List of most luminous stars explained

This is a list of stars arranged by their absolute magnitude – their intrinsic stellar luminosity. This cannot be observed directly, so instead must be calculated from the apparent magnitude (the brightness as seen from Earth), the distance to each star, and a correction for interstellar extinction. The entries in the list below are further corrected to provide the bolometric magnitude, i.e. integrated over all wavelengths; this relies upon measurements in multiple photometric filters and extrapolation of the stellar spectrum based on the stellar spectral type and/or effective temperature.

Entries give the bolometric luminosity in multiples of the luminosity of the Sun and the bolometric absolute magnitude. As with all magnitude systems in astronomy, the latter scale is logarithmic and inverted i.e. more negative numbers are more luminous.

Most stars on this list are not bright enough to be visible to the naked eye from Earth, because of their high distances, high extinction, or because they emit most of their light outside the visible range. For a list of the brightest stars seen from Earth, see the list of brightest stars. There are three stars with over 1 million and visible to the naked eye: WR 22, WR 24 and Eta Carinae. All of these stars are located in the Carina nebula.

Measurement

Accurate measurement of stellar luminosities is difficult, even when the apparent magnitude is measured accurately, for four reasons:

  1. The distance d to the star must be known, to convert apparent to absolute magnitude. Absolute magnitude is the apparent magnitude a star would have if it were 10 parsecs (~32 light years) away from the viewer. Because apparent brightness decreases as the square of the distance (i.e. as 1/d2), a small error (e.g. 10%) in determining d implies an error ~2× as large (thus 20%) in luminosity (see binomial approximation). Stellar distances are only directly measured accurately out to d ~1,000 light years.
  2. The observed magnitudes must be corrected for the absorption or extinction of intervening interstellar or circumstellar dust and gas. This correction can be enormous and difficult to determine precisely. For example, until accurate infrared observations became possible ~50 years ago, the Galactic Center of the Milky Way was totally obscured to visual observations.
  3. The magnitudes at the wavelengths measured must be corrected for those not observed. "Absolute bolometric magnitude" (which term is redundant, practically speaking, since bolometric magnitudes are nearly always "absolute", i.e. corrected for distance) is a measure of the star's luminosity, summing over its emission at all wavelengths, and thus the total amount of energy radiated by a star every second. Bolometric magnitudes can only be estimated by correcting for unobserved portions of the spectrum that have to be modelled, which is always an issue, and often a large correction. The list is dominated by hot blue stars which produce the majority of their energy output in the ultraviolet, but these may not necessarily be the brightest stars at visual wavelengths.
  4. A large proportion of stellar systems discovered with very high luminosity have later been found to be binary. Usually, this results in the total system luminosity being reduced and spread among several components. These binaries are common both because the conditions that produce high mass high luminosity stars also favour multiple star systems, but also because searches for highly luminous stars are inevitably biased towards detecting systems with multiple more normal stars combining to appear luminous.

Because of all these problems, other references may give very different values for the most luminous stars (different ordering or different stars altogether). Data on different stars can be of somewhat different reliability, depending on the attention one particular star has received as well as largely differing physical difficulties in analysis (see the Pistol Star for an example). The last stars in the list are familiar nearby stars put there for comparison, and not among the most luminous known. It may also interest the reader to know that the Sun is more luminous than approximately 95% of all known stars in the local neighbourhood (out to, say, a few hundred light years), due to enormous numbers of somewhat less massive stars that are cooler and often much less luminous. For perspective, the overall range of stellar luminosities runs from dwarfs less than 1/10,000th as luminous as the Sun to supergiants over 1,000,000 times more luminous.

Data

style="background: ;" align="center"
Wolf–Rayet star
Luminous blue variable
O-type star
B-type star
A-type star
F-type star

This list is currently limited mostly to objects in our galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds, but a few stars in other local group galaxies can now be examined in enough detail to determine their luminosities. Some suspected binaries in this magnitude range are excluded because there is insufficient information about the luminosity of the individual components. Selected fainter stars are also shown for comparison. Despite their extreme luminosity, many of these stars are nevertheless too distant to be observed with the naked eye. Stars that are at least sometimes visible to the unaided eye have their apparent magnitude (6.5 or brighter) highlighted in blue.Thanks to gravitational lensing, stars that are strongly magnified can be seen at much larger distances. The first star in the list, Godzilla[1] — an LBV in the distant Sunburst galaxy — is probably the brightest star ever observed, although it is believed to be undergoing a temporary episode of increased luminosity that has lasted at least seven years, in a similar manner to the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae that was witnessed in the 19th century.

The first list shows a few of the known stars with an estimated luminosity of 1 million L☉ or greater, including the stars in open cluster, OB association and H II region. The majority of stars thought to be more than 1 million L☉ are shown, but the list is incomplete.

