Dulles International Airport Explained

Washington Dulles International Airport
Iata:IAD
Icao:KIAD
Faa:IAD
Wmo:72403
Type:Public
Owner:United States federal government
Operator:Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority
City-Served:Washington, D.C. metropolitan area
Location:Dulles, Virginia, U.S.
Timezone:EST
Summer:EDT
Elevation-F:312
Elevation-M:95
Coordinates:38.9444°N -77.4558°W
Image Map Caption:FAA airport diagram
Mapframe:yes
Pushpin Label:IAD/KIAD/IAD
R1-Number:01L/19R
R1-Length-F:9,400
R1-Length-M:2,865
R1-Surface:Concrete
R2-Number:01C/19C
R2-Length-F:11,500
R2-Length-M:3,505
R2-Surface:Concrete
R3-Number:01R/19L
R3-Length-F:11,500
R3-Length-M:3,505
R3-Surface:Concrete
R4-Number:12/30
R4-Length-F:10,501
R4-Length-M:3,201
R4-Surface:Concrete
R5-Number:12R/30L
R5-Length-F:10,500
R5-Length-M:3,200
R5-Surface:Planned
Metric-Rwy:yes
Stat1-Header:Aircraft operations
Stat1-Data:251,823
Stat2-Header:Total passengers
Stat2-Data:25,135,288
Stat3-Header:Total cargo (tons)
Stat3-Data:213,162
Stat-Year:2023
Footnotes:Source: Federal Aviation Administration, Passenger traffic[1]

Washington Dulles International Airport (;) is an international airport in Loudoun County and Fairfax County in Northern Virginia, United States,[2] 26miles west of downtown Washington, D.C.[3]

The airport, which opened in 1962, is named after John Foster Dulles, an influential United States Secretary of State during the Cold War who briefly represented New York in the United States Senate.[4] [5] The airport's main terminal is a well-known landmark designed by Eero Saarinen, who also designed the TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport. Operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Dulles occupies 13000acres,[6] [7] straddling the Loudoun–Fairfax IAD ranks fifth in the US in terms of land area, after Denver International Airport, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Southwest Florida International Airport, and Orlando International Airport. Most of the airport is in the unincorporated community of Dulles in Loudoun County, with a small portion in the unincorporated community of Chantilly in Fairfax County.

Along with Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA) and Baltimore/Washington International Airport (BWI), Dulles is one of three major airports serving the Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area. As of 2021, it is the second-busiest airport in the Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area behind Reagan National Airport and the 28th-busiest airport in the United States.[8] Dulles has the most international passenger traffic of any airport in the Mid-Atlantic outside the New York metropolitan area, including approximately 90% of the international passenger traffic in the Baltimore–Washington region.[9] It had more than 20 million passenger enplanements every year from 2004 to 2019, with 24 million enplanements in 2019.[10] [11] An average of 60,000 passengers pass through Dulles daily to and from more than 139 destinations around the world.[10] [12] [13]

Increased domestic travel from Reagan National Airport has eroded some of Dulles's domestic routes.[8] Dulles overtook Reagan in total enplanements in 2019.[14] In 2018, however, Dulles surpassed Reagan in yearly passenger boardings after having fewer passengers since 2015.[15] Furthermore, it still ranks behind BWI in total annual passenger boardings.

Dulles is a hub for United Airlines and is frequently used by airlines that United has codeshare agreements with, mostly composed of Star Alliance members like Turkish Airlines and Lufthansa.

History

Origins

Before World War II, Hoover Field was the main commercial airport serving Washington, on the site now occupied by the Pentagon and its parking lots. It was replaced by Washington National Airport in 1941, a short distance southeast. After the war, in 1948, the Civil Aeronautics Administration began to consider sites for a second major airport to serve the nation's capital.[16] Congress passed the Washington Airport Act in 1950 to provide funding for a new airport in the region.[17] The initial CAA proposal in 1951 called for the airport to be built in Fairfax County near what is now Burke Lake Park, but protests from residents, as well as the rapid expansion of Washington's suburbs during the time, led to reconsideration of this plan.[18] One competing plan called for the airport to be built in the Pender area of Fairfax County, while another called for the conversion of Andrews Air Force Base in Prince George's County, Maryland, into a commercial airport.

The current site was selected by President Eisenhower in 1958;[18] the Dulles name was chosen by Eisenhower's aviation advisor Pete Quesada, who later served as the first head of the Federal Aviation Administration. As a result of the site selection, the unincorporated, largely African-American community of Willard, which once stood in the airport's current footprint, was demolished, and 87 property owners had their holdings condemned.

