Weitzenböck identity explained

Weitzenböck identity should not be confused with Weitzenböck's inequality.

In mathematics, in particular in differential geometry, mathematical physics, and representation theory, a Weitzenböck identity, named after Roland Weitzenböck, expresses a relationship between two second-order elliptic operators on a manifold with the same principal symbol. Usually Weitzenböck formulae are implemented for G-invariant self-adjoint operators between vector bundles associated to some principal G-bundle, although the precise conditions under which such a formula exists are difficult to formulate. This article focuses on three examples of Weitzenböck identities: from Riemannian geometry, spin geometry, and complex analysis.

Riemannian geometry

In Riemannian geometry there are two notions of the Laplacian on differential forms over an oriented compact Riemannian manifold M. The first definition uses the divergence operator δ defined as the formal adjoint of the de Rham operator d:$$\backslash int\_M\; \backslash langle\; \backslash alpha,\backslash delta\backslash beta\backslash rangle\; :=\; \backslash int\_M\backslash langle\; d\backslash alpha,\backslash beta\backslash rangle$$where α is any p-form and β is any -form, and

\langle ⋅ , ⋅ \rangle is the metric induced on the bundle of -forms. The usual form Laplacian is then given by$$\backslash Delta\; =\; d\backslash delta\; +\backslash delta\; d.$$

On the other hand, the Levi-Civita connection supplies a differential operator$$\backslash nabla:\backslash Omega^p\; M\; \backslash rightarrow\; \backslash Omega^1\; M\; \backslash otimes\; \backslash Omega^p\; M,$$where Ω^pM is the bundle of p-forms. The Bochner Laplacian is given by$$\backslash Delta\text{'}=\backslash nabla^*\backslash nabla$$where

\nabla ^{*} is the adjoint of \nabla . This is also known as the connection or rough Laplacian.

The Weitzenböck formula then asserts that$$\backslash Delta\text{'}\; -\; \backslash Delta\; =\; A$$where A is a linear operator of order zero involving only the curvature.

The precise form of A is given, up to an overall sign depending on curvature conventions, by$$A=\backslash frac\backslash langle\; R(\backslash theta,\backslash theta)\backslash \#,\backslash \#\backslash rangle\; +\; \backslash operatorname(\backslash theta,\backslash \#),$$where

• R is the Riemann curvature tensor,
• Ric is the Ricci tensor,

\theta:T ^{*M ⊗ \Omega} ^{pM → \Omega} ^{p+1} M is the map that takes the wedge product of a 1-form and p-form and gives a (p+1)-form,\#:\Omega ^{p+1} M → T ^{*M ⊗ \Omega} ^{pM} is the universal derivation inverse to θ on 1-forms.

Spin geometry

If M is an oriented spin manifold with Dirac operator ð, then one may form the spin Laplacian Δ = ð² on the spin bundle. On the other hand, the Levi-Civita connection extends to the spin bundle to yield a differential operator$$\backslash nabla:SM\backslash rightarrow\; T^*M\backslash otimes\; SM.$$As in the case of Riemannian manifolds, let

\Delta' = \nabla ^{*\nabla} . This is another self-adjoint operator and, moreover, has the same leading symbol as the spin Laplacian. The Weitzenböck formula yields:$$\backslash Delta\text{'}\; -\; \backslash Delta\; =\; -\backslash fracSc$$where Sc is the scalar curvature. This result is also known as the Lichnerowicz formula.

Complex differential geometry

If M is a compact Kähler manifold, there is a Weitzenböck formula relating the

\bar{\partial} -Laplacian (see Dolbeault complex) and the Euclidean Laplacian on (p,q)-forms. Specifically, let$$\backslash Delta\; =\; \backslash bar^*\backslash bar+\backslash bar\backslash bar^*,$$ and$$\backslash Delta\text{'}\; =\; -\backslash sum\_k\backslash nabla\_k\backslash nabla\_$$ in a unitary frame at each point.

According to the Weitzenböck formula, if

\alpha\in\Omega ^{(p,q)} M , then$$\backslash Delta^\backslash prime\backslash alpha-\backslash Delta\backslash alpha=A(\backslash alpha)$$where A is an operator of order zero involving the curvature. Specifically, if $$\backslash alpha\; =\; \backslash alpha\_$$ in a unitary frame, then $$A(\backslash alpha)\; =\; -\backslash sum\_\; \backslash operatorname\_^\backslash alpha\_$$ with k in the s-th place.

Other Weitzenböck identities

• In conformal geometry there is a Weitzenböck formula relating a particular pair of differential operators defined on the tractor bundle. See Branson, T. and Gover, A.R., "Conformally Invariant Operators, Differential Forms, Cohomology and a Generalisation of Q-Curvature", Communications in Partial Differential Equations, 30 (2005) 1611–1669.

See also

• Bochner identity
• Bochner–Kodaira–Nakano identity
• Laplacian operators in differential geometry