Wahkiakum, Lower Chinook and Willapa (in Washington State) as-well-as Cathlamet and Clatsop in Oregon; however, on July 5, 2002 the decision was reversed. An appeal is in process.^[11] ^[12]
9.		Clackamas Tribe	Chinookan	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
10.		Clatskanie (Tlatskanai) Indians	Athapascan	Shasta Costa (Shastao-Skoton, Shista-Kkhwusta)Band of Tututni	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	The Clatskanie people merged with the Shasta Costa and in 1910, had only 3 remaining members.^[13]
11.		Clatsop Band of Chinook Indian Nation^[14]	Chinookan	n/a	n/a	n/a	On January 3, 2001 the US Congress endorsed restoring the tribal status of 5 Tribes of the Chinook Indian Nation: the Wahkiakum, Lower Chinook and Willapa (in Washington State) as-well-as Cathlamet and Clatsop in Oregon; however, on July 5, 2002 the decision was reversed. An appeal is in process.
12.		[]	Chinookan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
13.	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	Chinookan	n/a			By federal statute. Public Law No. 98-165, 97 Stat. 1064^[15] Upon restoration 10,678.36 acres of land were placed back into trust by the Bureau of Land management.^[16]
14.	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	various	n/a			By federal statute. Public Law No. 95-195, 91 Stat. 1415^[17] Records of the Bureau of Land Management confirm that upon restoration 4,250.68 acres of land were re-established in the federal trust.
15.		Coos/Kusa peoples	Kusan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
				Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians			By federal statute. Public Law No. 98-481, 98 Stat. 2250^[18] 130.50 acres were placed into the Bureau of Land Management's trust upon tribal restoration.
16.		Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
				Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians	^[19]		By federal statute. Public Law No. Public Law 97-391 96 Stat. 1960^[20]
17.		Euchre (Yukwitche, Yugweechi) Band of Tututni	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
18.		Galice Creek Indians	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
19.		Grave Creek Umpqua	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
20.		Joshua or Chemetunne Band of the Tututni^[21]	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
21.		Karok Tribe	Hokan				As of the 1930 census, there were no Karok peoples enumerated living outside the State of California.^[22]
22.		Cathlamet Band of Chinook Indian Nation	Chinookan	n/a	n/a	On January 3, 2001 the US Congress endorsed restoring the tribal status of 5 Tribes of the Chinook Indian Nation: the Wahkiakum, Lower Chinook and Willapa (in Washington State) as-well-as Cathlamet and Clatsop in Oregon; however, on July 5, 2002 the decision was reversed. An appeal is in process.
23.		Kusotony Band of the Tututni	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation	Kusotony, Co-sutt-hen-ton, Co-ca-to-ny, Co-sate-he-ne all appear as variations of this name.^[23] An 1854 memo lists that the group, which had 27 members at that time was part of the "ToToTin" (clearly Tututni) Indians.^[24]
24.		Kwatami or Sixes Band of Tututni	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
25.		Luckiamute Band of Central Kalapuya	Kalapooian	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
26.		Long Tom Creek Band of the Kalapuya	Kalapooian	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
27.		Lower Coquille (Ko-Kwell) of the Tututni	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
				Coquille Indian Tribe			By Federal Statute. Public Law 101-42.^[25] The Bureau of Land Management placed 6,481.95 acres of land into trust for the tribe upon restoration.
28.		Lower Umpqua	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
				Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians			By federal statute. Public Law No. 98-481, 98 Stat. 2250 130.50 acres were placed into the Bureau of Land Management's trust upon tribal restoration.
29.		Maddy or Chemapho Band of the Central Kalapuya^[26]	Kalapooian	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
30.		Mikonotunne Band of the Tututni^[27]	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
31.		Mary's River Chepenefa Band of Kalapuya	Kalapooian	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
32.		Multnomah Band of the Chinook Indian Nation	Chinookan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
33.		Munsel Creek Band	unknown				The band or sub-tribe was probably located near present Florence, Oregon, which is in Siuslaw country.^[28] ^[29]
34.		Naltunnetunne Band of the Tututni	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
35.		Nehalem or Tillamook Tribe	Salishan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
36.		Nestucca	Salishan	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community and Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	The 1890 census indicates that the Nestucca were residing on the Grand Ronde Reservation and the Nostucca were residing on the Siletz Reservation.
