Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, Dauphin of France explained

Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587) married Francis, Dauphin of France (1544–1560), at Notre-Dame de Paris on 24 April 1558. The festivities included pageants, some designed by Bartolomeo Campi.[1]

Background

Mary became the monarch soon after her birth when her father, James V of Scotland, died in December 1542. A plan for her to marry the English Prince Edward was controversial in Scotland, and resulted in a war between England and Scotland, now known as the Rough Wooing.[2] Mary was sent to France, taking ship at Dumbarton, following an agreement contracted at Haddington on 7 July 1548 by Henri Cleutin and André de Montalembert with the Regent Arran.[3] [4] [5]

Mary was brought up at the French court with the royal children Elisabeth of Valois and Claude of Valois,[6] [7] and betrothed to the heir of the French crown, the Dauphin, Francis of Valois, the son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici.[8]

Arguments for and against the wedding

The mother of Mary, Queen of Scots was Mary of Guise, who remained in Scotland and from 1554 ruled as Regent. By the end of 1556, she felt that the wedding of her daughter and the dauphin ought to take place sooner rather than later. She thought the Parliament of Scotland would be more likely to accept her pro-French policies if Mary was married to the French prince. Opponents claimed she was replacing traditional Scots laws with French practice, and the Parliament had rejected her proposals for a tax. There were also troubling rumours that Mary, Queen of Scots was unwell, and might not survive. Mary of Guise wanted the wedding to cement a dynastic union of France and Scotland.[9]

Henry II of France had a role in the decision as protector of Scotland, and in the French court a party, including the Constable of France, Anne de Montmorency, 1st Duke of Montmorency, opposed the marriage and the power it would give to Mary's uncles, Francis, Duke of Guise, and Charles, Cardinal de Guise. According to James Melville of Halhill, the brothers argued that the marriage would enable Henry II to build more fortresses and hold stronger garrisons in Scotland. After gaining the support of the Scottish Parliament, Mary of Guise was able to frame her arguments in March 1557 for the wedding as a measure in Henry's military interests.[10]

Betrothal

Scottish commissioners for the marriage in 1558 did not agree with proposals that Francis should have a coronation in France after the wedding, with the Honours of Scotland, but he would become King of Scotland, entitled to a crown matrimonial.[11]

Already, Mary had signed documents at the Palace of Fontainebleau on 4 April 1558 which disposed her rights to the Scottish crown in the event of her death and committed Scotland to compensate the French crown for its expenses as her ally in the Rough Wooing.[12] [13] [14] [15] [16] These documents, which conveyed potential advantages to the French crown, are thought to have been unknown to the Scottish commissioners.[17]

Mary and Francis were betrothed at the Louvre on 19 April 1558.[18] They signed a contract in which Mary declared her wish and consent to marry, with the advice of the representatives of the Three Estates of Scotland and her grandmother, Antoinette of Bourbon, the Dowager Duchess of Guise.[19] The formalities were followed by dancing.[20] The Venetian ambassador, Giovanni Michiel, wrote that during the first dance, Antoine of Navarre whispered to him about controversy at the French court concerning the marriage plan. Anne de Montmorency, 1st Duke of Montmorency had wished the wedding deferred.[21]

The day is sometimes known as Mary's handfasting, a word used in an early translation of John Lesley's History of Scotland. Giovanni Michiel called the occasion, il giorno dello dar della mano.[22]

The Scottish negotiators and commissioners for the marriage contracts included James Stewart, Commendator of St Andrews and the Earl of Cassilis, who took out personal loans with an Italian financier Timothy Cagnioli to pay their travel costs.[23] Cassilis, Rothes, Lord Fleming, and Robert Reid, Bishop of Orkney died in Paris or in Dieppe while returning to Scotland later in the year.[24] [25] [26] The diplomats may have died of plague, Mary's opponents and Scottish chronicle writers later claimed they were poisoned as victims of a plot.[27] [28] The surviving diplomats returned to Scotland in October in a ship commanded by Captain Delaforce, who was rewarded with a gold chain made by John Mosman.[29]