The second list gives some notable stars for the purpose of comparison.

Stars with 1 million or greater! Star name! Bolometric
luminosity
(Sun = 1)! Absolute
bolometric
magnitude! Approx. distance
from Earth (ly)! Apparent
visible magnitude! Effective temperature (K)!Spectral type!Link!Reference
BAT99-98 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)5,012,000-12.01165,00013.3845,000WN6[2] [3]
(in Galactic Center)5,012,000-12.0126,00014.37 (J band)39,500-44,000WN11h[4] [5]
[BMS2003] 867 A (in NGC 604 of Triangulum Galaxy)4,932,000-122,700,00016.29 (combined)42,400O4IabSIMBAD[6]
R136a1 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)4,677,000-11.94163,00012.2846,000WN5h[7] [8]
M33-013406.63 A (in Triangulum Galaxy)4,677,000-11.9353,000,00016.084 (combined)30,000O9.5Ia[9] [10] [11]
[BMS2003] 867 B (in NGC 604 of Triangulum Galaxy)4,395,000-11.872,700,00016.29 (combined)42,400O4IaSIMBAD
Westerhout 49-2 (in Westerhout 49)4,365,000-11.8636,20018.246 (J band)35,500O2-3.5If*[12] [13]
HD 37836 (in LMC)4,169,000-11.81163,00010.5528,200B0IaeSIMBAD[14]
Sk -69° 249 A (in NGC 2074 of LMC)4,130,000-11.8160,00010.6838,900O7If[15] [16]
η Carinae A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula)4,000,000-11.777,5004.3 (combined)9,400-35,200LBV[17] [18] [19] [20]
V4998 Sagittarii (near Quintuplet Cluster)3,981,000-11.7625,00012.534 (J band)12,000WN5b[21]
R136c (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)3,802,000-11.71163,00013.4351,000WN5h[22]
Arches-F7 (WR 102aj in Arches Cluster)3,802,000-11.7125,00015.74 (J band)32,900WN8-9h
R136a3 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)3,631,000-11.66163,000 12.9750,000WN5h
Melnick 42 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)3,631,000-11.66163,00012.7847,300O2If*[23]
Mercer 23-2 (WR 125–3 in Mercer 23 near Galactic plane)3,631,000-11.6621,2008.646 (J band)38,000WNL7-8[24] [25]
R136a2 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)3,548,000-11.64163,000 12.3450,000WN5h
NGC 2403 V14 (in NGC 2403)3,436,000-11.610,314,00018.837,000F5Ie[26]
G0.070+0.025 (in Galactic Center)3,311,000-11.5626,00014.799 (J band)45,000O4-6If+
Pistol Star (V4647 Sagittarii in Quintuplet cluster)3,300,000-11.55625,00011.79 (J band)11,800LBV[27] [28]
Mercer 30-1 A (WR 46-3 A in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula)3,236,000-11.53540,00010.33 (J band)32,200O6-7.5If+[29] [30]
VFTS 682 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)3,236,000-11.535164,00016.0852,200WN5h
WR 42e (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603)3,200,000-11.52325,00014.5343,000O3If*/WN6[31] [32]
R99 (in N44 of LMC)3,162,000-11.51163,00011.5228,000Ofpe/WN9[33]
VFTS 1022 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)3,020,000-11.46164,00013.4742,200O3.5If*/WN7
WR 24 (in Collinder 228 of Carina Nebula)2,951,000-11.4358,2006.4850,100WN6ha-w[34] [35]
Peony Star (WR 102ka in Peony Nebula near Galactic Center)2,951,000-11.43526,00012.978 (J band)25,100WN10[36]
CXOGC J174528.6-285605 (WR 101–6 in Galactic Center)2,884,000-11.4126,00014.46 (J band)30,000WN8-9h[37]
G0.059-0.068 (in Galactic Center)2,884,000-11.4126,00013.337 (J band)39,500-44,000B0-1Ia+/WNLh
HD 97950 B (WR 43b in HD 97950 of NGC 3603)2,884,000-11.4124,00011.3342,000WN6h[38] [39]
HD 38282 A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)2,754,000-11.35163,00011.11 (combined)50,000WN5-6hSIMBAD[40]
Melnick 34 A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)2,692,000-11.335163,00013.09 (combined)63,000WN5h[41]
WR 102hb (in Quintuplet Cluster)2,630,000-11.3126,00013.9 (J band)25,100WN9h[42]
[BMS2003] 578 C (in NGC 604 of Triangulum Galaxy)2,564,000-11.282,700,00015.97 (combined)34,000O9IISIMBAD
BAT99-80 A (in NGC 2044 of LMC)2,512,000-11.26165,00013 (combined)45,000O4If[43]
R146 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)2,512,000-11.26164,00013.1163,000WN4