37.		Northern Molalla Band of the Plateau Indians	Waiilatpuan	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community and Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
38.		Naltunnetunne Band of the Tututni	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation	The 1890 census states that the Nahltanadons live in Port Orford; however, in the enumeration portion, the closest tribe listed to this spelling is Nultuatana.^[30]
39.		Pudding River Ahantchuyuk Band of Kalapuya	Kalapooian	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
40.							Smith River tribe merged with Siletz, but impossible to determine without more quantifiers what "river" refers to.^[31]
41.		Rogue River Band of Tututni	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community and Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	Various bands of this group were incorporated into either the Grand Ronde or Siletz Communities. Rogue River appears on both the Grand Ronde and Siletz census for 1890.
42.		Salmon River Band of Salish		Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community and Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation
43.		Santiam Band of Kalapuya	Kalapooian	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
44.		Shasta Costa Band of Tututni	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation	Chasta-Scotons, Chasta Costas, Shis-ta-koos- tee, Shasta Coazta, Shasta Costa, Chaste Costa, Shasta Costa, ChasteCosta and Shista Kwusta all appear as variations of this name.
45.		Shasta (Chasta) Band of the Tututni	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
46.		Shasta Costa Band of Tututni	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community and Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	Chasta-Scotons, Chasta Costas, Shis-ta-koos- tee, Shasta Coazta, Shasta Costa, Chaste Costa, Shasta Costa, ChasteCosta and Shista Kwusta all appear as variations of this name.
47.		Siletz Band of the Tillamook Tribe	Salishan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
48.		Siuslaw Indians	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
				Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians			By federal statute. Public Law No. 98-481, 98 Stat. 2250 130.50 acres were placed into the Bureau of Land Management's trust upon tribal restoration.
49.			Chinookan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
50.		Southern Molalla Band of the Plateau Indians	Waiilatpuan	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community and Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
51.		Takelma Band of the Tututni	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
52.		Tillamook Indian Tribe		Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community and Confederated Tribes of the Siletz	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation
53.		Tolowa Indians	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
54.		Atfalati or Tualatin Band of Kalapuya	Kalapooian	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
55.		Tututni Indians	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community and Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	Various bands of this group were incorporated into either the Grand Ronde or Siletz Communities.
56.		Upper Coquille Band of the Tututni	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation
				Coquille Indian Tribe			By Federal Statute. Public Law 101-42. The Bureau of Land Management placed 6,481.95 acres of land into trust for the tribe upon restoration.
57.		Upper Umpqua Band	Athapascan	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community and Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation and/or 1983 as Grand Ronde Confederation
58.		Willamette Tumwater Band of the Chinook Indian Nation	Chinookan	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
59.		Yamhill Band of Kalapuya	Kalapooian	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation
60.		Yaquina Tribe	Yakonan	Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians	as part of the Siletz Confederation	as part of the Siletz Confederation	By the time the Coast Reservation of 1856 was established, the population of the Yaquina Tribe was so reduced that the entire record of the Yakonan/Alsean language stock comes from the Alsea. The reservation was established in the traditional homeland of the Yaquina and Alsea and encompassed their homelands.^[32] Comments in the 1930 US Federal Census state, "The report of the Office of Indian Affairs for 1932 shows 13 Alsea and Yaquina enrolled at the Siletz Reservation of whom 5 are residing there and 8 elsewhere." It also indicates that the 1910 Census showed 29 Alsea, 7 Siuslaw, and 19 Yaquina living in Oregon.
61.		Yoncalla Band of the Kalapuya	Kalapooian	Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation	as part of the Grand Ronde Confederation

See also

• California Rancheria Termination Act

Notes and References

1. Public Law 588, August 13, 1954. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties, Vol. VI (Washington: Government Printing Office), p. 641 http://digital.library.okstate.edu/KAPPLER/vol6/html_files/v6p0641.html
2. Web site: Decennial . www2.census.gov . 2021-10-27.
3. The Indian Population of the United States and Alaska, 1930, Volume 2. Truesdell, Leon Edgar . Leon E. Truesdell . United States Bureau of the Census . U.S. Government Printing Office. 1937. December 20, 2014.
4. Web site: Lewis_Daivd_Gene . scholarsbank.uoregon.edu . 2021-10-27.
5. Web site: Archived copy . 2014-12-27 . 2016-03-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234826/http://soda.sou.edu/awdata/021029d1.pdf . dead .
