North America and West Indies Station explained

Unit Name:North America and West Indies Station
Dates:North American Station (1745–1818)
North America and West Indies Station (1818–1926)
America and West Indies Station (1926–1956)
West Indies (1956–1976)
(1976–1995)
Country:United Kingdom, Bermuda, and Canada
Branch: Royal Navy
Type:Regional command
Command Structure:Royal Navy
Garrison:Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax 1745–1905 &
Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda 1795–1956;
HM Naval Base Bermuda HMS Malabar (South Yard of the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda) 1956-1976 (closing in 1995)
Equipment:,,,
Equipment Label:Notable ships
Battles:Battle of Craney Island, Battle of the Chesapeake, Battle of Cape Henry, Siege of Yorktown, Battle of St. Kitts (American Revolutionary War)
USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere, Capture of HMS Frolic, Capture of USS Chesapeake, Capture of HMS Boxer, Burning of Washington (Chesapeake Campaign), Battle of Baltimore (Chesapeake Campaign) (War of 1812),
pursuit of SM U-53 (1916),
Battle of the Atlantic
Disbanded:1 April 1976

The North America and West Indies Station was a formation or command of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy stationed in North American waters from 1745 to 1956, with main bases at the Imperial fortresses of Bermuda and Halifax, Nova Scotia. The North American Station absorped the separate Newfoundland Station in 1825 (becoming the North America and Newfoundland Station), and the Jamaica Station in 1830, to form the North America and West Indies Station. It was briefly abolished in 1907 before being restored in 1915. It was renamed the America and West Indies Station in 1926, absorbing what had been the South East Coast of America Station and the Pacific Station. It was commanded by Commanders-in-Chief whose titles changed with the changing of the formation's name, eventually by the Commander-in-Chief, America and West Indies Station.

History

The squadron was formed in 1745 to counter French forces in North America, with the headquarters at the Halifax Naval Yard in Nova Scotia (now CFB Halifax).[1]

Royal Navy ships and vessels in the area had been designated as the North American Station in 1767, under the command of Commodore Samuel Hood. The headquarters was located in Halifax from 1758 to 1794, and thereafter in Halifax and Bermuda. Land and buildings for a permanent Naval Yard were purchased by the Royal Navy in 1758 and the Yard was officially commissioned in 1759. The Yard served as the main base for the Royal Navy in North America during the Seven Years' War, the American Revolution, and the French Revolutionary Wars.[2]

The economy of Bermuda had been entirely dependent on maritime activities, including privateering, since the 17th Century.[3]

Following American independence in 1783, Bermuda was the only British territory left between Nova Scotia and the West Indies (by agreement with the Spanish government, a Royal Navy base was maintained in Florida until this was ceded to the United States), and was selected as the new headquarters for the region. The establishment of a base there was delayed for a dozen years, however, due to the need to survey the encircling barrier reef to locate channels suitable for large warships. Once this had been completed, a base was established at St. George's in 1794, with the fleet anchoring at Murray's Anchorage in the northern lagoon, named for Vice Admiral Sir George Murray, who became the Commander-in-Chief of the new River St. Lawrence and Coast of America and North America and West Indies Station. The Admiralty also began purchasing land at Bermuda's West End, including Ireland Island, Spanish Point, and smaller islands in the Great Sound with the intent of building the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda, and a permanent naval base there, with its anchorage on Grassy Bay. The construction of this base was to drag on through much of the Nineteenth Century.[4]

Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren was appointed Commander-in-Chief in 1812, and he and his staff seem to have spent most of their time at Bermuda during the War of 1812 (he was replaced by Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Inglis Cochrane in 1813), from where the blockade of much of the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States and raids such as the Battle of Craney Island were orchestrated. 2,500 soldiers under Major-General Robert Ross aboard, three frigates, three sloops and ten other vessels, was sent to Bermuda in 1814, following British victory in the Peninsular War, and joined with the naval and military forces already at, or operating from, Bermuda to carry out the Chesapeake campaign, a punitive expedition which included the Raid on Alexandria, the Battle of Bladensburg, and the Burning of Washington was launched in August, 1814.[5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

