| Waray | |
| Also Known As: | Waray-Waray, Samar-Leyte Visayan |
| Nativename: | Winaray, Samareño, Lineyte-Samarnon, Binisayâ nga Winaray, Binisayâ nga Samar-Leyte |
| States: | Philippines |
| Region: | Eastern Visayas, some parts of Masbate, southern part of Sorsogon, and Gibusong Island of Mindanao |
| Map: | Waray-Waray language map.png |
| Mapcaption: | Areas where Waray-Waray is spoken |
| Ethnicity: | Waray |
| Speakers: | million |
| Date: | 2015 census |
| Ref: | e19 |
| Familycolor: | Austronesian |
| Fam2: | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Fam3: | Philippine |
| Fam4: | Central Philippine |
| Fam5: | Bisayan |
| Fam6: | Central Bisayan |
| Script: | Latin
|
| Nation: | Regional language in the Philippines |
| Agency: | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino Historically regulated by the Sanghiran san Binisaya ha Samar ug Leyte |
| Dialects: | Standard Waray (Tacloban dialect), Northern Samar dialect, Calbayog dialect, Culaba-Biliran dialect, Abuyog dialect and 20 other identified dialects and subdialects |
| Iso2: | war |
| Iso3: | war |
| Glotto: | wara1300 |
| Glottorefname: | Waray (Philippines) |
| Notice: | IPA |
Waray (also known as Waray-Waray or Bisayâ/Binisayâ nga Winaray/Waray, Spanish; Castilian: idioma samareño meaning Samar language) is an Austronesian language and the fifth-most-spoken native regional language of the Philippines, native to Eastern Visayas. It is the native language of the Waray people and second language of the Abaknon people of Capul, Northern Samar, and some Cebuano-speaking peoples of western and southern parts of Leyte island. It is the third most spoken language among the Bisayan languages, only behind Cebuano and Hiligaynon.
The term Waray comes from the word often heard by non-speakers meaning 'none' or 'nothing' in the language; similarly, Cebuanos are known in Leyte as Cebuano: mga Kana and their language as Kana (after the oft-heard word, meaning 'that' in the Cebuano language). The Cebuano pronunciation of Waray is with the same meaning.
During the Spanish period, texts refer to the language as simply being a dialect of "Visayan". In contrast, most contemporary linguists consider many of these "Visayan dialects" (e.g., Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Karay-a, etc.) to be distinct languages, and the term Visayan is usually taken to refer to what is called Cebuano in contemporary linguistic literature. Domingo Ezguerra's 1663 (reprinted 1747) refers to the "Visayan tongue of the province of Leyte", Figueroa's refers to the "Visaya language of Samar and Leyte". Antonio Sanchez's 1914 (Spanish-Visayan Dictionary) refers to the speech of "Sámar and Leyte".
Linguist Jason Lobel (2009) considers there are 25 dialects and subdialects of Waray-Waray.[1]
Many Waray dialects feature a sound change in which Proto-Bisayan *s becomes pronounced as //h// in a small number of common grammatical morphemes. This sound change occurs in all areas of Samar south of the municipalities of Santa Margarita, Matuginao, Las Navas, and Gamay (roughly corresponding to the provinces of Samar and Eastern Samar, but not Northern Samar), as well as in all of the Waray-speaking areas of Leyte, except the towns of Javier and Abuyog. However, this sound change is an areal feature rather than a strictly genetic one (Lobel 2009).[1]
Most Waray dialects in northeastern and Eastern Samar have the close central unrounded vowel pronounced as //ɨ// as a reflex of Proto-Austronesian *e.[1]
Waray is one of the many regional languages found in the Philippines and used in local government.It is widely used in media particularly in television and radio broadcasts, however, not in print media because most regional newspapers are published in English.
The language is used in education from kindergarten to primary level as part of the Philippine government's K–12 program since 2012 in which pupils from kindergarten to third grade are taught in their respective indigenous languages.
