Wahweap Formation Explained

Wahweap Formation
Type:	Geological formation
Age:	Campanian,
Period:	Campanian
Prilithology:	sandstone
Namedfor:	Wahweap Creek
Region:	North America
Country:	United States
Coordinates:	37.5°N -111.7°W
Unitof:	Kaiparowits Plateau
Subunits:	Last Chance Creek Member, Reynolds Point Member, Coyote Point Member, Pardner Canyon Member
Underlies:	Kaiparowits Formation
Overlies:	Straight Cliffs Formation
Extent:	Southern Utah, Northern Arizona

The Wahweap Formation of the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument is a geological formation in southern Utah and northern Arizona, around the Lake Powell region, whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous (Campanian stage). Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.^[1]

Age

The Wahweap formation is divided into four members, which are listed below with their respective ages:^[2]

• Last Chance Creek Member: 82.17-81.55 Ma
• Reynolds Point Member: 81.55-80.61 Ma
• Coyote Point Member: 80.61-79 Ma
• Pardner Canyon Member: 79-77.29 Ma

Paleobiota

Invertebrates

The Wahweap Formation shows a substantial amount of invertebrate activity ranging from fossilized insect burrows in petrified logs^[3] to various mollusks that characterize the shell beds. Large fossilized crabs are common at most shell bed sites in the Wahweap,^[4] and over 1,900 gastropod specimens (of four likely genera) have been unearthed in the formation's siltstone.^[5]

Elasmobranchs

Elasmobranchs of the Wahweap Formation

Taxon	Species	Locality	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Cantioscyllium^[6]	C. estesi	MNA Locality 705 MNA Locality 455-1 UMNH VP Locality 82		MNA V10230-32, MNA V10384-85, MNA 10390, UMNH VP 18915-16, UMNH VP 18919; teeth	A nurse shark which inhabited freshwater.
Chiloscyllium	C. missouriense	UMNH VP Locality 77 MNA Locality 455-1		MNA V10386, UMNH VP 18880, UMNH VP 18882, UMMNH VP 18886, UMNH VP 18887, UMNH VP 18888; teeth	A bamboo shark which inhabited freshwater. One specimen is similar to Restesia americana.
Columbusia	C. deblieuxi	UMNH VP Locality 77		UMNH VP 18877, UMNH VP 18879, UMNH VP 18836, UMNH VP 18876, UMNH VP 18878; teeth	A sclerorhynchid ray, closely related to Squatirhina.
Cristomylus	C. ciffelli	MNA Locality 456-1 UMNH VP Locality 77 UMNH VP Locality 82		MNA V9531, MNA V9568, MNA V9600, UMNH VP 17393; symphysial teeth MNA V9502, MNA V9525, MNA V9569, MNA V9633, MNA V9635, MNA V9652, UMNH VP 17393, UMNH VP 17395, UMNH VP 17399, UMNH VP 17404; small teeth MNA V9593, MNA V9683, MNA V9686, UMNH VP 17401; large teeth	A small guitarfish, suited for handling hard-shelled prey.
Hybodus?^[7]	H. sp	MNA Locality 456-2		MNA V10387; Tooth	A large hybodont shark reaching over 2m (07feet) in length. Normally a marine species but would enter freshwater environments
Lonchidion	L. sp.	UMNH VP Locality 82		UMNH VP 18917; Tooth	Smaller than Lonchidon selachos.
Texatrygon	T. brycensis	UMNH VP Locality 77 UMNH VP Locality 82		UMNH VP 18882-83; Rostral teeth UMNH VP 18836, UMNH VP 18885, UMNH VP 18889-94, UMNH VP 18920; Oral teeth UMNH VP 18918; denticle	A sawfish.

Osteichthyes

Osteichthyes of the Wahweap Formation

Taxon	Genus	Locality	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Lepidotes^[8]	Indeterminate			Teeth	A seminotiform fish, no extant relatives live today.
Micropycnodon	M. sp.	MNA Locality 706-2		MNA V10336; pharyngeal tooth	A pycnodontiform fish, adapted to crush its prey.
Paralbula	P. sp.			Teeth	A bonefish which is adapted to eating hard-shelled prey.
Polyodontidae	Indeterminate	MNA Locality 456-2		MNA 10356; denticle	A paddlefish, very rare in the Wahweap Formation.

