Waipā River Explained

Waipā River
Map:	NZ-Waipa R.png
Source1 Location:	Rangitoto Range
Mouth Location:	Waikato River
Subdivision Type1:	Country
Subdivision Name1:	New Zealand
Length:	115km (71miles)
Source1 Elevation:	703m (2,306feet)
Mouth Elevation:	20m (70feet)
Discharge1 Avg:	83.9m3/s
Basin Size:	3050km2
Tributaries Left:	Wharekiri Stream, Kaama Stream, Waiharakea Stream, Otanetapoto Stream, Mangawhaka Stream, Ngakuratro Stream, Mangawhero Stream, Mangapu River, Orahiri Stream, Waitomo Stream, Mangamahoe Stream, Owaikura Stream, Ongaruhe Stream, Moakurarua Stream, Ngakoaohia Stream, Mangauika Stream, Ngaparierua Stream, Mangawawe Stream, Mangamauku Stream, Mangao Stream, Rangitukia Stream, Paratawa Stream, Tunaeke Stream, Karakariki Stream, Mangaotama Stream, Karangatuoro Stream, Timaru Stream, Te Paki Stream, Maroheno Stream, Firewood Creek, Mangarata Stream.
Tributaries Right:	Otamaroa Stream, Okahukura Stream, Mata Stream, Tunawaea Stream, Owawenga Stream, Tauraroa Stream, Parapara Stream, Mohoanui Stream, Mangaoronga Stream, Okuri Stream, Okohau Stream, Mangawhero Stream, Puniu River, Mangapiko Stream, Mangakaware Stream, Mangaotama Stream, Mangahia Stream, Koromatua Stream, Ohote Stream.

The Waipā River is in the Waikato region of the North Island of New Zealand. The headwaters are in the Rangitoto Range east of Te Kūiti. It flows north for 115km (71miles), passing through Ōtorohanga and Pirongia, before flowing into the Waikato River at Ngāruawāhia. It is the Waikato's largest tributary. The Waipā's main tributary is the Puniu River.

In the headwaters upstream of Ōtorohanga the river can be very clear during low flow conditions. This section of the river flows through rough farmland and patches of native bush. In this clearer part of the river there can be very good fly fishing for trout but access to the river may be limited without landowner permission.

The Waipā is prone to flooding in its lower reaches as flood flows can be over 100 times—20to—those of dry flows and the river can rise up to 11m (36feet).^[1]

In 2013 Maniapoto Māori Trust Board and the riparian local councils set up a joint management agreement for the river,^[2] following the passing of Nga Wai o Maniapoto (Waipā River) Act 2012.^[3] On 16 July 2020 the official name was gazetted as Waipā River.^[4]

Speed of flow

The table below shows the time water takes to flow the 130km (80miles) from Te Kūiti to its confluence with the Waikato in times of low flow (15% of days are slower than this) and high flow (15% of days faster) -^[5]

		time (hrs)
Place	km	low	high
Te Kuiti	0	0	0
Ōtorohanga	37	20	13
Pirongia	73	40	25
Whatawhata	101	59	36
Ngāruawāhia	130	98	49

Floods

Years with large floods have included 1875,^[6] 1892,^[7] 1893, 1897,^[8] 1907,^[9] 1926,^[10] 1930,^[11] 1946, 1953,^[12] 1958, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1995, 1998, 2002, 2004 and 2012.^[13]

In August 1893 the river was 3 inches (7.6 cm) higher than it was in during the 1875 flood. Maunder's mill at Whatawhata and bridges on the Whatawhata to Tuhikaramea road were washed away.

A minimum flow of 718ft3/second was measured in 1946 and a flood flow of over 2000ft3/sec was measured in the May 1953 floods. In 1958 hundreds of houses were flooded in Ōtorohanga and Tu Kuiti.^[14] The July 1998 peak flows in the upper Waipā 776 were the highest recorded since 1958 and at Whatawhata flows were 776ft3/sec, compared to 1130ft3/sec in 1958.^[15]

In July 2002 flows at Whatawhata were 570ft3/sec^[16] and, in March 2004, 815ft3/sec. The 2004 flood was comparable to that of 1958. At Ōtorohanga, the Primary School and surrounding houses were flooded, when the river spilled into its old course (see map below) and filled the area behind the stop banks. There was also flooding in July 2012.