VFTS 482 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)2,512,000-11.26164,00012.9542,200O3If*/WN6-A
HD 97950 A1a (WR 43a A in HD 97950 of NGC 3603)2,455,000-11.23524,00011.18 (combined)42,000WN6h
WR 102ea (in Quintuplet Cluster)2,455,000-11.23526,00013.18 (J band)25,100WN9h
HD 38282 B (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)2,455,000-11.235163,00011.11 (combined)45,000WN6-7hSIMBAD
CXOGC J174516.1-284909 (WR 101–2 in Galactic Center)2,399,000-11.2126,00011.49 (J band)20,000 Ofpe/WN9
CXOGC J174711.4-283006 (WR 102–9 in Galactic Center)2,399,000-11.2126,00016.56 (J band)30,000WN8-9h
WR 25 A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula)2,399,000-11.216,8008.8 (combined)50,100O2.5If*/WN6[44]
LGGS J004444.52+412804.0 (in Andromeda Galaxy)2,377,000-11.22,500,00018.17,000-18,000F0Ia[45] [46]
HD 269327 (in LMC)2,377,000-11.2163,00010.7428,200OBSIMBAD
Sk -69° 212 (in NGC 2044 of LMC)2,377,000-11.2160,00012.41645,400O6If
WR 93 (in Pismis 24 of NGC 6357)2,377,000-11.25,70010.6871,000WC7[47]
Melnick 34 B (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)2,344,000-11.185163,00013.09 (combined)53,000WN5h
VVV CL041-8 (WR 62–2 in VVV CL041)2,344,000-11.18513,70010.146 (J band)34,000WN8-9h[48] [49]
Cl 1813-178 #16 (in Cl 1813-178 of W33 Complex)2,291,000-11.1615,3009.428 (J band)30,200O8-O9If[50] [51]
R136a7 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)2,291,000-11.16163,000 13.9754,000O3III(f*)[52]
VVV CL074-12 (in VVV CL074)2,291,000-11.1620,00012.34 (J band)22,500B0.5-2I[53] [54]
Arches-F6 (WR 102ah in Arches Cluster)2,239,000-11.13525,00015.75 (J band)33,900WN8-9h[55]
Arches-F9 (WR 102ae in Arches Cluster)2,239,000-11.13525,00016.1 (J band)36,600WN9h[56]
HD 5980 A (in NGC 346 of SMC)2,239,000-11.135200,00011.31 (combined)21,000-53,000WN4[57] [58]
HD 97950 C1 (WR 43c A in HD 97950 of NGC 3603)2,239,000-11.13524,00011.89 (combined)44,000WN6h
R136b (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)2,239,000-11.135165,00013.2435,500O4If
R145 A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)2,239,000-11.135163,00012.04 (combined)50,000WN6h[59]
Var 83 (in Triangulum Galaxy)2,239,000-11.1353,000,00016.02718,000-37,000LBV[60] [61]
HD 269810 (in NGC 2032 of LMC)2,200,000-10.56163,00012.2852,500O2III(f*)SIMBAD
CXOGC J174712.2-283121 (WR 102–10 in Galactic Center)2,188,000-11.1126,00017.06 (J band)35,000WN7-8h
VFTS 1021 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)2,188,000-11.11164,00013.3539,800O4 If+
ST5-31 (in NGC 2074 of LMC)2,168,000-11.1160,00012.27350,700O2-3(n)fp[62]
HD 268804 (in LMC)2,148,000-11.09163,00011.2128,200OBSIMBAD
G0.058+0.014 (in Galactic Center)2,138,000-11.08526,00014.704 (J band)45,000O4-6If+
R145 B (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)2,138,000-11.085163,00012.04 (combined)43,000O3.5If*/WN7
WR 89 (in HM 1)2,138,000-11.0859,50011.0239,800WN8h
R136a5 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)2,089,000-11.06163,000 13.7148,000O2I(n)f*
AFGL 2298 (near Galactic plane)2,000,000-11.01333,00012.164 (J band)15,500-26,000B8I[63] [64]
Arches-F1 (WR 102ad in Arches Cluster)1,995,000-11.0125,00016.3 (J band)33,200WN8-9
Arches-F4 (WR 102al in Arches Cluster)1,995,000-11.0125,00015.63 (J band)36,800WN7-8
CXOGC J174656.3-283232 (WR 102–8 in Galactic Center)1,995,000-11.0126,00016.74 (J band)30,000WN8-9h
LBV 1806-20 (in G10.0–0.3 of Galactic Center)1,995,000-11.0128,00013.66 (J band)18,000-32,000O9 - B2[65] [66]
Mercer 81-2 (WR 76–7 in Mercer 81 of G338.4+0.2)1,995,000-11.0135,90013.25 (J band)36,000WN7-8[67] [68]
VFTS 545 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,995,000-11.01164,00013.3247,300O2If*/WN5
WR 147S (in Cygnus OB2)1,995,000-11.015,80013.8639,800WN8h[69]
10584-9-1 (in Messier 81)1,977,000-11.011,842,00019.118,000sgB[e]
2MASS J04542610-6911022 (in LMC)1,959,000-10.99163,00012.6837,200O7VSIMBAD