Salamanders

Lissamphibians of the Wahweap Formation

Taxon	Species	Locality	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Gen. nov.^[9]	sp. nov.	UMNH VP Locality 77		UMNH VP 19209; trunk vertebra	Higher level relationships are uncertain. Similar to sirenids, but lacks sirenid synapomorphies.
Opisthotriton	O. sp.	UMNH VP Locality 130		UMNH VP 19194-19198; atlantes UMNH VP 19199-19200; trunk vertebrae	A batrachosauroidid, a family of extinct aquatic salamanders.
Scapherpeton	S. sp.	UMNH VP Locality 77		UMNH VP 19186; atlas	A scapherpetontid.

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs known from the Wahweap include at least 2 species of hadrosaur, at least two ceratopsians^[10] and at least one theropod.^[11]

Dinosaurs of the Wahweap Formation
Taxon	Species	Locality	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Acristavus^[12]	A. gagslarsoni	"near the junction of Smokey Mountain Road and Right Hand Collet Canyon"	Upper part of Reynolds Point Member	UMNH VP 16607; "a partial articulated skull roof including lacrimals and entire braincase, and a single cervical vertebra"	A hadrosaurid closely related to Brachylophosaurus and Maiasaura. Also known from the Two Medicine Formation.
Adelolophus^[13]	A. hutchisoni	UCMP V98173^[14]	Lower part of Coyote Point Member	UCMP 152028; partial	A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid, possibly a parasaurolophin.
Ankylosauridae^[15]	Indeterminate		Coyote Point Member	OMNH 21280 (in part), OMNH 21858, OMNH 24276; Teeth
Brachylophosaurus^[16]	Indeterminate	Death Ridge	Upper part of Coyote Point Member	UMNH VP 9548; "Partial limb bones and a partial maxilla"	Different from Acristavus.
Centrosaurinae^[17]	Indeterminate	Nipple Butte	Upper part of Last Chance Creek Member	UMNH VP 16704; Partial skull	Originally referred to Diabloceratops, but is more derived, possibly a nasutoceratopsin.
Centrosaurinae	Indeterminate	Pilot Knoll	Upper part of Last Chance Creek Member	UMNH VP 20600; "A partial braincase and a nearly complete parietosquamosal frill"	Also known as "Wahweap Centrosaurine A." Similar to Albertaceratops.
Centrosaurinae	Indeterminate	Death Ridge	Upper part of Coyote Point Member	UMNH VP 9549; "Partial frill and some postcranial elements"	Also known as "Wahweap Centrosaurine C." Possibly has spikes similar to Styracosaurus.
Diabloceratops^[18]	D. eatoni	42Ka800V, south side of Last Chance Canyon	Middle part of Reynolds Point Member	UMNH VP 166999; "a skull preserving the entire left side of the skull and portions of the right side"	The older specimen from Nipple Butte may not belong to Diabloceratops.
Lythronax^[19]	L. argestes	UMNH VP Locality 1501	Lower part of Reynolds Point Member	UMNH VP 20200; partial skeleton	A tyrannosaurine
Machairoceratops^[20]	M. cronusi	Star Seep	Coyote Point Member	UMNH VP 20550; partial skull	A centrosaurine closely related to Diabloceratops. Previously known as "Wahweap Centrosaurine B."
Nodosauridae	Indeterminate		Last Chance Creek Member? Reynolds Point Member Coyote Point Member	OMNH 21280 (in part), OMNH 21992, OMNH 24278; Teeth UMNH VP 13981, UMNH VP 15664, UMNH VP 16408, UMNH VP 21207; osteoderms a cranium (lost) a partial skeleton	The skeleton was under excavation as of 2013. The cranium was only tentatively identified as a nodosaurid, but now can't be confirmed.
Pachycephalosauridae^[21]	Indeterminate	Clints Cove	Lower part of Reynolds Point Member	UMNH VP 11939; incomplete frontoparietal dome some isolated teeth	The dome doesn't preserve diagnostic features, so its affinity with other pachycephalosaurids is uncertain.
Saurolophinae	Indeterminate		Reynolds Point Member	UMNH VP 21087; partial juvenile skeleton UMNH VP 13881; partial adult skeleton	Probably represents a new distinct taxon.