Power stations

In 2003 Hydro Power Ltd was given consent to build a hydro-electric power station, with weirs in the Okahukura Stream, upstream from Owen Falls, and penstocks carrying water down the gorge^[17] to a station on the west bank 2.5km (01.6miles) below the falls.^[18] Work was done in 2006,^[19] but, in 2007, Hydro Energy (Waipā) Ltd was fined for unconsented damage to native vegetation in building the penstock.^[20] The resource was initially estimated to be able to generate 10 to 20MW.^[21] Construction halted, though Renewable Power Ltd bought the asset in 2010 and estimates potential at 9MW.^[22]

In 2017 Nova Energy gained consent^[23] to build a 360MW gas-turbine station (connected to the Maui Gas Pipeline) on the Ongaruhe Stream, close to its confluence with the Waipā.^[24] The mid-merit Waikato Power Plant at 869 Kawhia Rd, Ōtorohanga was expected to be used for 10 to 15 minutes, 3 or 4 times a day,^[25] but was shelved in 2021.^[26]

Pollution

Waikato Regional Council measures water quality monthly at five sites from Mangaokewa to Whatawhata.^[27] The measurements show poor quality along most of the river, with excess nitrogen, silt and phosphorus, though E. coli levels have improved with improved sewage treatment, though generally not enough for safe swimming;^[28] recreational rivers should have median E. coli levels below 126 per 100ml, but Waipā's range from 160 to 320.^[29] Turbidity levels north of Ōtorohanga rise to more than double the levels needed to support plant photosynthesis^[30] and phosphorus levels also rise above targets in that stretch.^[31] Nitrogen levels increased at all five sites between 1993 and 2012 due to intensified land use,^[32] now adding 3,075 tonnes a year. By comparison, the total from sewage works and Te Awamutu dairy factory is 66 tonnes.^[33]

Ministry for the Environment figures^[34] averaged between 1998 and 2007 showed the Waipā at Ōtorohanga had 280 E.coli per 100ml (53rd worst out of 154), 360 faecal coliforms per 100ml (83rd of 252), 0.55 mg/litre nitrogen (161th of 342) and 0.03 mg/litre phosphorus (187th of 361).

At Pirongia the figures were 390 E.coli per 100ml (35th worst out of 154), 425 faecal coliforms per 100ml (64th of 252), 0.49 mg/litre nitrogen (174th of 342) and 0.06 mg/litre phosphorus (80th of 361). At Whatawhata the figures were 0.92 mg/litre nitrogen (94th of 342) and 0.06 mg/litre phosphorus (69th of 361). In the Mangaokewa stream 0.02 mg/litre phosphorus (237th of 361).

Pollution has been worsening for nitrogen and phosphorus, though turbidity has improved, as shown in this table of important (ie slope direction probability over 95% and RSKSE over ±1% pa) improvements, or deteriorations (-) in relative seasonal Kendall slope estimator (RSKSE) trends (% per year). in the river at Whatawhata (monthly records are flow-adjusted using a Lowess curve fit with 30% span.) -^[35]

	Turbidity	Nitrate-N	Dissolved reactive P
1993–2017	2.0		−1.2
2008–2017	5.9	−2.0

Soil conservation

Regional Council estimates that 8718ha is at risk of severe erosion in the Middle Waipā (Waitomo, Turitea, Pirongia, Karakariki, Puniu, Mangaotama, Mangawhero and Mangapiko catchments) and 350km (220miles) of stream bank to be prone to erosion. Project Watershed plans for planting on 1594ha, plus 976 km of stream bank and 1,332 km of fencing, from 2017 to 2026.^[36]

Organic farming

In 2018 a scheme was launched by the Waikato River Authority to attract investment in $100 million of hybrid bonds to convert up to 18 dairy farms on 6539abbr=onNaNabbr=on, or roughly 5% of the catchment, to organic farms, with the aim of reducing pollution from the worst farms by about 45%.^[37]

Bridges

Listed in order from the confluence with the Waikato and moving south they are:-

• 1898 Ngāruawāhia bridge opened. Collapsed under a herd of cattle 20 December 1916 (see 1917 photo) and rebuilt in 1922 with three 110feet trusses.^[38] The bridges were preceded by a punt (see 1922 photo), supplied by the government in 1887.^[39] A new bridge was opened on 18 January 1974.^[40]
• 1914–1958 Waipā Railway and Coal Co. 70feet long^[41] bridge.
• 1881 (20 April) Whatawhata bridge, originally wooden and 520abbr=onNaNabbr=on long and 15feet above high water mark,^[42] consisted of two spans of 80abbr=onNaNabbr=on, 7 of 40 and 4 of 20abbr=onNaNabbr=on, and cost £3700. Repairs were done in 1909, but it was in poor repair again by 1917. For £11,250 a new wooden truss bridge was built over the top of it in 1924^[43] and finished in 1925.^[44] The current SH23 concrete bridge, which is south of the original site, was shown on the 1974 edition of the 1 inch Lands & Survey map, but not on the 1965 3rd edition. Records of the road structure show it dates from 1971,^[45] which is probably the date of the bridge. The bridge replaced a punt, which had operated from 1867.^[46]

