| Wede | |
| Familycolor: | constructed |
| Also Known As: | German: Weltdeutsch, Artificial languages: Weltpitshn, Artificial languages: Oiropa'pitshn |
| Creator: | Adalbert Baumann |
| Script: | Latin alphabet |
| Posteriori: | German, Yiddish |
| Created: | 1915–28 |
| Fam1: | Constructed language |
| Fam2: | Simplified language |
| Iso3: | none |
| Pronunciation: | [ˈve:də], [ˈvɛltdɔytʃ], [ˈvɛltpɪtʃn] |
German: Wede|italic=no (in Artificial languages pronounced as /ˈve:də/), German: Weltdeutsch|italic=no (in Artificial languages pronounced as /ˈvɛltdɔytʃ/), Artificial languages: Weltpitshn|italic=no, and Artificial languages: Oiropa'pitshn|italic=no were a series of languages created by Bavarian politician and teacher Adalbert Baumann to create a zonal auxiliary language based on the German language. The first of the languages, Wede (short for Welt-dialekt, World dialect), was published in 1915, with Weltdeutsch, Weltpitshn, and Oiropa'pitshn being published in 1916, 1925, and 1928 respectively. The languages were a posteriori, largely based on the German language – they primarily differed in grammatical and orthographic simplifications. Baumann's languages received a largely negative reception, being mocked by members of the Esperanto and Ido communities; none were implemented in any official manner.
The primary purpose of these languages was to provide a simplified version of German to be easily learnt by foreigners, particularly in the Baltic states and the German colonial empire. Baumann saw previous international auxiliary languages as unsuitable for international communication, in particular criticising their orthographies and source languages. The languages were published via two books and several articles in newspapers.
See main article: Adalbert Baumann.
Adalbert Baumann was a German gymnasium teacher, politician, and historian. A supporter of Bavarian separatism, he founded the Democratic Socialist Citizen's Party of Munich in mid-November 1918.[1] [2] Baumann promoted the creation of a union state between Austria and Bavaria, on the basis that a peace treaty for a victorious Germany after the First World War would better benefit Bavaria in such a country. Baumann was a member of the Munich branch of the USPD, but quit in mid-1920.
Joining the Nazi Party, Baumann was a proponent for the formation of a German language office; in 1933, he sent a letter to Joseph Goebbels with a plea to establish one, which was denied, and he would later be expelled from the Party in 1937. Contrasting with his German nationalism, Baumann also supported the formation of a European Economic Union of 26 countries; in March 1935, Baumann wrote a letter addressed to the governments of Europe demanding an artificial lingua franca be installed to aid "the economically consolidated Europe". In Baumann's view, the language should be German:
German: Als solche Hilfssprache kann keine von allen Völkern erst neu zu erlernende Kunstsprache wie das sprachlich und praktisch unsinnige Esperanto in Frage kommen, sondern nur eine vereinfachte, weitestgehende Ableitung von der in Europa verbreitetsten Sprache, das ist die deutsche![3]
English translation: An artificial language such as the linguistically and practically nonsensical Esperanto, which is to be relearned by all peoples, cannot be taken into consideration as such an auxiliary language; only a simplified, extensive derivation of the most widely spoken language in Europe [can], that being German!
In September 1915, Baumann published Wede: the language of understanding for the Central Powers and their Friends, the new World Language (), wherein he outlined his thoughts regarding international auxiliary languages and presented Wede. The name is an abbreviation for "" (World Dialect), which Baumann shortened in "the American way".
Baumann believed that the Romance languages (among which he counted English, due to the influence of French on English) had been the dominant world languages throughout the Middle Ages up to the time of writing, partly perpetuated through the use of Latin in the Christian Church and also through the suppression of Germany by France in events such as the Thirty Years' War. Baumann also saw the use of Spanish in the Americas as an example of how Roman influence (as he termed it, German: Romanismus) still continued to impact the world and Germany.
Baumann was a critic of previous international languages; Volapük for its excess verb forms (especially its use of an Aorist aspect), excessive minimal pairs, and excessive use of umlauts. Baumann especially took issue with Esperanto, criticising the circumflexes used in its orthography, supposed monotony, instability, and dearth of speakers. Baumann found the correlative system of the language unacceptable, due to the similarity of the individual correlatives making distinguishing between them in fast speech difficult. In Baumann's view, a significant reason for the failure of previous language projects was that they were based on the Romance languages, and especially on the dead language of Latin.[4]
Wede was a language created for chauvinistic,[5] nationalist,[6] and imperialist purposes:[7]
German: ... daß Deutschland nach dem unbefangenen Urteile aller Völker das meiste moralische Recht hat, der Welt eine aus seinem Schoße geborene Hilfssprache zu geben, eine Weltsprache ins Germanischem, nicht in romanischem Geiste.English translation: ... that Germany, according to the unbiased judgement of all peoples, has the most moral right to give the world an auxiliary language born from its womb, a world language in the Germanic, not in the Romanic spirit.
In this, Baumann was not the first – according to German interlinguist Detlev Blanke, Elias Molee's Tutonish was also created for chauvinistic purposes;[8] Sven Werkmeister argues that Wede was a form of linguistic purism, as part of its function was to prevent uncontrolled language change and influence from foreign languages.[9] The language received a negative reception, with Soviet Esperantist Ernest Drezen describing it as "incomprehensible" and remarking that "for the Germans it is nothing but a caricature reminiscent of their own mother tongue" in his Esperanto: Historio de la Mondolingvo (History of the international language).[10]
On 16 December 1916, Baumann released a sequel to Wede, entitled German: Das neue, leichte Weltdeutsch (das verbesserte Wedé) für unsere Bundesgenossen und Freunde! (The new, easy Weltdeutsch (the improved Wedé) for our allies and friends!). The book, like its predecessor was published by in Munich.