DBSB 179-15 (WR 84–6 in DBSB 179 of G347.6+0.2)1,950,000-10.98525,80012.5 (J band)37,000WN8-9h[70] [71] [72]
G0.114+0.021 (WR 102–12 in Galactic Center)1,950,000-10.98526,00016.672 (J band)40,000WN8-9h
AB6 A (in NGC 371 of SMC)1,905,000-10.96197,00012.3 (combined)80,000WN3:h[73]
R136a4 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,905,000-10.96163,000 13.4150,000O3 V((f*))(n)
Westerhout 49-1 (in Westerhout 49)1,905,000-10.9636,20015.531 (J band)44,700O2-3.5If*
WR 22 A (in Bochum 10 of Carina Nebula)1,905,000-10.968,2006.42 (combined)44,700WN7h[74]
HD 269219 (in LMC)1,888,000-10.95163,00010.8728,200OBSIMBAD
HSH95-36 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,862,000-10.935163,000 14.4149,500O2 If∗
Hen 3-519 (WR 31a in Blue Bubble Nebula)1,820,000-10.9124,00010.8530,200WN11h[75] [76] [77]
W61 3-20 (in LMC)1,820,000-10.91163,00013.5539,800O5-6V((f))zSIMBAD
Westerhout 51-57 (in Westerhout 51)1,820,000-10.9120,00016.958 (J band)42,700O4 V[78]
LGGS J004051.59+403303.0 (in Andromeda Galaxy)1,803,000-10.92,500,00016.98918,000-24,000LBV
MSX5C G358.5391+00.1305 (in Wray 17-96)1,800,000-10.89815,0001513,000B[e]:[79] [80]
HD 5980 B (in NGC 346 of SMC)1,778,000-10.885200,00011.31 (combined)45,000WN4
WR 130 (in Cygnus OB3)1,778,000-10.88521,70012.1344,700WN8(h)
WR 21a A (Runaway star from Westerlund 2)1,778,000-10.88514,30012.661 (combined)45,000O3/WN5ha[81]
V4650 Sagittarii (in Quintuplet cluster)1,770,0007,943,000-12.5-10.925,00012.31 (J band)11,300LBV
CXOGC J174536.1-285638 (WR 101–1 in Galactic Center)1,738,000-10.8626,00015.55 (J band)30,000WN8-9h
Mercer 30-7 A (WR 46-5 A in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula)1,738,000-10.8640,00011.516 (J band)41,400 WN6
R136a6 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,738,000-10.86163,000 13.3552,000O2I(n)f*p
VFTS 506 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,738,000-10.86164,00013.3147,300ON2V((n))((f*))
HD 35342 B (in LMC)1,722,000-10.85163,00011.2824,000B0.5ISIMBAD
CPD -69 471 (in LMC)1,706,000-10.84163,00012.3742,700O2-3(n)fpSIMBAD
DBSB 179-20 (WR 84–1 in DBSB 179 of G347.6+0.2)1,698,000-10.83525,80012.37 (J band)35,000WN8-9
R147 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,698,000-10.835164,00013.0250,000WN5h
VFTS 16 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,698,000-10.835164,00013.5553,100O2IIIf*
Cygnus OB2 #12 A (in Cygnus OB2)1,660,000-10.815,00011.702 (combined)13,700B3–4 Ia+[82] [83]
PGMW 3120 (in LMC)1,644,000-10.8163,00012.4739,800O5.5V((f*))SIMBAD
Sher 18 (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603)1,644,000-10.825,00012.5139,500 O3.5If[84]
Sher 47 (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603)1,644,000-10.825,00012.6744,000 O4V
Mercer 23-1 (in Mercer 23 near Galactic plane)1,622,000-10.78521,20010.615 (J band)35,000O5.5I
VFTS 1017 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,622,000-10.785164,00014.5250,100O2 If*/WN5
WR 87 (in HM 1)1,622,000-10.7859,50011.8344,700WN7h
HD 269896 (in LMC)1,600,000-10.77163,00011.3629,500ON9.7Ia+SIMBAD
AF Andromedae (in Andromeda Galaxy)1,585,000-10.762,500,00017.32528,000LBV
Arches-F12 (WR 102af in Arches Cluster)1,585,000-10.7625,00016.4 (J band)36,900WN7-8
HSH95-18 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,585,000-10.76163,00013.8747,000O3III(f+)
LHO 110 (WR 102df in Quintuplet cluster)1,585,000-10.7626,00013.87 (J band)25,100O6–8If
R140a1 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,585,000-10.76163,00012.12 (combined)34,000WN4
BI 265 (in LMC)1,585,000-10.76163,00012.3840,700O5III(fc)SIMBAD
VFTS 457 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,585,000-10.76164,00013.7439,800O3.5If*/WN7
WR 107 (in Sagittarius OB1)1,585,000-10.769,40013.5150,100WN8
WR 140 B (in Cygnus OB1)1,585,000-10.765,3006.85 (combined)35,000O5[85]
WR 148 A (Runaway star from Galactic plane)1,585,000-10.7627,10010.3 (combined)39,800WN8h