• 1881 (12 August – see photo) 400order=flipNaNorder=flip long Te Rore bridge. Replaced 1957.^[47] In 1905,^[48] 1907^[49] and 1958, the bridge was flooded to the handrails.^{[50] [51]}
• 1865 (about) Alexandra Bridge, Baffin St, Pirongia, originally built by the army.^[52] Pukehoua Bridge was built 600abbr=onNaNabbr=on upstream in 1912–13 to replace the 1865 bridge, which was damaged by floods and by 1909 was only fit for pedestrians and light traffic. Public Works Department estimated its cost at £4,500, £1,500 coming from Government and £3,000 from Waipā (50%), Raglan (30%) and Waitomo (20%) councils.^[53]
• 1882 Alexandra Bridge, McClure St, Whatiwhatihoe, Pirongia."Mr. Wright has superintended the construction of the Alexandra Bridge, over the Waipā River, to give access to Tāwhiao's new settlement, Whatiwhatihoe (see map), and which will at the same time eventually be on the main line leading into the King country. The bridge will be open now in a fortnights' time, it consists of six 24feet spans, and three 40feet trusses, a total length of 264abbr=onNaNabbr=on, the height being 42abbr=onNaNabbr=on above ordinary river level. The approaches and about a mile of road, and a large culvert have been made by Mr. Wright, with Maori labor. The whole will have been completed at a cost of about £1,800."^[54] There was a plan to replace it in 1939.^[55] SH39 now crosses on a 112.8adj=midNaNadj=mid 1953 bridge.^[56]
• 1915 Te Kawa Rd bridge 340feet long, 40feet high.^[57]
• Kawhia Rd, Ōtorohanga, SH31/SH39 cross on a 147.5adj=midNaNadj=mid 1964 bridge.^[58]
• Maniapoto St, Ōtorohanga photo about 1910 SH3 now crosses on a 51.8adj=midNaNadj=mid 1964 bridge.^[59] It replaced a bridge built in the early 1950s.^[60]
• 1887 North Island Main Trunk railway bridge.
• 1928 Toa Bridge, Otewa Rd.^[61]

Steamer services

Over 50km (30miles) was navigable by waka and Pirongia (Alexandra) was busy as the head of steamboat navigation until the railway was built to Te Awamutu in 1880,^[43] though some settlers used it as far as Te Kūiti,^[62] though possibly only as far as the confluence of the Mangapu and Mangaokewa streams, about 4miles upstream from Ōtorohanga.^[63] In 1885 the river was used to carry material for the railway construction as far as Te Kūiti.^[64] Mr Gibbons' steamship,^[65] Lillie, started in 1876^[66] to 1878.^[67] In 1895 Walsh Bros were running SS Victory.^[68] From 1902^[69] to 1909 H H Gould ran the 1899 5 hp SS Opuatia^[70] from Ngāruawāhia to Whatawhata one day and on to Pirongia next day.^[71] A 1915 guidebook still said, "Small steamers ply up and down the river from Huntly".^[72] An 1881 article said a journey upriver would normally take 36 hours, but more in dry weather, when shoals at Whatawhata and Te Rore were hard to cross.^[73] An 1898 petition complained about wharfage charges at Mercer being a tax on residents along the Waipā.^[74] Around 1900 the Freetrader, owned by the Waikato Company, "was withdrawn owing to competition from the Walsh brothers with their launch Victory, which could traverse the winding Waipā much more easily than the cumbersome stern-wheeler."^[75]