In 1813, the area of command had become the North America Station again, with the West Indies falling under the Jamaica Station, and in 1816 it was renamed the North America and Lakes of Canada Station. The headquarters was initially in Bermuda during the winter and Halifax during the summer, but Admiralty House, Bermuda, became the year-round headquarters of the station in 1821, when the area of command became the North America and Newfoundland Station (with the absorption of the Newfoundland Station). In 1818 Halifax became the summer base for the squadron which shifted to the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda, for the remainder of the year.[10] In 1819, Bermuda, which was better positioned to counter threats from the United States, became the main base of the station year-round.[2] [11] [10] [12] [13] Halifax continued to be used as the summer base for the station until 1907.[14] Virtually impregnable to attack over the ocean, and impossible to attack over land,[15] [16] [17] Bermuda's importance following the war was described by Royal Naval Purser Richard Cotter in 1828:[18]

Sir Henry Hardinge reported, in the House of Commons, on the 22 March 1839:

In 1830 the station absorbed the Jamaica Station and was redesignated as the North America and West Indies Station, and remained so until 1907, when the North America and West Indies Station was abolished and its squadron replaced by the 4th Cruiser Squadron. This was based in England and Bermuda was redesignated from a base to a coaling station, although the dockyard remained in operation. The Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station, remained in Bermuda. The Royal Navy withdrew from Halifax in 1905, and the Halifax Naval Yard was handed over to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1910. The Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard on the Pacific coast of Canada was also transferred to the dominion government in 1905.[19]

An official letter sent by the Commander-in-Chief during the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903 listed the following ships at the station on 1 January 1903: cruisers HMS Ariadne, HMS Charybdis, HMS Pallas, HMS Indefatigable, HMS Retribution, and HMS Tribune; sloops HMS Fantome and HMS Alert; destroyers HMS Quail and HMS Rocket; and the tender HMS Columbine.[20]

The North America and West Indies Station was restored in 1915, and incorporated the 8th Cruiser Squadron from 1924 to 1925. After the First World War, relying on the Panama Canal (completed in 1914), it absorbed the geographic area formerly belonging to the Pacific Station, as reported in the Daily Colonist newspaper on 16 July, 1919:[21] [22]

and, in 1928, South America (what had once been the South East Coast of America Station) was added to the geographic limits of the North America and West Indies Station and the station was renamed the "America and West Indies Station". In May, 1928, was recommissioned and transferred to the Station from the Mediterranean to augment the vessels of the 8th Light Cruiser Station. South American waters had previously been patrolled by the "South American Squadron", but this had been withdrawn due to financial constraints in 1921, since when the British flag has been shown there only by special visits (such as during the world cruise of the First Cruiser Squadron in 1924 or by HMS Repulse during the March to October, 1925, tour of Africa and South America by the Prince of Wales'), or by detaching a ship from the North America and West Indies Station.[23] [24] In 1942 the title of C-in-C America and West Indies was re-styled Senior British Naval Officer, Western Atlantic.[25]

In 1945 the America and West Indies title was restored.[26] [27]

In 1951, the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda, was reduced to a base without drydock facilities, with the Admiralty Floating Dock No. 5 towed to Britain by HM Tugs Warden and Reward (the smaller AFD 48 remained). The position of Senior Naval Officer West Indies (SNOWI) was established as a Sub-Area Commander under the Commander-in-Chief of the America and West Indies station. The occupant of this position was a commodore, and was provided with a shore office on Ireland Island (which was beside the Victualling Yard until 1962), but was required to spend much of his time at sea in the West Indies. A flagship (between 1951 and April, 1956, this was successively,, HMS Sheffield,) and other vessels of the America and West Indies Squadron continued to be based at the South Yard of the former Royal Naval Dockyard, where the Royal Navy maintained a Berthing Area under the command of a Resident Naval Officer (RNO), but were detached from the Home Fleet, and their refits and repairs were thenceforth to be carried out in Britain. The RNO had his own office in one of the houses of Dockyard Terrace. Admiralty land not required for the continued naval operations was sold to the colonial government.[13] There was also an RNO in Nassau.[28]