Dulles was also built over a lesser-known airport named Blue Ridge Airport, chartered in 1938 by the U.S. The airport was Loudoun County's first official airport, consisting of two grass intersecting runways in the shape of an "X". The location of the former Blue Ridge Airport sits where the Dulles Air Freight complex and Washington Dulles Airport Marriott now sit today.[19]

Design and construction

The civil engineering firm Ammann and Whitney was named lead contractor. The airport was dedicated by President John F. Kennedy and Eisenhower on November 17, [20] As originally opened, the airport had three long runways (current day runways 1C/19C, 1R/19L, and 12/30) and one shorter one (where current taxiway Q is located). Its original name, Dulles International Airport, was changed in 1984 to Washington Dulles International Airport.[21]

The main terminal was designed in 1958 by famed Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen, and it is highly regarded for its graceful beauty, suggestive of flight. The terminal was built without any concourses and gates as all aircraft were parked at remote sites. Passengers were bussed to their aircraft by way of mobile lounges that raised up to the aircraft level, some are still in use today. The first midfield terminal that included gates and jetbridges was constructed in 1985 when New York Air and other airlines began hub operations at Dulles.[22] In the 1990s, the main terminal at Dulles was reconfigured to allow more space between the front of the building and the ticket counters. Additions at both ends of the main terminal more than doubled the structure's length. The original terminal at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport in Taoyuan, Taiwan, was modeled after the Saarinen terminal at Dulles.[23] [24]

The design included a landscaped man-made lake to collect rainwater, a low-rise hotel, and a row of office buildings along the north side of the main parking lot. The design also included a two-level road in front of the terminal to separate arrival and departure traffic and a federally owned limited access highway connecting the terminal to the Capital Beltway (I-495) about to the east. (Eventually, the highway system grew to include a parallel toll road to handle commuter traffic and an extension to connect to I-66). The access road had a wide median strip to allow the construction of a passenger rail line, which opened as an extension of the Washington Metro's Silver Line on November 15, 2022.[25]

Notable operations and milestones

By 1985 the original design, featuring mobile lounges to meet each plane, was no longer well-suited to Dulles's role as a hub airport. Instead, midfield concourses were constructed to allow passengers to walk between connecting flights without visiting the main terminal. Mobile lounges were still used for international flights and to transport passengers between the midfield concourses and the main terminal; Concourse C/D was the first to be built, followed by Concourse A/B. A tunnel (consisting of a passenger walkway and moving sidewalks) that links the main terminal and Concourse B was opened in 2004.[57] The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) began a renovation program for the airport including a new security mezzanine with more room for lines.[58]

A new train system, dubbed AeroTrain and developed by Mitsubishi, began in 2010 to transport passengers between the concourses and the main terminal.[59] The system, which uses rubber tires and travels along a fixed underground guideway, is similar to the people mover systems at Singapore Changi Airport, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, and Denver International Airport. The train is intended to replace the mobile lounges, which many passengers found crowded and inconvenient. The initial phase includes the main terminal station, a permanent Concourse A station, a permanent Concourse B station, a permanent midfield concourse station (with access to the current temporary C concourse via a tunnel with moving walkways), and a maintenance facility.[59] Mobile lounges continue to service Concourse D from both the main terminal and Concourse A. Even after AeroTrain is built out and the replacement Concourses C and D are built, the mobile lounges and plane mates will still continue to be used, to transport international arriving passengers to the International Arrivals Building, as well as transport passengers to aircraft parked on hardstands without direct access to jet bridges. Dulles has stated that the wait time for a train does not exceed four minutes, compared to the average 15-minute wait and travel time for mobile lounges.