CXOGC J174617.0-285131 (in Galactic Center)1,549,000-10.73526,00014.98 (J band)40,000O6If+
CXOGC J174725.3-282709 (in Galactic Center)1,549,000-10.73526,00016.37 (J band)30,000O4-6I
Sk -68° 137 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,549,000-10.735160,00013.34655,000OB[86] [87]
WR 102i (in Quintuplet cluster)1,549,000-10.73526,00014.31 (J band)31,600WN9h
HD 97950 A1b (WR 43a B in HD 97950 of NGC 3603)1,514,000-10.7124,00011.18 (combined)40,000WN6h
Westerhout 49-3 (in Westerhout 49)1,514,000-10.7136,20016.689 (J band)40,700O3-O7V
Brey 21 A (in NGC 1910 of LMC)1,500,000-10.7165,00011.29 (combined)71,000WN
HD 97950 A2 (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603)1,500,000-10.724,00012.5346,500 O3V
HM 1-6 (in HM 1)1,500,000-10.711,00011.6444,700O5.5Ifc[88]
LGGS J013245.41+303858.3 (in Triangulum Galaxy)1,500,000-10.73,000,00017.61234,000Ofpe[89]
NGC 346-W1 (in NGC 346 of SMC)1,500,000-10.7200,00012.5743,400O4If
Sk -65° 47 (in NGC 1923 of LMC)1,500,000-10.7160,00012.46647,800O4If
Sk 80 (in NGC 346 of SMC)1,500,000-10.7200,00012.3138,900O7Iaf+[90]
10584-4-1 (in Messier 81)1,500,000-10.711,842,00019.6819,671sgB[e]
HD 93129 Aa (in Trumpler 14 of Carina Nebula)1,479,000-10.6857,5006.9 (combined)42,500O2If*[91]
R136a8 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,479,000-10.685163,000 14.4249,500O2–3V[92]
SK -67 150 (in LMC)1,472,000-10.68163,00012.2441,700OBSIMBAD
[HCD2002] 107 (in LMC)1,445,000-10.66163,00013.7940,700O4-6VzSIMBAD
VFTS 542 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,445,000-10.66164,00013.4944,700O2If*/WN5
AB8 A (in NGC 602 of SMC)1,413,000-10.635197,00012.9 (combined)141,000WO4[93]
Arches-F15 (in Arches Cluster)1,413,000-10.63525,00016.12 (J band)35,600O4-6If
CXOGC J174550.2-284911 (WR 102–4 in Galactic Center)1,413,000-10.63526,00015.24 (J band)30,000WN9h
DBSB 179-4 (WR 84–7 in DBSB 179 of G347.6+0.2)1,413,000-10.63525,80012.25 (J band)30,000Ofpe/WN9
LGGS J013235.25+303017.6 (in Triangulum Galaxy)1,413,000-10.6353,000,00018.00733,000LBV[94]
Melnick 33Na A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,413,000-10.635164,00013.79 (combined)50,000OC2.5If*[95] [96]
R134 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,413,000-10.635164,00012.5847,000WN6h
S Doradus (in NGC 1910 of LMC)1,413,000-10.635169,00010.2520,000B8/9eq – F0/5:Iae[97]
WR 66 (in Circinus OB1)1,413,000-10.63516,90011.3444,700WN8(h)
HD 37974 (in N135 of LMC)1,400,000-10.625163,00010.9922,500B0.5Ia+[98] [99]
HD 269846 (in LMC)1,406,000-10.63163,00011.6328,200OBSIMBAD
W61 3-24 (in LMC)1,393,000-10.62163,00014.0343,700O3.5V(f+)SIMBAD
VFTS 621 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,380,000-10.61164,00015.3954,000O2V((f*))z
WR 131 (in Cygnus OB3)1,380,000-10.6122,60012.0844,700WN7h
Sk -69° 104 (in NGC 1910 of LMC)1,368,000-10.6160,00012.139,900O6Ib(f)
Var A-1 (in Andromeda Galaxy)1,368,000-10.62,500,00017.14321,700LBV[100]
Mercer 30-6a A (WR 46-4 A in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula)1,349,000-10.58540,00010.39 (J band)29,900 Ofpe/WN9
VFTS 427 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,349,000-10.585164,00013.7639,800WN8
Westerhout 51-3 (in Westerhout 51)1,349,000-10.58520,00016.998 (J band)39,800O3-8V
HD 269722 (in LMC)1,343,000-10.58163,00011.5228,200OBeSIMBAD
CXOGC J174502.8-290859 (in Galactic Center)1,318,000-10.5626,00013.93 (J band)33,000O9I-B0I
HSH95-49 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,318,000-10.56163,000 14.7558,000O3V[101]
HD 270145 (in LMC)1,306,000-10.55163,00012.1743,700O6.5Iaf
Westerhout 49-15 (in Westerhout 49)1,288,000-10.53536,20018.307 (J band)43,700O2-3.5If*
Westerhout 51d (in Westerhout 51)1,288,000-10.53520,00015.11 (J band)42,700
WR 18 (in Carina OB1 of Carina Nebula)1,288,000-10.53512,45010.83112,200WN4-s
[BMS2003] 578 B (in NGC 604 of Triangulum Galaxy)1,285,000-10.532,700,00015.97 (combined)32,000O9IaSIMBAD