In 1952, the Commander-in-Chief, Vice Admiral Sir William Andrewes, became the initial Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic.[29]

Disestablishment and successor, SNOWI

On 29 October 1956, the post of Commander-in-Chief, America and West Indies Station, was abolished, leaving the Senior Naval Officer, West Indies as his replacement.[30] SNOWI reported directly to the Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet, flying his flag back in the United Kingdom. SNOWI also served as Island Commander Bermuda (ISCOMBERMUDA) in the NATO chain of command, reporting to Commander-in-Chief, Western Atlantic Area, as part of SACLANT.[28] The ships of the command were reduced to two Station Frigates.[13]

All remaining Admiralty land, including Admiralty House at Clarence Hill and Ireland Island, along with War Department lands in Bermuda, were sold to the colonial government between 1957 and 1965. That part of the dockyard still required for naval operations remained under Admiralty control under a ninety-nine year lease as the South Yard Berthing Area, which was commissioned on 1 June 1965 as, under the command of the RNO, with the headquarters of SNOWI and the RNO in Moresby House (originally built in the 1899s as the residence of the civilian Officer in Charge, Works).[2] In December, 1967, the position of RNO Bermuda was abolished, with its duties passing to SNOWI's secretary and SNOWI taking over command of HMS Malabar. As SNOWI was frequently in the West Indies, he was unable to effectively command HMS Malabar and a Lieutenant-Commander was consequently appointed to the roles of Commanding Officer of HMS Malabar and RNO in 1971.[28]

The former Royal Naval wireless station land at Daniels Head was leased to the Royal Canadian Navy on 1 January 1963, for the purpose of a new radio station. It became CFS Daniel's Head when the Royal Canadian Navy became part of the Canadian Forces in 1969.[31]

After the assassination of the Governor of Bermuda, Sir Richard Sharples, in February 1973, provided enhanced security for Commodore Cameron Rusby, the then-SNOWI.[32] A detachment of Royal Marines (subsequently replaced by soldiers from the Parachute Regiment) was posted to the Dockyard to guard SNOWI.[33]

While Bermuda had been the ideal base of operations for the North America and West Indies Station, at a thousand miles north of the Virgin Islands, it was far too distant to serve as an effective headquarters for only the West Indies. This meant that both SNOWI and the Station Frigates spent little time in or near Bermuda. On 1 April 1976, the post of SNOWI was abolished, and the Station Frigates were withdrawn. The RNO and his staff remained, and a frigate was appointed West Indies Guardship, but seldom visited Bermuda. HMS Malabar ceased to be a base and was rated only as a supply station.[2]

By 1995, when Malabar was handed over to the Government of Bermuda,[34] [35] the Royal Naval presence in the North-Western Atlantic and Caribbean had been reduced to only the West Indies Guard Ship, a role which was rotated among the fleet's escorts, which took turns operating extended patrols of the West Indies.

Years after the disestablishment of the SNOWI post, the West Indies Guard Ship task was redesignated Atlantic Patrol Task (North).[36]

Sub commands

Commanders in Chief

Commanders of the station have included:[37] [38]
= died in post

Commander-in-Chief, North American Station

Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station

Vacant (1907–13)

Commander-in-Chief, America and West Indies Station

Senior British Naval Officer, Western Atlantic

Commander-in-Chief, America and West Indies Station

After the end of the Second World War the former name of the station was restored.