As late as 1919 Waipā County Council pressed for removal of shingle shoals to permit navigation to Pirongia^[76] and got money for improvements from government^[77] and the county councils.^[78] Evidence given to the Inland Waterways Commission in 1921 said boats carrying 20 tons could reach Pirongia for most of the year and, up to about 30 years before, vessels carried 60 tons to Pirongia and a special fleet of steamers ran to Te Kūiti.^[79] Steamers were set back by the sinking of the Opuatia at Whatawhata in 1920.^[80] The Waikato Shipping Co had been running a weekly service to Pirongia with the former Waihou River steamer,^[81] SS Erin^[82] (and sometimes SS Excelsior),^[83] which seems to have continued until WSC stopped trading in 1922.^[84] A Public Works Department report in 1925 said the river was non-navigable above its junction with the Mangapu at Ōtorohanga.^[85]

Settlements

Settlements near the river include Rangitoto, Ōtewā, Ōtorohanga, Pokuru, Puketōtara, Pirongia, Te Pahu, Te Rore, Ngāhinapōuri, Whatawhata, Te Kowhai, Ngāruawāhia.

External links

• Regional Council summary of information about the river.
• Regional Council water quality information at Whatawhata, Pirongia, Otorohanga, Mangaokewa and water temperatures at Ōtorohanga, and Whatawhata.
• Maps of Waipā and tributary stream catchments – Ngāruawāhia/Whatawhata, Pirongia/Te Awamutu, Ōtorohanga/Te Kuiti, south east.
• Maps of pollution – phosphorus, bacteria and turbidity.
• River levels at Ngaruawahia, Whatawhata, Pirongia, Ōtorohanga, Waitomo, Te Kuiti, Otewa.
• Waipā Catchment Plan 2014
• Regional Council lists of actions and conservation areas to support the Waipā Catchment Plan in 2014/15.
• Encyclopaedia of New Zealand short history
• Lower Waipā flood control scheme
• Description of fishing in Waipā and tributaries
• 1864 photo of confluence of Waipā and Waikato
• 1910 photos of Waipā Bridge at Ngāruawāhia -, http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22914116 and http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22789295.
• 1910 photo of steam barge delivering goods
• 1914 photo of barge and steam tug
• 1917 photo of barge, steam tug and factory
• 1922 photo of new Ngaruawahia bridge being built
• 1951 photo of Waipā Railway bridge
• 1958 photo of flood at Te Rore bridge
• 1880s photos of Whatawhata Bridge, close up and 1924 rebuilding
• 1907 photo of bridge at Ōtorohanga
• Geological maps – 1925 Ngaruawahia, Whatawhata-Te Pahu, Pirongia, 1940 Ōtorohanga, upper Waipā and Pakaumanu.
• 1:50,000 map of source of Waipā River
• Google street view images show several parts of the river, the uppermost being at Toa Bridge