AB7 A (in NGC 371 of SMC)1,259,000-10.51197,00013.016 (combined)105,000WN4
Arches-F3 (WR 102bb in Arches Cluster)1,259,000-10.5125,00016.06 (J band)29,600WN8-9h
Arches-F8 (WR 102ag in Arches Cluster)1,259,000-10.5125,00016.31 (J band)32,900WN8-9h
HD 50064 (in NGC 2301)1,259,000-10.519,5008.2113,500B6Ia[102]
HSH95-16 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,259,000-10.51163,00013.6542,000OC2.5If*
HSH95-20 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,259,000-10.51164,00013.7146,000O2If*
HSH95-46 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,259,000-10.51163,000 14.5647,500
R139 A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,259,000-10.51163,00011.94 (combined)34,000O6.5Iafc[103]
VFTS 259 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,259,000-10.51164,00013.6537,700O6Iaf
VFTS 1031 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,259,000-10.51164,00013.8948,000O3.5
NGC 2070 MH 980 (in NGC 2070 of LMC)1,259,000-10.51163,00013.6842,700O4VSIMBAD
Sk -69° 194 (in NGC 2033 of LMC)1,247,000-10.5160,00012.131 (combined)45,000B0I[104]
ST2-22 (in NGC 2044 of LMC)1,247,000-10.5160,00014.351,300O3.5III(f+)
HD 269215 (in LMC)1,247,000-10.5163,00011.9436,300OBSIMBAD
Trumpler 27-27 (in Trumpler 27)1,247,000-10.58,20013.3137,000O8III((f))
VFTS 1028 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,230,000-10.485164,00013.8447,300O3.5-4.5
LH 10-3601 (in NGC 1763 of LMC)1,202,000-10.46160,00013.49155,000ON2III(f*)
AB1 (in DEM S10 of SMC)1,175,000-10.435197,00015.23879,000WN3[105] [106]
BI 253 (Runaway star from Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,175,000-10.435164,00013.7654,000O2V-III(n)((f*))[107]
LGGS J013248.26+303950.4 (in Triangulum Galaxy)1,175,000-10.4353,000,00017.2523,000LBV[108]
Mercer 30-8 (WR 46–6 in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula)1,175,000-10.43540,00011.658 (J band)38,100 WN7
NGC 346-W3 (in NGC 346 of SMC)1,175,000-10.435200,00012.852,500O2III(f)
WR 102d (in Quintuplet cluster)1,175,000-10.43526,00015.18 (J band)35,100WN9h
WR 126 (in Vulpecula OB2)1,175,000-10.43524,68013.2963,000WC5[109]
WR 20a A (in Westerlund 2)1,150,000-10.41220,00013.28 (combined)43,000O3If*/WN6[110]
WR 20a B (in Westerlund 2)1,150,000-10.41220,00013.28 (combined)43,000O3If*/WN6
GCIRS 16SW A (WR 101k A in Galactic Center)1,149,000-10.41126,00015.5 (J band)24,400Ofpe/WN9[111]
GCIRS 16SW B (WR 101k B in Galactic Center)1,149,000-10.41126,00015.5 (J band)23,500Ofpe/WN9
BAT99-104 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,148,000-10.41165,00014.5263,000O2If*/WN5
CXOGC J174516.7-285824 (WR 101–3 in Galactic Center)1,148,000-10.4126,00016.67 (J band)35,000WN7-8h
G0.121-0.099 (WR 102–16 in Galactic Center)1,148,000-10.4126,00014.972 (J band)40,000WN8-9h
G359.797+0.037 (in Galactic Center)1,148,000-10.4126,00016.1 (J band)30,000B0-2I
HD 93205 A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula)1,148,000-10.417,5007.75 (combined)51,300O3.5Vf[112]
HSH95-47 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,148,000-10.41163,00014.7246,500O3III
WR 158 (in Cassiopeia OB1)1,148,000-10.4116,30011.28244,700WN7h
WR 28 (in FSR 1555)1,148,000-10.4118,70012.9850,100WN6(h)-w[113]
HD 303308 (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula)1,138,000-10.47,5008.1751,300O3V
M33C-15235 (in Triangulum Galaxy)1,138,000-10.43,000,00017.7329,200WN/Of[114]
ZH 364 (in Messier 81)1,138,000-10.411,842,00019.5915,860LBV?e
HD 269700 (in LMC)1,127,000-10.39163,00010.5419,500B1.5IaeqSIMBAD
AB9 (in DEM S80 of SMC)1,122,000-10.385197,00015.431100,000WN3ha[115]
Arches-F18 (in Arches Cluster)1,122,000-10.38525,00016.7 (J band)36,900O4-6I
BAT99-64 A (in NGC 2033 of LMC)1,122,000-10.385165,00014.073 (combined)71,000WN4o
Var B (in Triangulum Galaxy)1,122,000-10.3853,000,00016.2089,000LBV