Wedding at Notre-Dame

There are several contemporary accounts of the wedding.[30] [31] [32] [33] There was a procession from the Bishop's Palace to the church on a newly built scaffold and gallery, described as a theatre ou eschaufault with a gallerie.[34] [35] The events of day had many similarities to the wedding of Mary's father, James V, to Francis's aunt, Madeleine of Valois, on 1 January 1537.[36]

According to the account of the ambassador of Ferrara, Mary wore a dress of silver with a short train, covered with a purple mantle embroidered with gold with a long train. Her crown included a large ruby known as the "Egg of Naples" as a centrepiece at her forehead.[37] Another account mentions her gown of Persian velvet, une robbe de velours pers, sewn with jewels and white embroidery.[38]

Her necklace was a gift from Henry II and Catherine de' Medici,[39] and its ruby and diamond pendant was later known as the "Great H of Scotland".[40] The French-published Discours described the ruby as a carbuncle, an escharboncle worth 500,000 écus or more.[41] [42]

The service was conducted by Charles I, Cardinal de Bourbon.[43] [44] Eustache du Bellay, the Bishop of Paris, gave an address and celebrated a Mass. During the afternoon the wedding party returned to the Bishop's Palace, where they ate and danced. The Parisian dignitaries were entertained at another house at the Place du Parvis, a venue that was rather too small for the number of attenders.[45] [46]

Italian style

There was a supper, in the great hall of the Palais de la Cité, at a marble table.[47] The Discours mentions musical accompaniment with trumpets, clarions, haulxbois and flageolets. Afterwards, there were entertainments and masques in the same space.[48] [49] Mary's uncle, Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, had a role in the refurbishment and decoration of the royal palaces, Notre-Dame, and the Grand Salle for the wedding. He discussed the design of displays of heraldry with De Pierceville, including Mary's blazons and depictions of her crown for the Louvre and other locations in March 1558.[50]

As part of the entertainment, a dozen mechanical horses caparisoned with gold and silver cloth were brought into the hall. The last act involved six ships sailing across the hall,[51] [52] [53] apparently bobbing in artificial waves with sails animated as if by gusts of contrary winds.[54] [55] The ships were draped in Stewart colours of red and yellow (or gold) and carried members of the court and royal family disguised in masks as Turkish sailors. They danced to a passo e mezzo, "taking up" partners from the audience including Mary herself. The ships sailed away with their new passengers, and so the bride and groom departed for the night.[56]

Passamezzo dance was associated with Italian courtly intermedii and popularised in France by Catherine de' Medici.[57] The report of Julio Alvarotto, envoy of Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, mentions that the pageant ships with sails of silver tinsel cloth (tocca d'argento) had been designed by an Italian artist, goldsmith, armourer, and military engineer Bartolomeo Campi of Pesaro, who had previously worked for Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino. Alvarotto wrote that Charles III, Duke of Lorraine had paid six thousand ducats for the pageant of ships.[58]

Bartolomeo Campi worked at the French court and for Francis, Duke of Guise from 1555.[59] [60] He demonstrated a cannon to the French court that could be dismantled for easy transport in January 1555.[61] and had previously designed costume for court festivals in Urbino and for Guidobaldo della Rovere's marriage to Vittoria Farnese in January 1548.[62] He was killed in 1573, at the siege of Haarlem.[63]

Edinburgh

Mary's mother, Mary of Guise, who was Regent of Scotland, ordered bonfires to be lit throughout Scotland after the Parliament received formal notification of the marriage on 26 June 1558.[64] The burgh council and Mary of Guise organised an entertainment on Edinburgh's High Street to celebrate this renewal of the Auld Alliance on 5 July 1558. Some of the material or play text was written by William Lauder and William Adamson.[65] Some fabrics from the royal wardrobe were used, and Patrick Dorane made costumes. A decorated play cart and artificial fruit trees for a pageant of the Seven Planets and Cupid were provided by a painter Walter Binning. [66] A similar subject had appeared in the court festivities in Paris where the Seven Planets, dressed in their emblematic colours, had sung for Mary and Francis. A gown was bought for Katherine Michelsoune, Lady Carnock, perhaps for a role in the pageant.[67] [68]

