In mathematics, Weingarten functions are rational functions indexed by partitions of integers that can be used to calculate integrals of products of matrix coefficients over classical groups. They were first studied by who found their asymptotic behavior, and named by, who evaluated them explicitly for the unitary group.
Weingarten functions are used for evaluating integrals over the unitary group Ud of products of matrix coefficients of the form
\int | |
Ud |
U | |
i1j1 |
…
U | |
iqjq |
* | |||||||
U | |||||||
|
…
* | |||||||
U | |||||||
|
dU,
*
* | |
U | |
ji |
\dagger) | |
=(U | |
ij |
U\dagger
U
i1j1\ldotsiqjqj'1i'1\ldotsj'qi'q
U ⊗ … ⊗ U ⊗ U\dagger ⊗ … ⊗ U\dagger
This integral is equal to
\sum | |
\sigma,\tau\inSq |
\delta | |||||||
|
… \delta | |||||||
|
\delta | |||||||
|
… \delta | |||||||
|
Wg(\sigma\tau-1,d)
Wg(\sigma,d)=
1 | |
q!2 |
\sumλ
\chiλ(1)2\chiλ(\sigma) | |
sλ,d(1) |
The Weingarten functions are rational functions in d. They can have poles for small values of d, which cancel out in the formula above. There is an alternative inequivalent definition of Weingarten functions, where one only sums over partitions with at most d parts. This is no longer a rational function of d, but is finite for all positive integers d. The two sorts of Weingarten functions coincide for d larger than q, and either can be used in the formula for the integral.
The first few Weingarten functions Wg(σ, d) are
\displaystyleWg(d)=1
\displaystyleWg(1,d)=
1 | |
d |
\displaystyleWg(2,d)=
-1 | |
d(d2-1) |
\displaystyleWg(12,d)=
1 | |
d2-1 |
\displaystyleWg(3,d)=
2 | |
d(d2-1)(d2-4) |
\displaystyleWg(21,d)=
-1 | |
(d2-1)(d2-4) |
\displaystyleWg(13,d)=
d2-2 | |
d(d2-1)(d2-4) |
\displaystyleWg(4,d)=
-5 | |
d(d2-1)(d2-4)(d2-9) |
\displaystyleWg(31,d)=
2d2-3 | |
d2(d2-1)(d2-4)(d2-9) |
\displaystyleWg(22,d)=
d2+6 | |
d2(d2-1)(d2-4)(d2-9) |
\displaystyleWg(212,d)=
-1 | |
d(d2-1)(d2-9) |
\displaystyleWg(14,d)=
d4-8d2+6 | |
d2(d2-1)(d2-4)(d2-9) |
There exist computer algebra programs to produce these expressions.[1] [2]
The explicit expressions for the integrals of first- and second-degree polynomials, obtained via the formula above, are:
For large d, the Weingarten function Wg has the asymptotic behavior
Wg(\sigma,d)=d-n-|\sigma|
|Ci|-1 | |
\prod | |
i(-1) |
c | |
|Ci|-1 |
+O(d-n-|\sigma|-2)
where the permutation σ is a product of cycles of lengths Ci, and cn = (2n)!/n!(n + 1)! is a Catalan number, and |σ| is the smallest number of transpositions that σ is a product of. There exists a diagrammatic method[3] to systematically calculate the integrals over the unitary group as a power series in 1/d.
For orthogonal and symplectic groups the Weingarten functions were evaluated by . Their theory is similar to the case of the unitary group. They are parameterized by partitions such that all parts have even size.