See also

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Royal Naval Dockyards. 2 September 2012. 3 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131103234627/http://www.rmg.co.uk/researchers/library/research-guides/the-royal-navy/research-guide-b5-royal-naval-dockyards. dead.
  2. Web site: Bermuda's Royal Navy base at Ireland Island from 1815 to the 1960s. 2 September 2012. 3 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130203012157/http://www.bermuda-online.org/rnd.htm. dead.
  3. The Bermudian . Bermuda in the Privateering Business . Lieutenant-Colonel A. Gavin . Shorto . 2018-04-05 . 2023-11-26 . City of Hamilton, Pembroke Parish, Bermuda . The Bermudian.
  4. Web site: Bermuda's History from 1800 to 1899. Bermuda on line. 29 August 2015. 3 July 2013. https://archive.today/20130703210724/http://www.bermuda-online.org/history1800-1899.htm. dead.
  5. Book: Stranack, Lieutenant-Commander Ian . The Andrew And The Onions: The Story Of The Royal Navy In Bermuda, 1795 – 1975 . 1990 . Bermuda . The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press . 9780921560036.
  6. Web site: Bermuda Online: British Army in Bermuda from 1701 to 1977; 1881 to 1883 . 22 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140821111911/http://www.bermuda-online.org/britarmy.htm . 21 August 2014 . dead .
  7. News: Harris . Dr. Edward Cecil . 2012-01-21 . Bermuda's role in the Sack of Washington . The Royal Gazette . City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda . 2021-08-08.
  8. Grove . Tim . 2021-01-22 . Fighting The Power . Chesapeake Bay Magazine . Annapolis . Chesapeake Bay Media, LLC . 2021-08-08.
  9. Morriss 1997, p. 98
  10. Marilyn Gurney, The Kings Yard, Maritime Command Museum, Halifax.
  11. Gwyn, Julian, Frigates and Foremasts: The North American Squadron in Nova Scotia Waters, 1745–1815 Vancouver, BC: UBC Press (2004) . OCLC 144078613
  12. Web site: HistoricPlaces.ca - HistoricPlaces.ca. www.historicplaces.ca.
  13. The Andrew and The Onions: The Story of The Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795–1975, by Lieutenant-Commander B. Ian D. Stranack. Bermuda Maritime Museum Press
  14. Web site: Wardroom Officers' Mess. CFB Halifax. 11 September 2012. 9 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130109103214/http://www.cg.cfpsa.ca/cg-pc/Halifax/EN/Messes/wardroomifficers%27mess/Pages/default.aspx. dead.
  15. Kennedy, R.N. . Captain W. R. . 1885-07-01 . An Unknown Colony: Sport, Travel and Adventure in Newfoundland and the West Indies . Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine . William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh, Scotland, and 37 Paternoster Row, London, England . 111 .
  16. VERAX . (anonymous) . 1889-05-01 . The Defense of Canada. (From Colburn's United Service Magazine) . The United Service: A Quarterly Review of Military and Naval Affairs . LR Hamersly & Co., 1510 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; subsequently LR Hamersly, 49 Wall Street, New York City, New York, USA; BF Stevens & Brown, 4 Trafalgar Square, London, England . 552.
  17. Book: Dawson . George M. . Sutherland . Alexander . 1898 . MacMillan's Geographical Series: Elementary Geography of the British Colonies . London . MacMillan and Co., Limited, London, England, UK; The MacMillan Company, New York City, New York, USA . 184 .
  18. Book: Cotter PURSER RN, Richard . SKETCHES OF BERMUDA, OR SOMERS' ISLANDS . 1828 . London . Effingham Wilson . 66.
  19. Web site: History of CFB Esquimalt and Naden. 2010-02-17. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100114181615/http://navalandmilitarymuseum.org/info_pages/history/naden.html. 14 January 2010. dmy-all.
  20. Naval & Military intelligence . 19 January 1903 . 11 . 36981.
  21. News: . 1919-07-16 . REHABILITATING ESQUIMALT . 4 . The Daily Colonist . Canada.
  22. News: . 1920-12-04 . CRUISER ON THE COAST: Chatham Passes Through Canal from Bermuda and Is going to San Diego . 22 . The Daily Colonist . Canada . The light cruiser Chatham, of the British North America Squadron, based on Bermuda, has passed through the Panama Canal, and on November 30 left Salina Crus en route from San Diego. It is not yet known here how far up the coast the cruiser will proceed. This is the first occasion on which a ship from the Bermuda station has come through the Canal. The Chatham is a light cruiser of the same size as the Newcastle, which was here during the war, but she is two classes later than that craft, having been built in 1910..