The old and famous cannon Mons Meg was restored to fire a salute from Edinburgh Castle. The shot landed at Wardie.[69] Possibly, carved and painted heraldry in the audience chamber of Holyrood Palace was a more permanent commemoration of the marriage.[70] The lawyer and poet Richard Maitland wrote Of the Quenis Mariage to the Dolphin of France, a poem exhorting the people of Scotland to rejoice in traditional ways, "as wes the custome in our eldaris dayes".[71]

The Parliament of Scotland heard the report of the marriage commissioners in November 1558 and granted the Scottish crown matrimonial to Francis II.[72] [73] [74] French citizens were granted new trading privileges and rights in Scotland, reciprocating similar French acts made after the wedding.[75]

John Knox wrote that Mary of Guise had "left no points of the compass unsailed" in her canvassing for this result.[76] It seemed that the Scots had given control of their Queen and country to France,[77] but opposition to pro-French and Catholic policy grew in Scotland, and the Lords of the Congregation challenged Mary of Guise's rule as Regent.[78]

England

Mary I of England died at St James's Palace on 17 November 1558,[79] and in France, Mary wore white mourning.[80]

Elizabeth I was displeased to hear reports from her diplomats that new objects and buildings at the French court displayed the heraldry of Mary and Francis joined with the arms of England, asserting Mary's claim to the English throne via her grandmother Margaret Tudor.[81] [82] [83] [84] [85] The English College of Arms declared the claim of the heraldry invalid.[86]

She sent Peter Meutas to France with her condolences on the death of Henry II.[87] Meutas and Nicholas Throckmorton were served dinner on silver plates engraved with the provocative heraldry.[88] The French ambassador in England, Gilles de Noailles, discussed Scotland with Elizabeth I. In August 1559, at Horsley in Surrey, she seemed more interested in watching her courtiers "running at the ring" than hearing about French policy, an impression calculated to assert her authority.[89] Michel de Seure, the new French ambassador in London, wrote to Mary of Guise in Scotland about the friction caused by the controversial heraldry.[90] By the Treaty of Berwick, Elizabeth I agreed to send a military taskforce to aid the Lords of the Congregation at the Siege of Leith.[91]

Mary and Francis

After the wedding Mary and Francis went first to the Chateau of Villers-Cotterêts.[92] In Paris, the Great Hall or Grand' Salon was redecorated with designs supplied by Primaticcio for the weddings of Elisabeth and Margaret of Valois in January 1559. Mary, as the Reine Dauphine, bought counterfeit precious stones for their wedding masque costumes.[93] In the summer of 1559 there were false rumours that she was pregnant.[94]

Henry II died on 10 July after receiving a wound at a tournament at the Château de la Tournelle, held to celebrate the marriage of his daughter Elisabeth of Valois to Philip II of Spain.[95] Francis and Mary made ceremonial entries to Reims on 15 September 1559.[96] Francis II was crowned at Reims; although Mary was present, she had no ceremonial role. As Queen of Scotland she took precedence over the other royal women, and wore white.[97] Francis and Mary spent May and June hunting. They made a Royal Entry at Châtellerault in November 1559,[98] and were threatened by the Amboise conspiracy in March 1560.[99]

At Amboise, on 1 April 1560, Mary and Francis signed a commission for Jean de Monluc, Nicolas de Pellevé, and Jacques de la Brosse to act as diplomats in Scotland and England, and negotiate a settlement of the Reformation crisis.[100] Mary of Guise died on 11 June 1560 at Edinburgh Castle, and the conflict in Scotland was subsequently settled by the Treaty of Edinburgh and the Reformation Parliament. Mary and Francis had little involvement in the treaty negotiations.[101] They made a Royal Entry at Orléans in October.[102] Francis II died on 5 December 1560.[103]