Under the development plan, future phases would see the addition of several new midfield concourses and a new south terminal.[60] A fourth runway (parallel to the existing runways 1 and 19 L&R) opened in 2008,[61] and development plans include a fifth runway to parallel the existing runway 12–30.[62] If this runway is built, the current runway will be re-designated as 12L-30R while the new runway will be designated 12R-30L. An expansion of the B concourse, used by many low-cost airlines as well as international arrivals, has been completed, and the building housing Concourses C and D will eventually be knocked down to make room for a more ergonomic building. Because Concourses C and D are temporary concourses, the only way to get to those concourses is via moving walkway from the Concourse C station, which is built in the location of the future gates and Concourse D by mobile lounge from the main terminal.[63] [64]

In the short term, United Airlines has constructed a buildout on Concourse C between gate C18 and the AeroTrain entrance for use as a Polaris Lounge for international passengers.[65] Further expansion plans include a new three-story south concourse building above the AeroTrain station for Concourse C,[64] to replace Concourse A regional gates built in 1999.[66]

Decades-old rules set by Congress that limit the number of takeoffs and landings, as well as distance of routes, at Reagan Airport were intended in part to keep more flights at Dulles. Those rules have been weakened by Congress over the years, however, causing Dulles to lose 200,000 passengers to Reagan between 2011 and 2013.[8]

In 2023, construction started on a 100 MW solar power facility, battery and bus charging equipment.[67] It would include the largest airport-based solar and battery development in the U.S. as part of an agreement with Dominion Energy. The solar panels would cover more than 835acres on land, equivalent to the consumption of more than 37,000 Northern Virginia homes during peak production.[68]

In 2024, IAD was ranked as the 11th best airport in the world by AirHelp, a passenger rights tech company that assists passengers with flight disruptions. Data was compiled for 239 of the worlds busiest airports in 69 countries. Data was compiled from May 1, 2023, to April 30, 2024. Criteria was based on on-time performance, customer opinion, and food and shops. Dulles ranking was an overall 8.22 out of 10.[69]

Meaning of IAD

Dulles originally used airport code DIA, the initials of Dulles International Airport. When handwritten, it was often misread as DCA, the code for Washington National Airport, so in 1968 Dulles's code was changed to IAD.[70]

Terminals

The airport's terminal complex consists of a main terminal (which includes four of the original gates, "Z" gates), and two parallel midfield terminal buildings: Concourses A/B and C/D. The entire terminal complex has 139 total gates: 123 gates with jetways and 16 hardstand locations[71] from which passengers can board or disembark using the airport's plane mate vehicles.

Inter-terminal transportation

Conceived in early planning sessions in 1959, Dulles is one of a few remaining airports to utilize mobile lounges (also known as "plane mates" or "people movers"), now only used for transport to the International Arrivals Building as well as transport for Concourse D. They have all been given names based on the postal abbreviations of 50 states, e.g., VA, MD, AK.[72]

The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority has partially phased out the mobile lounge system for inter-terminal passenger movements with the AeroTrain, an underground people mover that currently operates to all of the concourses except concourse D, with a passenger tunnel remaining to concourses A and B. However, the Aerotrain to concourse C stops at a terminal north of the actual concourse, leaving a significant walk from the terminal to concourse after disembarking. Plane mates remain in use to disembark international passengers and carry them to the International Arrivals Building, as well as to transport passengers to and from aircraft on the hard stands that are called H gates (i.e., those parked remotely on the apron without access to jet bridges).[73] [74]

Main terminal

Dulles's main terminal houses ticketing on the upper level, baggage claim and U.S. Customs and Border Protection on the lower level, and annexes for the International Arrivals Building for international passenger processing, as well as the four Z gates (used by Air Canada and United Express), H gates, various information kiosks and other support facilities. The main terminal was recognized by the American Institute of Architects in 1966 for its design concept; its roof is a suspended catenary providing a wide enclosed area unimpeded by any columns.

The main terminal was extended in 1996 to 1240feet—Saarinen's original design length—which was slightly more than double its originally constructed length of 600feet. On September 22, 2009, an expansion to include the 41400square feet International Arrivals Building opened for customs and immigration processing with a capacity to process 2,400 passengers per hour.[75]

Also in September 2009, a 121700square feet central security checkpoint was added on a new security mezzanine level of the main terminal. This checkpoint replaced previous checkpoints that were located behind the ticketing areas.[76] Travelers enrolled in TSA PreCheck and CLEAR still use this area to clear security.[77] A separate security checkpoint is available on the baggage claim level for staff only, and previously had access for all passengers as the Dulles Diamond area. Both public security checkpoints connect to escalators to the AeroTrain, which links the main terminal with the A and B concourse and links to a tunnel connecting to the C concourse.

Midfield terminals

All airlines aside from Air Canada Express and United Express operate out of two linear satellite terminals. Each terminal is divided into two concourses, with the north terminal containing Concourses A and B, and the south terminal containing Concourses C and D.