6. Book: Lewis, David Gene. Termination of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon: Politics, Community, Identity . University of Oregon. 2009. 9781109119725 . December 21, 2014.
7. Web site: Chinook Indian Nation - Cathlamet • Clatsop • Lower Chinook • Wahkaikum • Willapa . 2019-08-05 . 2019-08-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190805065806/http://www.chinooknation.org/index.html . dead .
8. Web site: Siletz Indian Tribe History, Tillamook Oregon, Multnomah County Oregon, Salishan – Part I – Introduction.
9. The Indian Population of the United States and Alaska, 1930, Volume 2. Truesdell, Leon Edgar . United States Bureau of the Census . U.S. Government Printing Office. 1937. December 20, 2014 . 52.
10. Web site: Nagpra Notices of Intent to Repatriate: Notice of Intent to Repatriate Cultural Items: Horner Collection, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
11. Web site: Federal Register :: Final Determination to Acknowledge the Chinook Indian Tribe/Chinook Nation (Formerly: Chinook Indian Tribe, Inc.) . 2019-08-05 . 2019-08-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190805065802/https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2001/01/09/01-609/final-determination-to-acknowledge-the-chinook-indian-tribechinook-nation-formerly-chinook-indian . dead .
12. Web site: Federal Register :: Reconsidered Final Determination to Decline to Acknowledge the Chinook Indian Tribe/Chinook Nation . 2019-08-05 . 2019-08-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190805065804/https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2002/07/12/02-17551/reconsidered-final-determination-to-decline-to-acknowledge-the-chinook-indian-tribechinook-nation . dead .
13. Web site: Clatskanie Indians. Access Genealogy. 4 July 2012.
14. Web site: Chinook tribe pushes for recognition, again. OregonLive.com. 28 November 2012.
15. Web site: 25 U.S. Code Chapter 14, Subchapter XXX–C – CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF THE GRAND RONDE COMMUNITY OF OREGON.
16. Web site: Indian Issues: BLM's Program for Issuing Individual Indian Allotments on Public Lands Is No Longer Viable.
17. Web site: 25 U.S. Code Chapter 14, Subchapter XXX–A – Siletz Indian Tribe: Restoration of Federal Supervision.
18. Web site: 25 U.S. Code Chapter 14, Subchapter XXX–D – Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians: Restoration of Federal Supervision.
19. Web site: Oregon Blue Book: Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians.
20. Web site: 25 U.S. Code Chapter 14, Subchapter XXX–B – Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Oregon.
21. Web site: Oregon History Project . 2014-12-27 . 2014-12-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141221111238/http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=428da59f-f49f-c56d-62c88c6e42b73ba9 . dead .
22. The Indian Population of the United States and Alaska, 1930, Volume 2. Truesdell, Leon Edgar . United States Bureau of the Census . U.S. Government Printing Office. 1937. December 20, 2014 . 43.
23. Web site: The Grizzly Bear and the Deer: The History of Federal Indian Policy and Its Impact on the Coast Reservation Tribes of Oregon, 1856–1877. . M. Susan. Van Laere . 2000. 60, 215 . December 20, 2014.
24. Web site: Archived copy . 2014-12-27 . 2016-03-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023756/http://soda.sou.edu/awdata/030903c1.pdf . dead .
25. Web site: 25 U.S. Code Chapter 14, Subchapter XXX–E – Coquille Indian Tribe of Oregon: Restoration of Federal Supervision.
26. Web site: INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties . 2014-12-27 . 2015-01-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150125055241/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/kal0665.htm . dead .
27. Web site: National Museum of the American Indian : Search Results.
28. Book: Santoro, Nicholas J.. Atlas of the Indian Tribes of the Continental United States and the Clash of Cultures . iUniverse . 2009. 238 . 978-1-4401-0795-5 . December 20, 2014.
29. Web site: ' 'Two Little Girls' ' . Laura Dahlin. Erlandson . Siuslaw Pioneer . August 1948. 2 . December 20, 2014.
30. Web site: The Grizzly Bear and the Deer: The History of Federal Indian Policy and Its Impact on the Coast Reservation Tribes of Oregon, 1856–1877. . M. Susan. Van Laere . 2000. 60 . December 20, 2014.
31. Web site: Siletz Reservation. Access Genealogy. 9 July 2011.
32. Book: Handbook of North American Indians: Northwest coast . Sturtevant, William C. . Smithsonian Institution . 1990. 370 . 9780160203909 . December 20, 2014.