External links and further reading

Notes and References

  1. Herbert Van Scoy, Bernerd C. Weber, Julio Alvarotto, 'The Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots and the Dauphin', Scottish Historical Review, 31:111, Part 1 (April 1952), p. 41.
  2. [Marcus Merriman]
  3. Lucinda H. S. Dean, 'In the Absence of an Adult Monarch', Medieval and Early Modern Representations of Authority in Scotland and the British Isles (Routledge, 2016), p. 144: Marie-Noëlle Baudouin-Matuszek, 'Mary Stewart's Arrival in France in 1548', Scottish Historical Review, 69:87, Part 1 (April 1990), pp. 90–95: Marie-Noëlle Baudoin-Matuszek, 'Henri II et les expéditions Françaises en Écosse', Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes, 145:2 (Juillet-Décembre 1987), pp. 339–382.
  4. https://www.rps.ac.uk/ Records of the Parliaments of Scotland, 1 July 1548, Legislation: treaty of Haddington
  5. [Thomas Thomson (advocate)|Thomas Thomson]
  6. [Susan Broomhall]
  7. Marcus Merriman, 'Mary, Queen of Scots', Innes Review, 38 (1987), p. 36. .
  8. [Jane T. Stoddart]
  9. Pamela E. Ritchie, Mary of Guise in Scotland: A Political Career (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2002), pp. 168–171.
  10. Pamela E. Ritchie, Mary of Guise in Scotland: A Political Career (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2002), pp. 172–175.
  11. [John Parker Lawson]
  12. [Thomas Finlayson Henderson]
  13. David Hay Fleming, Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1897), pp. 23–26.
  14. John Guy, The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (Fourth Estate, 2009), pp. 90–91.
  15. Pamela Ritchie, Mary of Guise: A Political Career (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2002), pp. 191–192.
  16. Rosalind K. Marshall, Mary of Guise (London: Collins, 1977), p. 216.
  17. Pamela Ritchie, Mary of Guise in Scotland (East Linton, Tuckwell, 2002), p. 191: Joseph Stevenson, Mary Stuart: a Narrative of the First Eighteen Years of Her Life (Edinburgh, 1886), p. 147: Alexandre Labanoff, Lettres de Marie Stuart, 1 (London: Dolman, 1844), pp. 50–56
  18. David Hay Fleming, Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1897), p. 21: Alphonse de Ruble, La première jeunesse de Marie Stuart (Paris, 1891), p. 152.
  19. [John Lawson Parker]
  20. Jane T. Stoddart, The Girlhood of Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1908), p. 143: Alexandre Teulet, Papiers d'État, 1, p. 292.
  21. Alexander Wilkinson, Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 37: David Hay Fleming, Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1897), pp. 20–21: Rawdon Brown, Calendar of State Papers, Venice, 6:3 (London, 1881), p. 487 no. 1216.
  22. [David Hay Fleming]
  23. [Annie Cameron|Annie I. Cameron]
  24. Pamela Ritchie, Mary of Guise: A Political Career (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2002), p. 195: David Masson, Register of the Privy Council of Scotland: 1585–1592, vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1881), p. 66.
  25. E. Cody & W. Murison, The Historie of Scotland by Jhone Leslie, 2 (Edinburgh: STS: Blackwood, 1895), pp. 384–385.
  26. Alexandre Labanoff, Lettres de Marie Stuart, 1 (London: Dolman, 1844), p. 58
  27. [John Guy (historian)|John Guy]
  28. [Aeneas James George Mackay]
  29. [James Balfour Paul]
  30. Alexander Wilkinson, Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 43–49, 174 fn.29: Herbert Van Scoy, Bernerd C. Weber, 'The Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots and the Dauphin', Scottish Historical Review, 31:111, Part 1 (April 1952), p. 42 fn.9.
  31. Alexandre Teulet, Papiers d'état, 1 (Paris, 1851), pp. 292–303
  32. Alexandre Teulet, Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse, 1 (Paris, 1862), pp. 302–311
  33. Douglas Hamer, 'The Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to the Dauphin: A Scottish printed Fragment', The Library, Vol. s4 XII, Issue 4 (March 1932), 420–428.