Baumann created Weltdeutsch as a response to reactions to Wede's orthography, which he intended to simplify in the new language. According to Baumann, the new language was particularly influenced by the comments from a W. Schreiber, Fritz Buckel, and privy councillor[11] Emil Schwörer, who would publish his own German-based auxiliary language, , in the same year.[12]
Baumann argued that his language was necessary due to the incoming "world economic war" between Germany and England, claiming that this war could only be won through a political and economic alliance between Germany and the Central and Eastern European powers. As such an alliance was hindered by the multilingualism of Europe, Baumann designed Wede to be a foreigner-friendly form of the German language. Baumann viewed the international use of French and of English as a factor for the struggle of the Central Powers in the First World War, citing the use of French in Turkey as the reason for Turkey's supposedly positive relations with France during the war. Additionally, Baumann saw the increasing world population as a threat to the German language, reporting that German had fallen to fourth place among the most spoken languages, behind Chinese.
In Baumann's view, one of the largest reasons for this decline was German's difficulty of acquisition: judging by this criterion, he viewed English as surpassing German.
In 1925, Baumann released another language, Artificial languages: Welt'pitshn . Like its predecessors, it received a negative reception, being described in the Esperanto newspaper as a "result of partisan critics on the territory of international language" ("Esperanto: rezultaĵo de partiecaj kritikemuloj sur la teritorio mondlingva").[13] An article in the February 1926 edition of the Universal Esperanto Association's magazine Esperanto reported that although Baumann had published articles in the press he had no supporters for Welt'pitshn, and called the language a "mutilated German".[14]
Three years later in 1928, Baumann published a fourth language – Artificial languages: Oiropa'pitshn (abbreviated to "Opi"[15]). Baumann published and promoted it in several newspapers, including the Allgemeine Rundschau of Munich.[16] Although he intended to publish another book on the language, as he had for both Wede and Weltdeutsch, he was unable to find a publisher willing to release the work,[17] despite attempting correspondence with sixty publishing houses.[18] Like its predecessors, it was mocked by both Esperantists and Occidentalists, with Johano Koppmann responding in :
Esperanto: Ni demandas, kun kia jaro oni volas postuli, ke ĉiuj devas lerni germanajn vortojn, kial ĉiuj ceteraj lingvoj devas esti eligataj el la kunlaboro de l’konstruado de helplingvo? ... Ĉion kuntirante ni opinias senutila, ke unu viro dum 16 jaroj laboregas je problemo jam delonge solvita, depost 50 jaroj.English translation: We ask, what year do they demand that everyone is to learn German words, why must all other languages be excluded from the cooperation of the construction of an auxiliary language? ... All things considered, we find it pointless that one man has spent 16 years working on a problem that has already been solved for the past 50 years.
— Johann Koppman, 15 June 1928 in .
Baumann's languages had large grammatical simplifications, with several features of German grammar being removed. Among these was grammatical gender,[19] with Wede now only conjugating articles for grammatical number. This removal also extended to gendered third-person pronouns; German's masculine, feminine and neuter,, and were all replaced with de. Baumann quantified his grammatical simplifications into a set of rules, of which there were 38 for Weltdeutsch and Welt'pitshn, and 25 for Oiropa'pitshn.
Adjective inflection was also removed, with only the ending ⟨-e⟩ remaining for all adjectives in Weltdeutsch, as in Wede. Wede also supported using present participles as adjectives, as well as nominalized adjectives, which were marked with the suffix -s. Wede's degrees of comparison were marked with the suffixes -ere for the comparative and -ste for the superlative, although the latter became -este after singular articles. Baumann also removed many of German's prepositions in Weltdeutsch, leaving 27 from German's 54.
Oiropa'pitshn's grammar was largely based on that of English, as Baumann considered it the simplest of modern languages – Julian Prorók, writing in Cosmoglotta, described it as "reforming German in an English fashion" ("").
Wede's definite article was t (plural ti), and the indefinite article eine (no plural indefinite article existed). Omission of an article was grammatical in several cases, for example after prepositions relating to time and place and in idioms. Articles were also to be omitted after mergers of articles and prepositions (as in, "above the", from and). In Weltdeutsch, Welt'pitshn, and Oiropa'pitshn, the articles were de in the singular and di in the plural. In Weltdeutsch, aine was used as an indefinite article; although English articles were also grammatical, with an being used in front of vowels and a in all other cases (a hund, an apfel).
Wede had two tenses (the present and past, specifically the preterite), and two auxiliary verbs, hawen and werden. Baumann decided to have a total of four verb forms, from these two tenses in conjunction with the active and passive voices – hawen was used for the active and werden for the passive. Other forms of the two auxiliary verbs were used to create other moods and voices, such as the conditional, which was formed with wirden (would). In Wede, all verbs ended in -en, but this ending could often be dropped. However, there were several exceptions to this rule, such as when the endings were needed for clarity; this was seen for instance in the verbs hawen and gewen.
| Infinitive | -en | slagen | to strike | |
| Present Participle | -end | slagend | striking | |
| Past Participle | ge- + stem + -(et) | geslag(et) | struck (or strucken) | Parenthesised endings indicate that their use is optional. |
| Active forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | -en | ik slag(en) | ||