Concourses A and B

Concourses A and B are located in the midfield terminal building closer to the main terminal. They are utilized by all non-United flights as well as a limited number of United Express flights.Concourse A has 47 gates, located in the eastern half of the north midfield terminal. It consists of a permanent ground-level set of gates designed for small planes and United Express flights, and several former Concourse B gates.[78] The concourse is primarily used for international flights. Air France and KLM have a lounge opposite gate A19, Etihad Airways operates a First and Business Class lounge across from gate A15, and Virgin Atlantic has a Clubhouse lounge adjacent to gate A31. Concourse A's AeroTrain station is located between gates A6 and A14.

Concourse B has 28 gates, located in the western half of the terminal. It is the first of the permanent elevated midfield concourses. Originally constructed in 1998 and designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum, the B concourse contained 20 gates. In 2003, 4 additional gates were added to concourse B, followed by a 15-gate expansion in 2008.[79] In addition to the AeroTrain station located between gates B51 and B62, Concourse B also has an underground walkway to connect it to the main terminal. Concourse B is used by some international carriers, and is also utilized by all non-United domestic and Canada flights. The facility also includes a British Airways Galleries lounge adjacent to the AeroTrain station, a Lufthansa lounge between gates B49 and B51, and a Turkish Airlines lounge near gate B43.[80]

Concourses C and D

Concourses C and D are located in the south midfield terminal, and are used for United Airlines flights, including all mainline flights and most United Express regional flights (save for a few that use Concourse A).

These concourses were constructed in 1983 as temporary facilities and designed by Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum. The two concourses have 22 gates each, numbered C1–C28 and D1–D32, with odd-numbered gates on the north side of the building and even numbered gates on the south side. Concourse C composes the eastern half of the terminal and Concourse D composes the western half.[81] [82] The C/D concourses were given a facelift in 2006 that included light-fixture upgrades, new paint finishes, new ceiling grids and tiles, heating and air conditioning replacement, and complete restroom renovations.

While all gates in Concourses C/D can be utilized for both domestic and international departures, all United international arrivals are conducted at gates C1-C14. These gates contain two exit configurations depending on the arriving flight. Domestic passengers and international passengers from airports with U.S. customs pre-clearance exit directly into the concourse, while international arrivals from airports without border pre-clearance are redirected down a sterile corridor to U.S. Customs & Immigration. Passengers arriving from international destinations who are ending their journey at Dulles are then transported by mobile lounge to the International Arrivals Building, while passengers making onward connections are directed to a separate customs facility located on the ground floor of Concourse C. After being screened by TSA at a dedicated security checkpoint within the facility, these passengers then take escalators that deposit them in Concourse C near gate C7.[83]

A new and permanent C/D concourse (also called "Tier 2") is planned as part of the D2 Dulles Development Project. The new building is to include a three-level structure with 44 airline gates and similar amenities to Concourse B. The concourse plan includes a dedicated mezzanine corridor with moving sidewalks to serve international passengers. The design and construction of the new C/D concourse has not been scheduled. When built, it is planned that both terminals will be connected to the main terminal and other concourses via the AeroTrain. To that extent, the AeroTrain station at Concourse C was built at the location where the future Concourse C/D structure is proposed to be built, and is connected to the existing Concourse C via an underground walkway.[64] In April 2022, the Airport Authority published plans for a 14 gate Concourse E to be built atop the AeroTrain station with the purpose of replacing outdoor boarding areas at Concourse A. Construction is expected to cost between $500 million and $800 million and the airport is seeking $230 million grants from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill.[84] Construction on the concourse began in August 2024, and it is expected to open in 2026.[85]

Airline lounges

Since many major domestic and international airlines have a large presence at Washington Dulles, there are many airline lounges within the airport:

Airlines and destinations

Cargo

Statistics

Top destinations

Busiest domestic routes to and from IAD (January 2023 – December 2023)[93]
RankAirportPassengersCarriers
1Denver, Colorado527,000Southwest, United
2San Francisco, California479,000Alaska, United
3Los Angeles, California441,000Alaska, United
4Atlanta, Georgia387,000Delta, Southwest, United
5Seattle/Tacoma, Washington305,000Alaska, Delta, United
6Houston–Intercontinental, Texas252,000United
7Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois235,000United
8Orlando, Florida229,000United
9Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas229,000American, United
10222,000Alaska, United
Busiest international routes from IAD (2023)[94]
RankAirportPassengersCarriers
1London–Heathrow, United Kingdom810,478 British Airways, United Airlines, Virgin Atlantic
2Frankfurt, Germany633,846Lufthansa, United Airlines
3San Salvador, El Salvador541,803 Avianca El Salvador, United Airlines, Volaris Costa Rica, Volaris El Salvador
4Paris–Charles de Gaulle, France517,587 Air France, United Airlines
5Istanbul, Turkey318,963Turkish Airlines
6Dublin, Republic of Ireland298,876 Aer Lingus, United Airlines
7Dubai–International, United Arab Emirates274,563Emirates
8Panama City–Tocumen, Panama272,871 Copa Airlines
9Munich, Germany266,956 Lufthansa, United Airlines
10Brussels, Belgium263,307Brussels Airlines, United Airlines