  34. Sarah Carpenter & Graham Runnalls, 'The Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots', Medieval English Theatre, 22 (2000): William Bentham, Ceremonial at the Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scotts with the Dauphin of France (London: Roxburghe Club, 1818), pp. 4, 9: Discours du grand et magnifique triumphe faict au mariage (Rouen, 1558).
  35. Armand Eudel du Gord, Recueil de fragments historiques sur les derniers Valois (Paris, 1869), p. 61
  36. Andrea Thomas, Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005), pp. 91, 187–188.
  37. Herbert Van Scoy, Bernerd C. Weber, Julio Alvarotto, 'The Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots and the Dauphin', Scottish Historical Review, 31:111, Part 1 (April 1952), pp. 44–45: Alexander Wilkinson, Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 174 fn.39
  38. Joseph Stevenson, Mary Stuart: a Narrative of the First Eighteen Years of Her Life (Edinburgh, 1886), p. 147: Alexandre Teulet, Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse, 1 (Paris, 1862), p. 307
  39. William Bentham, Ceremonial at the Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scotts with the Dauphin of France (London: Roxburghe Club, 1818), p. 6.
  40. John Guy, Mary Queen of Scots: My Heart is My Own (Fourth Estate, 2009), pp. 86–87: Hector de la Ferrière, Lettres de Catherine de Médicis: 1533–1563, 1 (Paris, 1880), p. xlii: Germain Bapst, Histoire des joyaux de la couronne de France (Paris, 1889), p. 55 fn. 2
  41. Alphonse de Ruble, La première jeunesse de Marie Stuart (Paris, 1891), p. 154: William Bentham, Ceremonial at the Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scotts with the Dauphin of France (London: Roxburghe Club, 1818), p. 7: Discours du grand et magnifique triumphe faict au mariage (Rouen, 1558).
  42. Armand Eudel du Gord, Recueil de fragments historiques sur les derniers Valois (Paris, 1869), p. 63
  43. E. Cody & W. Murison, The Historie of Scotland by Jhone Leslie, 2 (Edinburgh: STS: Blackwood, 1895), p. 380.
  44. Armand Eudel du Gord, Recueil de fragments historiques sur les derniers Valois (Paris, 1869), p. 65
  45. Jane T. Stoddart, The Girlhood of Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1908), pp. 146–147.
  46. Alexandre Teulet, Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse, 1 (Paris, 1862), p. 308
  47. Andrea Thomas, Glory and Honour: The Renaissance in Scotland (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2013), p. 191.
  48. Margaret M. McGowan, 'Space for Power: Accommodating performer and spectator in Renaissance France', J.R. Mulryne, Krista De Jonge, R.L.M. Morris, Pieter Martens, Occasions of State: Early Modern European Festivals and the Negotiation of Power (Routledge, 2019), pp. 143–146: Discours du grand et magnifique triumphe faict au mariage (Rouen, 1558).
  49. Aeneas James George Mackay, Chroniclis of Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh: STS, 1899), pp. 124–125
  50. https://archive.org/details/reportonlaingman01greauoft/page/14/mode/2up HMC Laing Manuscripts at the University of Edinburgh, vol. 1 (London, 1914), pp. 14–15, La.II.524
  51. Jane T. Stoddart, The Girlhood of Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1908), pp. 148–149.
  52. Alexandre Teulet, Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse, 1 (Paris, 1862), p. 311
  53. Alexandre Teulet, Papiers d'état, 1 (Paris, 1851), p. 302
  54. Alphonse de Ruble, La première jeunesse de Marie Stuart (Paris, 1891), p. 157: Discours du grand et magnifique triumphe faict au mariage (Rouen, 1558).
  55. Armand Eudel du Gord, Recueil de fragments historiques sur les derniers Valois (Paris, 1869), p. 68
  56. Herbert Van Scoy, Bernerd C. Weber, 'The Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots and the Dauphin', Scottish Historical Review, 31:111, Part 1 (April 1952), pp. 47–48.