VFTS 562 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,122,000-10.385164,00013.6642,200O4III(f)
WR 37 (in SFC 27 of G291.27-0.71)1,122,000-10.38521,90016100,000WN4-s[116]
SK -69 98 (in LMC)1,096,000-10.36163,00012.2928,200OBSIMBAD
VFTS 512 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,096,000-10.36164,00014.2847,700O2V-III((f*))
Mercer 30-6b (in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula)1,072,000-10.33540,00014.25 (J band)30,500 O6If
VFTS 3 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,072,000-10.335164,00011.5621,000B1Ia+
VFTS 151 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,072,000-10.335164,00014.1342,200O6.5II(f)p
VFTS 603 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,060,000-10.323164,00013.9943,400O4III(fc)[117]
HD 268605 (in LMC)1,057,000-10.32163,00011.3428,200O9.5/B0IaSIMBAD
CXOGC J174532.7-285126 (in Galactic Center)1,047,000-10.3126,00010.72 (J band)40,000O4-6I
HD 93403 A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula)1,047,000-10.3110,0008.27 (combined)39,300O5.5III(fc)var[118]
Mercer 30-2 (in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula)1,047,000-10.3140,00012.63 (J band)21,200 B1-4Ia+
R133 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,047,000-10.31163,00012.4937,600O7/8II
HD 269786 (in LMC)1,047,000-10.31163,00011.1824,000B1ISIMBAD
HD 97950 E (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603)1,038,000-10.324,00013.08146,500 O5.5III(f)
HD 229059 (in Berkeley 87)1,038,000-10.33,2008.726,300B1Ia
M33C-10788 (in Triangulum Galaxy)1,038,000-10.33,000,00017.9532,000Ofpe/WN9
Sk -69° 200 (in NGC 2033 of LMC)1,038,000-10.3160,00011.1826,300B1I
Sk -69° 259 (in NGC 2081 of LMC)1,038,000-10.3160,00011.9330,000B[e]
WR 77k (in Westerlund 1)1,038,000-10.311,00018.8635,000WN7[119] [120]
10182-pr-6 (in NGC 2403)1,038,000-10.310,314,00018.798,000A8-F0Ie
[RP2006] 542 (in LMC)1,028,000-10.29163,00016.7529,500B0IV[e]SIMBAD
HD 93250 A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula)1,023,000-10.2857,5007.5 (combined)46,000O4 IV(fc)[121]
VFTS 267 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,023,000-10.285164,00013.4944,700O3III-I(n)f*
VFTS 599 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,023,000-10.285164,00013.847,300O3III(f*)
VVV CL074-9 (WR 75–29 in VVV CL074)1,023,000-10.28520,00015.22 (J band)37,000WN7/O4-6If+
WR 156 (in Cepheus OB1)1,023,000-10.28513,40011.0139,800WN8h
HD 269050 (in LMC)1,019,000-10.28163,00011.5428,200B0Ia(e?)SIMBAD
Arches-F2 (WR 102aa in Arches Cluster)1,000,000-10.2625,00017.84 (J band)33,500WN8-9
Arches-F14 (WR 102ba in Arches Cluster)1,000,000-10.2625,00016.38 (J band)34,500WN8-9
BAT99-68 (in BSDL 2505 of LMC)1,000,000-10.26163,00014.1345,000O3If*/WN6[122] [123]
CXOGC J174628.2-283920 (in Galactic Center)1,000,000-10.2626,00016.99 (J band)40,000O4-6I
CXOGC J174703.1-283119 (in Galactic Center)1,000,000-10.2626,00016.23 (J band)40,000O4-6I
HSH95-28 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,000,000-10.26163,00014.0948,000O3V
HSH95-31 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,000,000-10.26163,00014.1248,000
HSH95-57 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,000,000-10.26163,00014.847,000O3III
R135 A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,000,000-10.26163,00013.48 (combined)50,000WN7h
R140a2 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,000,000-10.26163,00012.12 (combined)34,000WC5
R142 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,000,000-10.26163,00011.82 (combined)21,000B0Ia
VFTS 64 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,000,000-10.26164,00014.6239,800O7.5II(f)
VFTS 591 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,000,000-10.26164,00012.5527,000B0.5Ia
VFTS 1034 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC)1,000,000-10.26164,00013.3634,000O8II
VVV CL074-3 (WR 75–28 in VVV CL074)1,000,000-10.2620,00014.72 (J band)31,500WN8