Airline market share

Largest airlines at IAD (CY 2020)[95]
RankAirlineEnplanementsPercent of market share
1United Airlines2,899,44970.42%
2Delta Air Lines212,1515.12%
3American Airlines142,3823.44%
4Southwest Airlines85,0132.05%
563,6592.05%

Annual traffic

Annual passenger traffic at IAD
1979–present[96] [97] ! Year !! Passengers !! Year !! Passengers !! Year !! Passengers !! Year !! Passengers !! Year !! Passengers
1979 3,525,054 198910,399,091199919,797,329200923,213,341201924,817,677
19802,624,398199010,438,089200020,104,693201023,741,60320208,333,460
19812,324,585199110,962,328200118,002,319201123,211,856202115,006,955
19822,609,933199211,530,829200217,235,163201222,561,521202221,376,896
19833,019,789199310,987,191200316,950,381201321,947,065202325,135,288
19843,555,771199411,690,786200422,868,852201421,572,2332024
19855,237,277199512,443,657200527,052,118201521,650,5462025
19869,131,895199612,894,028200623,020,362201621,969,0942026
198710,950,211199713,757,861200724,737,528201722,892,5042027
19889,686,637199815,746,342200823,876,780201824,060,7092028

Ground transportation

Roads

Washington Dulles is accessible via the Dulles Access Road/Dulles Greenway (State Route 267) and State Route 28. The Access Road is a toll-free, limited access highway owned by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) to facilitate car access to Washington Dulles from the Capital Beltway and Interstate 66.[98] After it opened, non-airport traffic between Washington and Reston became so heavy that a parallel set of toll lanes were added on the same right-of-way to accommodate non-airport traffic (Dulles Toll Road). The airport-only lanes are both less congested and toll-free. As of November 1, 2008, MWAA assumed responsibility from the Virginia Department of Transportation both for operating the Dulles Toll Road and for the construction of the Silver Line down its median. Route 28, which runs north–south along the eastern edge of the airport, has been upgraded to a limited access highway, with the interchanges financed through a property tax surcharge on nearby business properties. The Dulles Toll Road (VA-267) is extended to the south of Leesburg as the Dulles Greenway.

Public transportation

Washington Metro service is available to Dulles via a station on the Silver Line.[99] Service began operation on November 15, 2022.[100]

Fairfax Connector bus routes 981 and 983 serve Washington Dulles, connecting to the Herndon–Monroe park & ride lot in Herndon, the Reston Town Center transit in Reston, the Wiehle–Reston East Metro station, and the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center Air and Space Museum. Formerly, the Metrobus 5A route served at the airport.

Megabus provides service from Dulles to Charlottesville and Blacksburg.

Washington Flyer has a monopoly to operate cabs from Washington Dulles Airport.[101] Uber and Lyft are popular modes of transport to and from the airport and MWAA receives a $4 fee per trip, which is included in the quoted fare.[102]