  57. Caroline M. Cunningham, 'Ensemble Dances in Early Sixteenth-Century Italy: Relationships with Villotte and Franco-Flemish Danceries', Musica Disciplina, 34 (1980), pp. 165–167
  58. Herbert Van Scoy, Bernerd C. Weber, 'The Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots and the Dauphin', Scottish Historical Review, 31:111, Part 1 (April 1952), pp. 44, 47.
  59. Stuart W. Pyhrr & José-A. Godoy, Heroic Armor of the Italian Renaissance: Filippo Negroli and His Contemporaries (Metropolitan Museum, 1998), 283: Charles van den Heuvel, 'Bartolomeo Campi: A different method of designing citadels: Groningen and Flushing', Architetti e ingegneri militari italiani all'estero dal XV al XVIII secolo (Livorno, 1994), 153–167.
  60. Guy-Michel Leproux & Jean-Pierre Reverseau, 'Bartolomeo Campi à l'hôtel de Nesle', Documents d'histoire parisienne, 17 (2015), 17–30.
  61. Marina Belozerskaya, Luxury Arts of the Renaissance (Getty, 2005), 160: William Barclay Turnbull, Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, Mary (London, 1861), p. 151
  62. Carolyn Springer, Armour and Masculinity in the Italian Renaissance (University of Toronto, 2010), 87.
  63. Charles van den Heuvel, 'Bartolomeo Campi: A different method of designing citadels: Groningen and Flushing', Architetti e ingegneri militari italiani all'estero dal XV al XVIII secolo (Livorno, 1994), 153–167.
  64. Pamela Ritchie, Mary of Guise: A Political Career (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2002), p. 195: John Parker Lawson, History of Scotland by Robert Keith, 1 (Edinburgh, 1845), pp. 349–353.
  65. Extracts From the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh, 1557–1571 (Edinburgh: Scottish Burgh Records Society, 1875), p. 26.
  66. Lucinda H. S. Dean, 'In the Absence of an Adult Monarch', Medieval and Early Modern Representations of Authority in Scotland and the British Isles (Routledge, 2016), pp. 155–158: Robert Adam, Edinburgh Records: The Burgh Accounts, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1899), pp. 269–271
  67. Sarah Carpenter & Graham Runnalls, 'The Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots', Medieval English Theatre, 22 (2000), pp. 145–161: Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, 10 (Edinburgh, 1913), pp. 366–367: Jane T. Stoddart, The Girlhood of Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1908), p. 148.
  68. Alexandre Teulet, Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse, 1 (Paris, 1862), p. 310
  69. Robert Smith & Ruth Brown, Bombards: Mons Meg and her sisters (Royal Armouries, 1989): Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), ccxxiii footnote; vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1913), lxxv–lxxvi, 367.
  70. Amy Blakeway, Regency in Sixteenth-Century Scotland (Boydell, 2015), p. 135: Michael Bath, Renaissance Painting in Scotland (Edinburgh: NMS, 2003), p. 243: Thorsten Hanke, 'The Ceilings', Gordon Ewart & Dennis Gallagher, With Thy Towers High: The Archaeology of Stirling Castle and Palace (Historic Scotland, 2015), p. 121: Henry Laing, 'Remarks on the Carved Ceiling and Heraldic Shields of the Apartments in Holyroodhouse, commonly known as Queen Mary's Audience Chamber', PSAS, 7 (Edinburgh, 1868), pp. 381–384.
  71. Joseph Bain, Poems of Sir Richard Maitland, of Lethingtoun, Knight (Glasgow, 1830), p. 6: William A. Craigie, Maitland Quarto Manuscript (Edinburgh: STS, 1920), p. 20
  72. John Guy, The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (Fourth Estate, 2009), pp. 93, 100.
  73. https://www.rps.ac.uk/ Records of the Parliaments of Scotland, 29 November 1558, Procedure: discharge of commissions concerning the treaty of marriage between Mary Queen of Scots and the Dauphin Francis Valois
  74. Thomas Thomson, Diurnal of Occurrents (Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1833), p. 52
  75. Pamela E. Ritchie, Mary of Guise in Scotland: A Political Career (East Linton, Tuckwell, 2002), p. 196: Marcus Merriman, Mary, Queen of Scots, Innes Review, 38 (1987), pp. 43–44.