  23. News: . 1928-03-27 . Local Jottings (first item) . 5 . The Royal Gazette . City of Hamilton, Pembroke Parish, Bermuda .
  24. News: . 1928-03-27 . Local Jottings (second item) . 5 . The Royal Gazette . City of Hamilton, Pembroke Parish, Bermuda .
  25. Book: Admiralty . Great Britain . The Navy List . August 1942 . H.M. Stationery Office . London, England . 1337.
    Book: Admiralty . Great Britain . The Navy List . October 1944 . H.M. Stationery Office . London, England . 2260. ; Book: Admiralty . Great Britain . The Navy List . July 1945 . H.M. Stationery Office . London, England . 2349.
  26. Lieutenant-Commander B. Ian D. Stranack, The Andrew and The Onions: The Story of The Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795–1975. Bermuda Maritime Museum Press; News: Harris . Dr Edward . Heritage Matters The Royal Gazette: Bermuda Island09 . 10 October 2018 . The Royal Gazette . The Bermuda Press . 3 December 2011 . Bermuda.
  27. News: . 1948-06-09 . King's Birthday Celebrations: Governor To Take Salute; Sheffield Visiting City . 1 . The Royal Gazette . City of Hamilton, Bermuda . ...H.M.S. Sheffield, flagship of the America and West Indies Squadron, will steam up the Great Sound and tie up at Number One Dock in Hamilton..
  28. Web site: DEFE 5/188/4. ibiblio.org. 29 August 2015.
  29. Sean M. Maloney, 'To Secure Command of the Sea: NATO Command Organization and Naval Planning for the Cold War at Sea, 1945–54,' MA thesis, University of New Brunswick, 1991, p.198 and Chapter 4 generally
  30. http://www.bermuda-online.org/history1939-1951.htm for exact date; another clear reference can be seen here - https://ziladoc.com/download/the-naval-review-3_pdf - page 68 of that issue of the Naval Review
  31. Web site: Bermuda WT. rnmuseumradarandcommunications2006.org.uk. 29 August 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160207002436/http://www.rnmuseumradarandcommunications2006.org.uk/BERMUDA_WT.html. 7 February 2016. dead.
  32. https://www.caymancompass.com/2020/01/24/family-treasure-restored-to-owner/ "Family Treasure Restored to Owner
  33. http://www.hmssirius.info/Mick_Pinchen_SNOWI.htm Guarding SNOWI, by Mick Pinchen, Royal Marine
  34. News: . 1993-12-17 . Britain announces closure of Malabar . The Royal Gazette . City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda . 2023-11-05.
  35. Hansard: House of Commons debate on The Dependent Territories. 9 February 1994
  36. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/operations/north-atlantic/atlantic-patrol-tasking-north Atlantic Patrol Tasking North
  37. Stout, Neil R. The Royal Navy in America, 1760-1775: A Study of Enforcement of British Colonial Policy in the Era of the American Revolution. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD, 1973, p.199 via Gaspee Virtual Archives: Research Notes on Admiral John Montagu; Web site: Commanders-in-chief, 1830-1899. www.pdavis.nl.
  38. Web site: Commanders-in-Chief 1904 – 1975 . 15 June 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131103234104/http://www.admirals.org.uk/appointments/fleets/americawestindies.php . 3 November 2013 . dead .
    Web site: Bermuda's Royal Navy base at Ireland Island from 1815 to the 1960s. 15 June 2008. 3 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130203012157/http://www.bermuda-online.org/rnd.htm. dead. ; Web site: Senior Royal Navy appointments. https://web.archive.org/web/20120315105247/http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201900-.pdf. dead. 15 March 2012.
  39. Web site: Douglas, James (1703-1787). Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador. 18 April 2021.
  40. Web site: Women's Canadian historical society of Toronto. Transaction no. 1-10 ... Women's Canadian Historical Society of Toronto. Women's Canadian Historical Society of Toronto. 18 April 1905. Women's Canadian Historical Society of Toronto. Internet Archive.
  41. Naval & Military intelligence . 17 July 1902 . 9 . 36822.