Mammals

A fair number of mammals spanning the lower Campanian are known from the Wahweap as well, including at least 15 genera of multituberculates, cladotherians, marsupials, and placental insectivores.^[22]

Trace fossils

Trace fossils are also relatively abundant in the Wahweap, and include vertebrate tracks as well as burrow activity. Tracks preserved in the capping sandstone indicate the presence of crocodylomorphs, which had been previously known in this area only from teeth elements, as well as ornithischian dinosaurs. At least one possible theropod track has been identified in this area as well.^[23]

In 2010 a unique trace fossil from the Wahweap was discovered that indicates a predator–prey relationship between dinosaurs and primitive mammals. The trace fossil includes at least two fossilized mammalian den complexes as well as associated digging grooves presumably caused by a maniraptoran dinosaur. The proximity indicates a case of probable active predation of the burrow inhabitants by the owners of the claw marks.

See also

• List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations

Notes and References

1. Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574–588. .
2. Beveridge . Tegan L. . Roberts . Eric M. . Ramezani . Jahandar . Titus . Alan L. . Eaton . Jeffrey G. . Irmis . Randall B. . Sertich . Joseph J. W. . 2022-04-01 . Refined geochronology and revised stratigraphic nomenclature of the Upper Cretaceous Wahweap Formation, Utah, U.S.A. and the age of early Campanian vertebrates from southern Laramidia . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . en . 591 . 110876 . 10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110876 . 0031-0182. free . 2022PPP...59110876B .
3. De Blieux, Donald D. "Analysis of Jim's hadrosaur site; a dinosaur site in the middle Campanian (Cretaceous) Wahweap Formation of Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument (GSENM), southern Utah." Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.6, May 2007
4. Kirkland, James Ian. "An inventory of paleontological resources in the lower Wahweap Formation (lower Campanian), southern Kaiparowits Plateau, Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah." Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol.37, no.7, pp.114, Oct 2005.
5. Williams, Jessica A J; Lohrengel, C Frederick. Preliminary study of freshwater gastropods in the Wahweap Formation, Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah. Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.43, May 2007
6. Book: Kirkland. James I.. At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Eaton. Jeffrey G.. Brinkman. Donald B.. Indiana University Press. 2013. 9780253008961. Titus. Alan L.. Bloomington. 153–194. Elasmobranchs from Upper Cretaceous Freshwater Facies in Southern Utah. Loewen. Mark A.. https://www.academia.edu/5063358.
7. Maisch . Michael W. . Matzke . Andreas T. . 2016-06-01 . A new hybodontid shark (Chondrichthyes, Hybodontiformes) from the Lower Jurassic Posidonienschiefer Formation of Dotternhausen, SW Germany . Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen . en . 280 . 3 . 241–257 . 10.1127/njgpa/2016/0577 . 0077-7749.
8. Book: Brinkman. Donald B.. At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Newbrey. Michael G.. Neuman. Andrew G.. Eaton. Jeffrey G.. Indiana University Press. 2013. 9780253008961. Titus. Alan L.. Bloomington. 195–236. Freshwater Osteichthyes from the Cenomanian to Late Campanian of Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah. Loewen. Mark A.. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289813917.
9. Book: Gardner. James D.. At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Eaton. Jeffrey G.. Cifelli. Richard L.. Indiana University Press. 2013. 9780253008961. Titus. Alan L.. Bloomington. 237–272. Preliminary Report on Salamanders (Lissamphibia; Caudata) from the Late Cretaceous (Late Cenomanian–Late Campanian) of Southern Utah, U.S.A.. Loewen. Mark A..
10. Web site: 2007 . New Horned Dinosaurs from the Wahweap Formation . https://web.archive.org/web/20210831105704/http://files.geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/articles/pdf/horned_dinos_39-3.pdf . 2021-08-31 . Utah Geological Survey.
11. John Wesley Powell Memorial Museum display, visited April 30, 2009
12. Gates . T.A. . Horner, J.R. . Hanna, R.R. . Nelson, C.R. . 2011 . New unadorned hadrosaurine hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) from the Campanian of North America . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 31 . 4 . 798–811 . 10.1080/02724634.2011.577854 . 2011JVPal..31..798G . 8878474 .