  76. David Laing, Works of John Knox: History of the Reformation, (Edinburgh: Wodrow Society, 1846), p. 293
  77. [Jenny Wormald]
  78. [Alec Ryrie]
  79. Pamela Ritchie, Mary of Guise: A Political Career (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2002), pp. 196–197: Jenny Wormald, Mary, Queen of Scots': Politics, Passion and a Kingdom Lost (Tauris Parke, 2001), 92: David Loades, Mary Tudor: A Life (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), pp. 310–311.
  80. Alexander Wilkinson, Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 48.
  81. E. Cody & W. Murison, The Historie of Scotland by Jhone Leslie, 2 (Edinburgh: STS: Blackwood, 1895), 396: David Hay Fleming, Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1897), pp. 26–27.
  82. John Guy, The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (Fourth Estate, 2009), 96: David Loades, Elizabeth I: The Golden Reign of Gloriana (London, PRO, 2003), illustration.
  83. Steven Thiry, 'In Open Shew to the World: Mary Stuart's Armorial Claim to the English Throne and Anglo-French Relations', English Historical Review, 132:559 (December 2017), 1405–1439
  84. https://archive.org/details/memoirsofhisownl00bann/page/84/mode/2up Memoirs of his own life, by Sir James Melville (Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1827), 85
  85. David Potter, Correspondence of Michel de Seure, French Ambassador (London: Camden Society, 2014), p. 70.
  86. Marcus Merriman, Mary, Queen of Scots, Innes Review, 38 (1987), p. 46. .
  87. Estelle Paranque, Elizabeth I of England through Valois Eyes (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), 27.
  88. John Guy, The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (Fourth Estate, 2009), p. 105: Patrick Forbes, A Full View of the Public Transactions of Queen Elizabeth, 1 (London, 1739), pp. 138, 206, 229
  89. Estelle Paranque, Elizabeth I of England through Valois Eyes (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), pp. 42–44.
  90. Estelle Paranque, Elizabeth I of England through Valois Eyes (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), p. 47.
  91. Victoria Smith, 'Perspectives on Female Monarchy', James Daybell & Svante Norrhem, Gender and Political Culture in Early Modern Europe (Abingdon, 2017), pp. 145–146, 147.
  92. Joseph Stevenson, Mary Stuart: a Narrative of the First Eighteen Years of Her Life (Edinburgh, 1886), p. 152.
  93. Catherine Grodecki, Documents du Mintier Central des Notaires de Paris: Histoire de l'Art au XVIe Siécle, 2 (Paris, 1986), pp. 186 no. 793, 188 no. 796: Mémoires-Journaux de Duc de Guise (Paris, 1853), p. 449.
  94. John Guy, The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (Fourth Estate, 2009), p. 118.
  95. Armand Eudel du Gord, Recueil de fragments historiques sur les derniers Valois (Paris, 1869), p. 76
  96. Marcus Merriman, Mary, Queen of Scots, Innes Review, 38 (1987), p. 30. .
  97. John Guy, The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (Fourth Estate, 2009), pp. 100–103.
  98. Alexander Wilkinson, Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 51.
  99. Nicola M. Sutherland, 'Calvinism and the Conspiracy of Amboise', History, 46: (January 1962), p. 111. : Nicola M. Sutherland, 'Queen Elizabeth and the Conspiracy of Amboise, March 1560', English Historical Review, 81:320 (July 1966), 474-489.
  100. Alexandre Labanoff, Lettres de Marie Stuart, 1 (London: Dolman, 1844), p. 72
  101. John Guy, The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (Fourth Estate, 2009), pp. 111–113.
  102. Jane T. Stoddart, The girlhood of Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1908), pp. 270, 298
  103. John Guy, The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (Fourth Estate, 2009), p. 119.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, Dauphin of France".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.