-37.6833°N 184°W

Notes and References

1. Web site: Waikato Regional Council – River level at Whatawhata. riverlevelsmap.waikatoregion.govt.nz. en-NZ. 21 January 2017.
2. Web site: Historic Waipa River agreement signed at Te Kuiti Pa – Waipa District Council. www.waipadc.govt.nz. en-NZ. 30 April 2017.
3. Web site: Nga Wai o Maniapoto (Waipa River) Act 2012 No 29 (as at 01 January 2014). www.legislation.govt.nz. 26 January 2019.
4. Web site: NZGB Gazetteer. 15 June 2021. gazetteer.linz.govt.nz.
5. Web site: Hydraulic Travel Times of Major Waikato Rivers. Brown. Edmund. 2005. Environment Waikato. 20.
6. Web site: 2018. August 1893 Waikato Flooding. 9 July 2021. hwe.niwa.co.nz.
7. Web site: 14 July 1892. Heavy Floods in the Waikato. THAMES ADVERTISER. 9 July 2021. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
8. Web site: 16 October 1897. THE FLOODS IN WAIKATO. NEW ZEALAND HERALD. 9 July 2021. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
9. Web site: Taupo, Waikato and Waipa Management Zones Leap Day Flood Event February 29 to March 5, 2004. Environment Waikato.
10. Web site: 9 August 1926. SEVERE WEATHER. WAIKATO TIMES. 9 July 2021. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
11. Web site: 6 January 1930. SEVERE WEATHER. WAIKATO TIMES. 9 July 2021. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
12. Web site: McLintock. Alexander Hare. James Cecil Schofield. 1966. WAIPA RIVER. 9 July 2021. An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, 1966.. en.
13. Web site: 16 July 2012. Flooding warned for Waipa. 9 July 2021. Stuff. en.
14. Web site: February 1958 New Zealand Flooding. 9 July 2021. hwe.niwa.co.nz.
15. Web site: The Waikato Regional Flood Event of 9–20 July 1998. 9 July 2021. trauma.massey.ac.nz.
16. Web site: 2002. Waikato and Waipa Rivers Flood Event 6–16 July 2002. Environment Waikato.
17. Web site: Hydro power scheme consent for Waipa River approved. Waikato Regional Council. en-NZ. 5 February 2017.
18. Web site: New hydro-electric power station proposed. Waikato Regional Council. en-NZ. 5 February 2017.
19. Web site: Site HM1 – Waipa at Otewa. January 2009. NIWA.
20. Web site: Hydro developer hit with big fine for 'environmental vandalism'. Waikato Regional Council. en-NZ. 5 February 2017.
21. Web site: Hydropower Projects. www.riley.co.nz. en. 5 February 2017.
22. Web site: Current Projects. renewable-power.co.nz. 5 February 2017.
23. Web site: Nova Energy granted council consents for gas-fired power station. Waikato Regional Council. en-NZ. 4 May 2017.
24. Web site: Nova Energy (Land Use Consent Application) » Otorohanga District Council. www.otodc.govt.nz. en. 5 February 2017.
25. Web site: Notice of Meeting. 25 May 2017. Waikato Regional Council.
26. Web site: 2021-10-27 . Building renewable power: Govt challenged to strike environmental balance . 2023-09-28 . Newsroom . en-AU.
27. http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Water/Rivers/Waipa-River/Waipa-River-water-quality-monitoring-map/ map of pollution monitoring sites.
28. Web site: Trends in Waipa River water quality. Waikato Regional Council. en-NZ. 18 January 2017.
29. Web site: Changes in bacteria levels. Waikato Regional Council. en-NZ. 18 January 2017.
30. Web site: Changes in turbidity. Waikato Regional Council. en-NZ. 18 January 2017.
31. Web site: Changes in phosphorus. Waikato Regional Council. en-NZ. 18 January 2017.
32. http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Water/Rivers/Waipa-River/Trends-in-Waipa-River-water-quality/ Trends in Waipa River water quality
33. Web site: Sources of contaminants to rivers in the Waikato region. Vant. Bill. 16 April 2015. Waikato Regional Council.
34. Web site: Water quality trends at National River Water Quality Network sites for 1989–2007[Ministry for the Environment] ]. www.mfe.govt.nz . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090717054438/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/water/water-quality-trends-1989-2007/index.html . 17 July 2009.
35. Book: Vant, Bill. Waikato Regional Council Technical Report 2018/30 Trends in river water quality in the Waikato region, 1993–2017.
36. Web site: Project Watershed works identified for middle Waipa. Waikato Regional Council. en-NZ. 5 February 2017.
37. Web site: Waikato River Authority unveil investment plan to clean up Waipā Catchment. Stuff. 25 November 2018. en. 26 January 2019.
38. News: PUBLIC WORKS STATEMENT BY THE HON. J. G. COATES, MINISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS. (Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1922-01-01). paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. en. 1 July 2017.
39. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=WT18870129.2.26 Waikato Times, Volume XXIII, Issue 2271, 29 January 1887, Page 3: MR BALLANCE AT OTOROHANGA – The Special Settlements
40. Book: Latta, A. M.. Meeting of the Waters. Ngaruawahia Lions Club. 1980.
41. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZH19120313.2.95&srpos=17&e=--1911---1926--100--1-byDA---0ngaruawahia+waipa+railway+bridge-- New Zealand Herald, Volume XLIX, Issue 14940, 13 March 1912, Page 8
42. News: Waikato Times, The Raglan Road. 2 October 1880. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 26 October 2019.
