The wedge-billed woodcreeper (Glyphorynchus spirurus) is a sub-oscine passerine bird in subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Mexico, Central America, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.[1]
The wedge-billed woodcreeper is the only member of its genus. It has these 13 subspecies that are sorted into three groups and a species by the Clements taxonomy:[1] [2]
"pectoralis" group
"spirurus" group
"'albigularis"
"cuneatus" group
The groups differ vocally; that and plumage and genetic differences among the subspecies suggest that the wedge-billed woodcreeper is actually more than one species.[3] [4]
The wedge-billed woodcreeper is the smallest woodcreeper, with a short, upturned, wedge-shaped bill resembling those of the three members of genus Xenops. It is 13to long and weighs 10.5to. The sexes are alike. The nominate subspecies G. s. spirurus has a grayish forehead, a rich brown to russet-brown crown and nape, light buff lores, a thin buff to buff-white supercilium, a buff eyering, sooty-brown auriculars, and a brown malar stripe. Its upper back and scapulars are rich brown to russet-brown, and its lower back, uppertail coverts, and tail are cinnamon-rufous to rufous-chestnut. Its wing coverts are russet, its inner secondaries rufous, and its other secondaries and its primaries dark brown with blackish tips. The underside of most wing feathers have a stripe of buff to buff-white that shows as a band in flight. The sides of its neck are brown with small buff spots and its throat is whitish buff to buff with some dusky spots. Its underparts are olive-brown to russet-brown, its undertail coverts have a rufous-chestnut wash, and its underwing coverts and axillaries are white. Its upper breast has large round fulvous spots and its lower breast has narrow streaks of the same color. Its iris is dark brown to amber, its bill black with a gray base to the mandible, and its legs and feet pinkish gray, dark gray, dark greenish, or brownish black.[4]
The other subspecies of the wedge-billed woodcreeper differ from the nominate thus:[4]
Several of the subspecies intergrade in their contact zones, making assignment of some sub-populations to a subspecies difficult.[4]
The subspecies of the wedge-billed woodcreeper are found thus:[1] [2] [4]
The wedge-billed woodcreeper primarily inhabits tropical evergreen forest including rainforest and to a lesser extent the lower reaches of montane evergreen forest. It favors the interior of mature primary forest and also occurs at the forest edge and in mature secondary forest. It occasionally is found in bamboo, young secondary forest, plantations, and open areas with some trees. In Amazonia it mostly occurs in terra firme and floodplains, and less often in gallery forest, palm swamps, and seasonally flooded forest like várzea. In northern Central America it reaches an elevation of 1350-2NaN-2, in Costa Rica 1500-2NaN-2, in Panama and Colombia 2100-2NaN-2, in Venezuela 1800-2NaN-2, in Ecuador 1700-2NaN-2, and in Brazil 1200-2NaN-2.[4] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
The wedge-billed woodcreeper is mostly a year-round resident throughout its range. There is some evidence of elevational movement in Costa Rica.[4]
The wedge-billed woodcreeper usually forages in pairs or as a member of mixed-species feeding flocks, especially those led by Thamnomanes antshrikes. It seldom follows army ant swarms but will feed at the edges of them when a feeding flock encounters a swarm. It mostly feeds in the lower to middle levels of the forest though it will go higher. Its diet is almost entirely very small arthropods, which it captures while hitching up a trunk or less often along a branch. It picks prey from crevices and clumps of moss, flakes bark, and hammers on wood.[4] [8] [9]
The wedge-billed woodcreeper's breeding season varies geographically; examples are a March to June season in Costa Rica and both September to December and February to June in Amazonian Brazil. It builds a cup nest of fine plant fibers in a cavity, usually natural but sometimes made by a woodpecker. Cavities have been found in tree trunks and stumps; cavities in vine tangles, between root butresses, and under dead palm fronds are also used. Nests are normally within 60NaN0 of the ground and usually much lower. The clutch size is two eggs. The incubation period is not known; fledging occurs about 17 days after hatch. Both parents incubate the eggs and brood and provision nestlings.[4]
The wedge-billed woodcreeper sings mostly at dusk and dawn, though occasionally during the day as well. The subspecies in the pectoralis group of Central America into Colombia sing "a rapidly ascending, accelerating and somewhat slurred series of c. 25 bubbly notes...'twee-lee-lee-le-le-ee-ee-eeeeeé' ". It is also described as "weet-weet-WEEET-WEEET-weet-peet-peeet't't't't't't'teu". In northern and western Amazonia the song is "a series of relatively clear whistles that ascends more slowly...'too-e too-e tu-tu-tu-tue’tue’twu’tweetwee' " or "tuee-tuee-tuee-tuee-teeé-teeé-tueé?". Birds in the southeastern part of the range sing "2 short, clear whistles in with second note somewhat lower in frequency than first, 'treeee, treep' " or "weep-weep". The species' calls vary less among the subspecies, and include "pweek!", "cheeyf!", "chiff!", "schip", "ksh", "psieh", and "djeep".[4] [6] [9] [10]
The IUCN has assessed the wedge-billed woodcreeper as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range and an estimated population of at least 500,000 mature individuals, though that number is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. In much of its range it is considered fairly common to common, though uncommon in much of northern Central America. The isolated subspecies G. s. cuneatus is also uncommon and little of its Atlantic Forest habitat remains. Its "ability to survive in second growth and forest fragments at many sites suggests a lower degree of sensitivity to habitat disturbance than is true of most woodcreepers" but there appears to be some reduction in density in disturbed forest.[4]