Accidents and incidents

In popular culture

Dulles has been a popular filming location, particularly in its early years when it had relatively low traffic levels in relation to its size and its elaborate design.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Dulles Air Traffic Statistics. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. January 2024. February 21, 2024. September 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150913222508/http://www.mwaa.com/about/dulles-air-traffic-statistics. live.
  2. Web site: Fairfax County Zoning Districts Map Created February 2013 Updated April 2020. Fairfax County, Virginia. 2023-04-08. April 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230409000252/https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/planning-development/sites/planning-development/files/assets/documents/maps/zoningwallmap.pdf. live.
    Web site: 2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Loudoun County, VA. U.S. Census Bureau. 2023-04-08. 44 (45/65). April 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230409000253/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st51_va/county/c51107_loudoun/DC20BLK_C51107.pdf. live.
  3. Web site: Dulles International Airport. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. December 4, 2010. November 27, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101127010338/http://metwashairports.com/dulles/208.htm. live.
  4. News: JFK, Eisenhower dedicated airport . . (Oregon) . Associated Press . November 17, 1962 . 1A . November 10, 2020 . November 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201126052002/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZdozAAAAIBAJ&pg=3995%2C3228716 . live .
  5. News: $110 million Dulles airport is dedicated . . (Oregon) . UPI . November 17, 1962 . 1 . November 10, 2020 . June 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220606193106/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ijpYAAAAIBAJ&pg=1741,4193588 . live .
  6. Effective August 8, 2024.
  7. Web site: Washington-Dulles International Airport data at skyvector.com. skyvector.com. August 17, 2022. September 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220903105305/https://skyvector.com/airport/IAD/Washington-Dulles-International-Airport. live.
  8. News: Dulles International Airport struggles to find its footing. The Washington Post. Lori. Aratani. November 27, 2014. September 18, 2017. July 23, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170723052654/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/dulles-international-airport-struggles-to-find-its-footing/2014/11/27/2d7b9d80-66c9-11e4-836c-83bc4f26eb67_story.html. live.
  9. Web site: U.S. International Air Passenger and Freight Statistics Report . Office of the Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs, U.S. Department of Transportation . December 25, 2016 . December 25, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215408/https://www.transportation.gov/office-policy/aviation-policy/us-international-passenger-freight-statistics-2011-2015-passengers . live .
  10. Web site: Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD) Air Traffic Statistics. 2014. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. March 4, 2015. June 10, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110610025505/http://www.mwaa.com/dulles/653.htm. live.
  11. Web site: Preliminary CY 2012 Enplanements . 2013 . Federal Aviation Administration . August 27, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130903142219/http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/media/PrelimCY12CommercialServiceEnplanements.pdf . September 3, 2013 .
  12. Web site: Air Service Maps – IAD. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. December 4, 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101216083604/https://mwaa.com/dulles/872.htm. December 16, 2010. mdy-all.
  13. Web site: Dulles International - Nonstop Destinations. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. March 13, 2023. March 13, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230313152218/https://www.flydulles.com/flight-information/nonstop-destinations. live.
  14. News: After years-long slump, Dulles International Airport bounces back. The Washington Post.
  15. Web site: Dulles International Airport pulled ahead of Reagan National in 2018 . WTOP . February 20, 2019 . March 9, 2019 . February 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190220182507/https://wtop.com/business-finance/2019/02/dulles-airport-pulls-ahead-of-reagan-national-in-2018/ . live .
  16. Web site: History of Dulles Airport. Eugene. Scheel. June 2, 2015. May 30, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150530195906/http://www.loudounhistory.org/history/dulles-airport-history.htm. live.
  17. Web site: History of Washington Dulles International Airport. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. 2 June 2015. May 26, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150526181747/http://www.metwashairports.com/dulles/661.htm. live.
  18. News: 'Visionary' Dulles Airport hits 40 . . Fredericksburg, Virginia . Greenfield . Heather . . November 17, 2002 . B1 . November 10, 2020 . June 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220606193106/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7i0zAAAAIBAJ&pg=2087,4387694 . live .
  19. Web site: Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Virginia: Loudoun County. www.airfields-freeman.com. 2018-11-22. November 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065615/http://www.airfields-freeman.com/VA/Airfields_VA_Loudoun.htm. live.
  20. Web site: Opening Dedication Ceremony of Dulles Airport in 1962. Tom. 2014-01-21. Ghosts of DC. en-US. 2019-02-17. February 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142353/https://ghostsofdc.org/2014/01/21/opening-dedication-ceremony-dulles-airport-1962/. live.
  21. Web site: History of Washington Dulles International Airport. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. December 4, 2010. May 26, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150526181747/http://www.metwashairports.com/dulles/661.htm. live.
  22. Wikipedia New York Air website
  23. Web site: Regeneration of Taoyuan International Airport Terminal 1 / Norihiko Dan and Associates. ArchDaily. 2015-08-02. 2016-02-07. 2016-01-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20160130103626/http://www.archdaily.com/771071/regeneration-of-taoyuan-international-airport-terminal-1-norihiko-dan-and-associates. live.
  24. Web site: Why rename CKS Airport?. The China Post. 2006-09-14. 2010-06-07. 2012-09-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20120920235236/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/editorial/detail.asp?onNews=&GRP=i&id=89541. live.
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