Water pinch analysis explained

Water pinch analysis (WPA) originates from the concept of heat pinch analysis. WPA is a systematic technique for reducing water consumption and wastewater generation through integration of water-using activities or processes. WPA was first introduced by Wang and Smith.^[1] Since then, it has been widely used as a tool for water conservation in industrial process plants. Water pinch analysis has recently been applied for urban/domestic buildings.^[2] It was extended in 1998 by Nick Hallale at the University of Cape Town, who developed it as a special case of mass exchange networks for capital cost targeting.

Techniques for setting targets for maximum water recovery capable of handling any type of water-using operation including mass-transfer-based and non-mass-transfer based systems include the source and sink composite curves^[3] and water cascade analysis (WCA).^[4] The source and sink composite curves is a graphical tool for setting water recovery targets as well as for design of water recovery networks.^[5]

A 2018 study found by water pinch and water footprint analysis that for bricks with typical materials of clay and shale, the water consumption footprint was 2.02 L of water per brick.^[6]

See also

• Hydrogen pinch
• Reclaimed water

References

5. Hallale, Nick. (2002). A New Graphical Targeting Method for Water Minimisation. Advances in Environmental Research. 6(3): 377–390

Notes and References

1. Wang . Y.P. . Smith . R. . April 1994 . Wastewater minimisation . Chemical Engineering Science . 49 . 7 . 981–1006 . 10.1016/0009-2509(94)80006-5 . 0009-2509.
2. Manan . Z.A. . Wan Alwi . S.R. . Ujang . Z. . June 2006 . Water pinch analysis for an urban system: a case study on the Sultan Ismail Mosque at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) . Desalination . 194 . 1-3 . 52–68 . 10.1016/j.desal.2005.11.003 . 0011-9164.
3. Hallale . N . September 2002 . A new graphical targeting method for water minimisation . Advances in Environmental Research . 6 . 3 . 377–390 . 10.1016/s1093-0191(01)00116-2 . 1093-0191.
4. Manan . Zainuddin Abdul . Tan . Yin Ling . Foo . Dominic Chwan Yee . 2004-11-09 . Targeting the minimum water flow rate using water cascade analysis technique . AIChE Journal . 50 . 12 . 3169–3183 . 10.1002/aic.10235 . 0001-1541.
5. Wan Alwi . Sharifah R. . Manan . Zainuddin A. . 2008-04-01 . Generic Graphical Technique for Simultaneous Targeting and Design of Water Networks . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research . en . 47 . 8 . 2762–2777 . 10.1021/ie071487o . 0888-5885.
6. Skouteris . George . Ouki . Sabèha . Foo . Dominic . Saroj . Devendra . Altini . Maria . Melidis . Paraschos . Cowley . Brian . Ells . Geoff . Palmer . Stephanie . O'Dell . Sean . 2018-01-20 . Water footprint and water pinch analysis techniques for sustainable water management in the brick-manufacturing industry . Journal of Cleaner Production . 172 . 786–794 . 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.213 . 0959-6526.