Waray is also used in the Mass in the Roman Catholic Church and in the worship services of different Christian sects in the region. Bibles in Waray are also available.[2] In 2019, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures was released in Waray-Waray.[3] However, there is a growing population of Muslims in the region with the first mosque, Tacloban Mosque and Islamic Center, through a charity built by a Turkish Islamic religious authority in Tacloban at 2017 which teaches the scriptures and offers Friday sermons in both Waray and Cebuano in general.
Most Waray dialects have three vowel phonemes: pronounced as //a// pronounced as /[a]/, pronounced as //i// pronounced as /[ɛ~i]/ and pronounced as //u// pronounced as /[ɔ~u]/. Some dialects have an additional vowel pronounced as //ə// pronounced as /[ə]/; words with pronounced as //ə// in these dialects have pronounced as //u// in the majority dialects.[4] [5]
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close/Mid | i | (ə) | u | |
| Open | a |
Waray has a total of 16 consonant phonemes: pronounced as //p, t, k, b, d, ɡ, m, n, ŋ, s, h, l, ɾ~r, w, j, ʔ//. Two extra postalveolar sounds pronounced as /[tʃ, dʒ]/ are heard when pronounced as //i// occurs after pronounced as //t, d//, further proceeding another vowel sound.[6] [7]
| Labial | Alveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Stop | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | |
| Fricative | s | h | |||
| Rhotic | ɾ~r | ||||
| Approximant | w | l | j |
| Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular impersonal | ||||
| plural impersonal | ||||
| singular personal | ||||
| plural personal |
Waray, like all Philippine languages today, is written using the Latin script. There is no officially-approved orthography for the language and different writers may use differing orthographic styles. In general, it has become common to write the language following the current orthographic conventions of Filipino.
Waray uses many different words to specify a particular thing. These words might not be the same in spelling and in construction but they share the same meaning, making it a very diverse language. Here are some examples of demonstratives and adverbs together with their equivalent definition in Waray-Waray:
| English | Waray | |
|---|---|---|
| what | ,, | |
| where | ,, | |
| who | ||
| when | ,, | |
| how | ,, | |
| here | ,,,,, | |
| there | ,,,,, | |
| that | ,,, | |
| those | ,, | |
| these | ,, | |
| why | ,,, | |
| this | ,,, |
| English | Waray | English | Waray | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| to run | to fix something | ||||
| to walk | to explain | ||||
| to climb | , | to invite | , | ||
| to swim | to attend | , | |||
| to talk/speak | ,, | to send something | , | ||
| to jump | , | to create | , | ||
| to sit | to build | ||||
| to stand | to fly | ||||
| to shout/scream | to sleep | ||||
| to make friends | to write | ||||
| to cry | ,, | to lay down | |||
| to buy | , | to love | |||
| to travel | to care | ||||
| to sing | to discuss | ,, | |||
| to dance | to drive | , | |||
| to fetch water | to ride | , | |||
| to drink | , | to carry | ,, | ||
| to eat | to sell something | , |
Native numbers are used for numbers one through ten. From eleven onwards, Spanish numbers are exclusively used in Waray today, their native counterparts being almost unheard of by the majority of native speakers (except for for hundred and for thousand). Some, especially the old ones, are spoken alongside the Spanish counterparts.
| English | Native Waray | Derived from Spanish | Spanish | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | (m) (f) | |||
| two | ||||
| three | ||||
| four | ||||
| five | ||||
| six | ||||
| seven | ||||
| eight | ||||
| nine | ||||
| ten | ||||
| eleven | ||||
| twelve | ||||
| thirteen | ||||
| fourteen | ||||
| fifteen | ||||
| sixteen | ||||
| seventeen | ||||
| eighteen | ||||
| nineteen | ||||
| twenty | ||||
| twenty one | ||||
| twenty two | ||||
| thirty | ||||
| forty | ||||
| fifty | ||||
| sixty | ||||
| seventy | ||||
| eighty | ||||
| ninety | ||||
| one hundred | ||||
| one thousand | ||||
| one million | [8] |
Waray has borrowed vocabulary extensively from other languages, especially from Spanish. These words are being adopted to fill lexical gaps of the recipient language. Spanish colonialization introduced new systems to the Philippine society.