Western sports explained

Western sports are sports that are strongly associated with the West. Many modern sports were invented in or standardized by Western countries;[1] in particular, many major sports were invented in the United Kingdom after the Industrial Revolution,[2] [3] and later, America invented some major sports such as basketball and baseball.[4]

Western European colonialism and American influence were the initial causes of the spread of Western sports around the world.[5] Later, globalization and the prominent role of Western sports in the Olympic Games helped further grow Western sports.[6] [7] The most-watched international sporting event is the FIFA World Cup, which showcases the Western sport of football (also known as soccer).[8]

History

Various minor games and board games were transmitted between the West and the rest of the world in antiquity. Chess originated in India as chaturanga.[9]

Antiquity

The Romans built immense structures such as the amphitheatres to house their festivals of sport. The Romans exhibited a passion for blood sports, such as the infamous Gladiatorial battles that pitted contestants against one another in a fight to the death. The Olympic Games revived many of the sports of classical antiquity—such as Greco-Roman wrestling, discus and javelin.[10] The sport of bullfighting is a traditional spectacle of Spain, Portugal, southern France, and some Latin American countries. It traces its roots to prehistoric bull worship and sacrifice and is often linked to Rome, where many human-versus-animal events were held. Bullfighting spread from Spain to its American colonies, and in the 19th century to France, where it developed into a distinctive form in its own right.[11]

Middle Ages

See main article: Sport in Europe. Jousting and hunting were popular sports in the European Middle Ages, and the aristocratic classes developed passions for leisure activities. A great number of popular global sports were first developed or codified in Europe. The modern game of golf originated in Scotland, where the first written record of golf is James II's banning of the game in 1457, as an unwelcome distraction to learning archery.[12]

Colonial era

Western European countries used sport as a method to increase cultural connections between themselves and their colonies. Colonizers also used sport as a way to keep their soldiers fit in tough environments and to create social changes among colonized peoples; the philosophy of Muscular Christianity was influential in this regard in British colonies, and was also put in practice in Asia by the YMCA.[13] This had an intended effect of causing the decline of traditional sports around the world.[14] [15] [16] [17] On the other hand, colonized peoples often used Western sports as an opportunity to prove themselves by defeating their colonizers in said sports; this contributed to many nascent independence movements.[18]

In South Asia, the influence of and resistance to Western sport also led to the standardization of some traditional Indian games such as kabaddi and introduced organized competitions at statewide and national levels for these games.[19] [20] [21] In China, the introduction of Western sports resulted in sports being valued more in terms of their competitive aspects,[22] [23] in contrast to a native emphasis on sports being used for harmony between people and nature.[24] [25] In Japan, Western sports were adopted as part of the Meiji era modernization, and were given values in line with the samurai philosophy of Bushido.[26] In Africa, Western sports were imposed with an eye towards the physical threat posed to colonizers by some of the militaristic training activities that Africans had traditionally practiced, and as a way of arguing that Western civilization was more rational and thus superior to African society by emphasizing the fact that Western sports had more elements of standardization and structure, such as yellow cards, fields with chalked-out straight lines, and stopwatches to measure time periods, than traditional African games.[27]

Some sports were imported to the West from its colonies; for example, the equestrian game of polo, which was discovered by the British in South Asia, was spread by the British worldwide in a British-standardized form.[28] [29] The British also modified some Indian board games to create the modern games of snakes and ladders and ludo.[30]

British sports

See main article: Sport in the United Kingdom. The Industrial Revolution that began in Great Britain in the 18th century brought increased leisure time, leading to more opportunities for citizens to participate in athletic activities and also follow spectator sports. These trends continued with the advent of mass media and global communication. The bat and ball sport of cricket was first played in England during the 16th century and was exported around the globe via the British Empire. A number of popular modern sports were devised or codified in the United Kingdom during the 19th century and obtained global prominence; these include ping pong, modern tennis, association football, netball and rugby.[31]

The British sought to use their sports as a method to propagate their moral values among their colonial subjects, and to prove the superiority of British culture.[32] [33] [34]