43. Book: C. W. Vennell. Susan Williams. Raglan County Hills and Sea: A Centennial History 1876–1976. 1976. Wilson & Horton for Raglan County Council. 978-0-86864-002-0.
44. Web site: 28 Apr 1925 . THE WHATAWHATA BRIDGE. NEW ZEALAND HERALD . 2022-08-14 . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
45. Web site: Highway Information Sheet 023-0011. May 2015. NZTA.
46. News: WHATAWHATA. (New Zealand Herald, 1867-01-14). paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. en. 15 June 2017.
47. Web site: Waipa District Heritage Trail, Waipa, Harapepe, Te Rore, Matakitaki Pa, Battle Sites, Settlements . www.teawamutuinfo.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110716195619/http://www.teawamutuinfo.com/acatalog/Waipa_Heritage_Trail.html . 16 July 2011.
48. Web site: 1905. Te Rore Flood photo. 4 June 2021. Te Awamutu Museum Collection Online. en.
49. Web site: 1907. Te Rore Bridge photo. 4 June 2021. Te Awamutu Museum Collection Online. en.
50. Web site: Waipa Heritage Trail. Waipa District Council.
51. Web site: 1958. Waipa River Flood photo. 4 June 2021. Te Awamutu Museum Collection Online. en.
52. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=WT18800921.2.10 Waikato Times 21 September 1880, Page 2
53. Web site: NEWSLETTER 34, November, 2013. Pirongia Heritage & Information Centre.
54. https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1882-I.2.1.4.3&e=-------10--1------0-- 1882 Surveys of New Zealand report
55. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZH19390121.2.188&srpos=16&e=-------10--11----0otorohanga+waipa+bridge-- New Zealand Herald 21 January 1939, Page 18
56. Web site: Highways Information sheet 039-0043.
57. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZH19150203.2.102&srpos=18&e=-------10--11----0otorohanga+waipa+bridge-- New Zealand Herald, 3 February 1915, Page 9
58. Web site: Highway Information sheet 031-0000.
59. Web site: Highway Information sheet 003-0057.
60. Web site: Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives — 1950 Session I — D-01 Page 41. atojs.natlib.govt.nz AtoJs Online. en-NZ. 4 July 2017.
61. http://legislation.knowledge-basket.co.nz/gpacts/public/text/1928/se/048se11.html
62. Web site: AtoJs Online — Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives — 1921 Session I-II — H-15a AUCKLAND CANALS AND INLAND WATERWAYS COMMISSION. (REPORT OF THE).. atojs.natlib.govt.nz. 22 June 2016.
63. Web site: 15 January 1887. A TRIP THROUGH THE NATIVE COUNTRY. WAIKATO TIMES. 17 March 2021. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
64. Web site: 28 November 1885. TE AWAMUTU. WAIKATO TIMES. 3 August 2021. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
65. Web site: 22 November 1876. ALEXANDRA. DAILY SOUTHERN CROSS. 21 October 2020. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
66. News: Country News.. 16 September 1876. NEW ZEALAND HERALD. 9 December 2018.
67. News: Drowning in the Waipa. 26 September 1878. WAIKATO TIMES. 9 December 2018.
68. Web site: 17 December 1895. TE RORE. WAIKATO TIMES. 20 June 2021. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
69. News: Page 3 Advertisements Column 1. 1902. Waikato Argus. 22 April 2018. 3.
70. News: Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives 1899 Session I MARINE DEPARTMENT: ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1898-9.. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. en. 28 April 2018.
71. News: Page 4 Advertisements Column 4. 3 June 1909. Waikato Argus. 22 April 2018. 4.
72. The Raglan and Kawhia Districts: E E Bradbury 1915 page 49
73. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=WT18810426.2.15 Waikato Times, Volume XVI, Issue 1375, 26 April 1881, Page 3
74. News: WHATAWHATA. (Waikato Argus, 1898-09-10). paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. en. 18 June 2017.
75. News: WAIKATO'S STEAMERS. (New Zealand Herald, 1932-04-01). paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. National Library of New Zealand. 23 October 2016.
76. News: LOCAL AND GENERAL. (Waikato Times, 1919-09-10). paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. National Library of New Zealand. en. 18 January 2017.
77. News: PUBLIC WORKS ESTIMATES (Waikato Times, 1919-10-25). paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. National Library of New Zealand. en. 28 January 2017.
78. News: LOCAL AND GENERAL. (King Country Chronicle, 1919-12-13). paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. National Library of New Zealand. en. 28 January 2017.
79. News: NAVIGATION OF WAIPA (Waikato Times, 1921-04-18). paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. en. 21 February 2017.
80. News: CAUGHT BY THE FLOOD. (New Zealand Herald, 1920-04-09). paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. en. 18 June 2017.
81. News: Page 2 Advertisements Column 1. 27 November 1891. THAMES ADVERTISER. 9 December 2018.
82. News: Page 1 Advertisements Column 4. 19 March 1919. WAIKATO TIMES. 9 December 2018.
83. News: Waikato Coastal Service. 1 October 1921. WAIKATO TIMES. 9 December 2018.
84. News: Local and General. 5 September 1922. The Evening Post. 9 December 2018.
85. Web site: THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE WAIPA RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES. Cunningham. Matthew. 21 March 2014.