13. Book: Gates. Terry A.. Hadrosaurs. Jinnah. Zubair. Levitt. Carolyn. Getty. Michael A.. Indiana University Press. 2014. 9780253013859. Eberth. David A.. 156–173. New Hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) Specimens from the Lower—Middle Campanian Wahweap Formation of Southern Utah. Evans. David Christopher. Ralrick. Patricia E.. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290300564.
14. Holroyd. Patricia A.. Hutchison. J. Howard. 2016-06-09. Fauna and setting of the Adelolophus hutchisoni type locality in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Wahweap Formation of Utah. PaleoBios. en. 33. 10.5070/P9331031196. 0031-0298. free.
15. Book: Loewen. Mark A.. At the Top of the Grand Staircase-The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Burns. Michael E.. Getty. Michael E.. Kirkland. James I.. Matthew K.. Vickaryous. Indiana University Press. 2013. 9780253008961. Titus. Alan L.. Bloomington. 445–462. Review of Late Cretaceous Ankylosaurian Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase Region, Southern Utah. Loewen. Mark A.. https://www.academia.edu/32383049.
16. Book: Gates. Terry A.. At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Lund. Eric K.. Boyd. C.A.. DeBlieux. Donald D.. Titus. Alan L.. Evans. David C.. Getty. Michael A.. Kirkland. James I.. Eaton. Jeffrey J.. Indiana University Press. 2013. 9780253008961. Titus. Alan L.. Bloomington. 463–481. Ornithopod Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument Region, Utah, and Their Role in Paleobiogeographic and Macroevolutionary Studies. Loewen. Mark A.. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259970123.
17. Book: Loewen. Mark A.. At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Farke. Andrew A.. Sampson. Scott D.. Getty. Michael A.. Lund. Eric K.. O'Connor. Patrick M.. Indiana University Press. 2013. 9780253008961. Titus. Alan L.. Bloomington. 488–503. Ceratopsid Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase of Southern Utah. Loewen. Mark A.. https://www.academia.edu/32383050.
18. Book: Kirkland. James I.. New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Deblieux. Donald D.. Indiana University Press. 2010. 9780253007797. Ryan. M.J.. Bloomington. 117–140. New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. Chinnery-Allgeier. B.J.. Eberth. D.A.. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/942413/Kirkland___DeBlieux_2010__Diabloceratops_preprint_w_figs.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DKirkland_J_I_and_DeBlieux_D_D_2010_New_b.pdf&Expires=1612042784&Signature=dRCzcX-hXjqTB4aqUHD4Am1ku4HHnsy499syx5EBl8tH~8FFcGr0X8LXlvJmMd3ayfYgzDCh3z3w9yiWAN35eNc-epBK7c8OlupAAm0mZMA9qWBtWI5KXs8KQu~dzIRdrY0ShOjskJcC1QG-x5DU1GjUUagzDr3yRj-pmXlGbLGCC1t7If25rWiUxtZksnVW-9tedkQ229z5pQ3rPu-mI31s01HL11iF7sKZDaA0yXVl2o2bkE4bCD9GFT8KC56TJDPqiracSIIeWc~5pPcS7z9YncOwh~e04wUgZuVb-LYsquI9qmPZnXjuDcErVdEOoC1z8purZAW1~dD4XCaxGQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA.
19. Loewen. Mark A.. Irmis. Randall B.. Sertich. Joseph J. W.. Currie. Philip J.. Sampson. Scott D.. 2013-11-06. Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans. PLOS ONE. 8. 11. e79420. 10.1371/journal.pone.0079420. 1932-6203. 3819173. 24223179. 2013PLoSO...879420L. free.
20. Lund. Eric K.. O’Connor. Patrick M.. Loewen. Mark A.. Jinnah. Zubair A.. 2016-05-18. A New Centrosaurine Ceratopsid, Machairoceratops cronusi gen et sp. nov., from the Upper Sand Member of the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Southern Utah. PLOS ONE. 11. 5. e0154403. 10.1371/journal.pone.0154403. 1932-6203. 4871575. 27192148. 2016PLoSO..1154403L. free.
21. Book: Evans. David C.. At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Williamson. Thomas. Loewen. Mark A.. Kirkland. James I.. Indiana University Press. 2013. 9780253008961. Titus. Alan L.. Bloomington. 482–487. Review of Pachycephalosaurian Dinosaurs from Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Southern Utah. Loewen. Mark A..
22. Eaton, Jeffrey G; Cifelli, Richard L. "Review of Cretaceous mammalian paleontology; Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah." Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol.37, no.7, pp.115, Oct 2005
23. Tester, Edward et al. Isolated vertebrate tracks from the Upper Cretaceous capping sandstone member of the Wahweap Formation; Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.42, May 2007