American sports

See main article: Sports in the United States. The United States also developed unique variations of English sports. English migrants took antecedents of baseball to America during the colonial period. The history of American football can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football.[35] Many games are known as "football" were being played at colleges and universities in the United States in the first half of the 19th century. American football resulted from several major divergences from rugby, most notably the rule changes instituted by Walter Camp, the "Father of American football".[36] Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith, a Canadian physical education instructor working in Springfield, Massachusetts, in the United States.[37] Volleyball was created in Holyoke, Massachusetts, a city directly north of Springfield, in 1895.[38] In the case of lacrosse, a Native American sport became a professional American sport.[39] [40]

The United States pioneered the professionalization of sports; leagues like Major League Baseball, National Football League, and the National Basketball Association are still among the wealthiest leagues in the world.[41] [42] Many sports which were professionalized were originally children's games.[43]

America introduced some of its sports to various Asian countries (including American colonies in Asia); this resulted in baseball becoming established in Japan and basketball becoming popular in China.[44] Japanese colonization of East Asia helped to spread baseball and other Western sports in the region.[45] [46]

Post-colonial era

Even as European colonization of the world came to an end after World War 2, Western sports continued to play a prominent role. Western sports became an important part of nation-building and diplomacy for some newly independent countries;[47] [48] [49] for example, cricket played a significant role in helping India unite its diverse peoples and conduct diplomacy when it faced tensions with its neighbor Pakistan.[50] [51] With the advent of T20 cricket, a greatly shortened version of the game, cricket leagues have become prominent in South Asia and beyond, with the Indian Premier League now among the richest sports leagues in the world.[52] Another example of diplomacy was the launching of the Asian Games, which were meant to promote Pan-Asianism.[53] Western sports also play an important role in the promotion of health and good societal values (such as gender equality) in former colonies,[54] and are generally seen as an important part of the modernization process. The worldwide dominance of Western sports has also resulted in competitions based in Western countries overtaking the popularity of local competitions in other parts of the world,[55] and the further decline of non-Western sports.[56] [57] [58] Western sports have also grown because of their economic dominance and brand identification among fans.[59] [60]

The Olympic Games, though they initially started off with an emphasis on including traditional games from around the world,[61] eventually became a major transmission vector for Western sports, with Western nations dominating in the event.[62] However, some non-Western sports such as judo have over time become part of the Olympics.[63] [64]

E-sports have emerged in the modern era; video game adaptations of Western sports have also become popular, such as the FIFA video game series.[65]

Some traditional Western games have been adapted into major professional competitions, as is the case with World Chase Tag for the game of tag.[66]

Major multi-sport events

Commonwealth Games

List of sports

See also: List of sports.

Bat-and ball games

Cricket

Goal sports

Hockey

Racket sports

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Beijing 2008 Olympic Games - Globalization, Sports Processes Britannica . 2023-10-03 . www.britannica.com . en.
  2. News: Clarey . Christopher . 2012-07-26 . Britain's Living Legacy to the Games: Sports . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-10-03 . 0362-4331.
  3. Vamplew . Wray . Sport, industry and industrial sport in Britain before 1914: review and revision . Sport in Society . 15 March 2016 . 19 . 3 . 340–355 . 10.1080/17430437.2015.1057942 . 145543051 .
  4. Web site: Giaimo . Cara . 2016-08-26 . The Surprising Massachusetts Origins of Nearly Every American Sport . 2023-10-03 . Atlas Obscura . en.
  5. Web site: Cleophas . Francois . 2021-08-24 . How colonial history shaped bodies and sport at the edges of empire . 2023-10-03 . The Conversation . en.
  6. Lee . Byung Jin . Kim . Tae Young . A study on the birth and globalization of sports originated from each continent . Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation . 23 February 2016 . 12 . 1 . 2–9 . 10.12965/jer.150248 . 4771148 . 26933653 .
  7. . Manzenreiter . Wolfram . Global movements, sports spectacles and the transformation of representational power . Asia Pacific World . 22 March 2010 . 1 . 1 . 37–56 . 10.3167/apw2010010104 .
  8. Web site: Stacker . Sam Kaye . 2022-11-17 . The World Cup is the most-watched sporting event internationally. Here's how it stacks up to US events . 2023-10-03 . Fredericksburg.com . en.
  9. Web site: Shah Mat! The Global Origins of Chess in War and Diplomacy . 2023-10-03 . History Hit . en-GB.
  10. Book: The Allure of Sports in Western Culture . 2019 . University of Toronto Press . 978-1-4875-0418-2 . 10.3138/j.ctvpmw44f .
  11. Schrodt . Barbara . Sports of the Byzantine Empire . Journal of Sport History . 1981 . 8 . 3 . 40–59 . 43609070 .
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  13. Book: McComb . David G. . Sports in World History . 2004 . Psychology Press . 978-0-415-31812-9 .
  14. Book: Besnier, Niko . The Anthropology of Sport: Bodies, Borders, Biopolitics . Brownell . Susan . Carter . Thomas F. . 2018 . Univ of California Press . 978-0-520-28901-7 . en.
  15. Leng . Ho Keat . Pyun . Do Young . Lin . Yen-Chun . Special issue: sports and leisure management in Asia . Managing Sport and Leisure . 14 July 2023 . 1–3 . 10.1080/23750472.2023.2207865 . 259909018 . free .
  16. Book: 10.4324/9781003317685 . Indigenous, Traditional, and Folk Sports . 2023 . Vaczi . Mariann . Bairner . Alan . 978-1-00-331768-5 . 261439321 .
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  21. Fischer-Tiné . Harald . Fitness for Modernity? The YMCA and physical-education schemes in late-colonial South Asia (circa 1900–40) . Modern Asian Studies . March 2019 . 53 . 2 . 512–559 . 10.1017/s0026749x17000300 . 149530821 .
  22. Book: 10.4324/9781003204015 . Routledge Handbook of Sport in China . 2023 . Hong . Fan . Li . Liu . 978-1-00-320401-5 . 258626306 .
  23. Book: 10.2991/msetasse-16.2016.29 . Comparison analysis of Chinese and western leisure sports culture . Proceedings of the 2016 4th International Conference on Management Science, Education Technology, Arts, Social Science and Economics (Msetasse-16) . 2016 . Duan . Huiqiao . 978-94-6252-263-3 .
  24. Wang . Sc . Analysis of the characteristics of chinese traditional sports culture in the new period . Journal of Sports Medicine and Therapy . 23 July 2019 . 4 . 3 . 053–060 . 10.29328/journal.jsmt.1001044 . 199499387 . free .
  25. Chunlei . Lu . 2011 . How China plays the game: a cultural perspective on sports in China . Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum . 2 . 1–17 .
  26. Kelly . William . Sugimoto . Atsuo . This Sporting Life: Sports and Body Culture in Modern Japan . CEAS Occasional Publication Series . 2007 . 161058970 .
  27. Book: Nauright . John . Sport in the African World . Amara . Mahfoud . 2018-05-16 . Routledge . 978-1-351-21273-1 . en.
  28. Book: Sen . Ronojoy . Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India . 2015 . Columbia University Press . 978-0-231-53993-7 .
  29. Web site: The Army's impact on sport National Army Museum . 2023-10-03 . www.nam.ac.uk . en.
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  36. Collins . Tony . Unexceptional exceptionalism: the origins of American football in a transnational context . Journal of Global History . July 2013 . 8 . 2 . 209–230 . 10.1017/S1740022813000193 . 162414097 .
  37. Web site: 2021-03-27 . Here's the history of basketball—from peach baskets in Springfield to global phenomenon . https://web.archive.org/web/20210327155835/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/basketball-only-major-sport-invented-united-states-how-it-was-created . dead . March 27, 2021 . 2023-10-03 . History . en.
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  39. Web site: 2023-07-12 . The Native American Origins of Lacrosse . 2023-10-03 . HISTORY . en.
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  65. Web site: FIFA set to widen gaming and esports portfolio . 2023-10-03 . www.fifa.com . en.
  66. Web site: Edwards . Phil . 2020-12-10 . How tag became a professional sport . 2023-10-03 . Vox . en.

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