A few notable stars of luminosity less than 1 million are kept here for the purpose of comparison.

Star nameBolometric
luminosity
(Sun = 1)		Absolute
bolometric
magnitude		Approx. distance
from earth (ly)		Apparent
visible magnitude		Effective
temperature (K)		LinkReference
ζ1 Scorpii (in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1)851,000-10.0858,2104.70517,200[124]
ζ Puppis (Naos in Vela R2 of Vela Molecular Ridge)813,000-10.0351,0802.2540,000[125] [126]
α Camelopardalis (Runaway star from NGC 1502)676,000-9.8356,0004.2929,000
WR 78 (in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1)631,000-9.764,1006.4850,100
λ Cephei (Runaway star from Cepheus OB3)631,000-9.763,1005.0536,000
P Cygni (in IC 4996 of Cygnus OB1)610,000-9.7235,1004.8218,700[127] [128]
WR 79a (in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1)603,000-9.715,6005.7735,000[129]
ε Orionis (Alnilam in Orion OB1 of Orion complex)537,000-9.5852,0001.6927,500[130]
η Carinae B (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula)400,000-9.2657,5004.3 (combined)37,200[131]
μ Normae (in NGC 6169)339,000-9.0853,2604.9128,000[132]
κ Cassiopeiae (in Cassiopeia OB14)302,000-8.964,0004.1623,500
τ Canis Majoris Aa (in NGC 2362)299,000-8.955,1204.8932,000
θ Muscae Ab (in Centaurus OB1)295,000-8.9357,4005.53 (combined)33,000[133]
γ2 Velorum B (in Vela OB2)280,000-8.8781,2301.83 (combined)35,000
ξ Persei (Menkib in California Nebula of Perseus OB2)263,000-8.811,2004.0435,000
ζ Orionis Aa (Alnitak in Orion OB1 of Orion complex)250,000-8.7551,2602.0829,500[134]
θ Muscae Aa (WR 48 in Centaurus OB1)234,000-8.6857,4005.53 (combined)83,000[135]
ο2 Canis Majoris (in Collinder 121)219,000-8.612,8003.04315,500
θ1 Orionis C1 (in Trapezium Cluster of Orion complex)204,000-8.5351,3405.13 (combined)39,000[136]
δ Orionis Aa1 (Mintaka in Orion OB1 of Orion complex)191,000-8.461,2002.5 (combined)29,500[137] [138]
γ2 Velorum A (WR 11 in Vela OB2)170,000-8.3361,2301.83 (combined)57,000[139]
η Canis Majoris (Aludra in Collinder 121)151,000-8.212,0002.4515,000
κ Crucis (in Jewel Box Cluster of Centaurus OB1)151,000-8.217,5005.9816,300[140]
λ Orionis A (Meissa in Collinder 69 of Orion complex)150,000-8.21,1003.5437,700[141] [142]
β Orionis A (Rigel in Orion OB1 of Orion complex)120,000-7.968600.1312,100[143]
θ2 Orionis A (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex)107,000-7.8331,5005.0234,900[144] [145]
Betelgeuse87,100-7.615500.503,600SIMBAD[146] [147]
Antares A75,900-7.465500.6–1.63,660SIMBAD[148] [149]
ζ Ophiuchi (in Upper Scorpius subgroup of Scorpius OB2)74,100-7.4353702.56934,000
ι Orionis Aa1 (Hatysa in NGC 1980 of Orion complex)68,000-7.3411,3402.77 (combined)32,500[150]
υ Orionis (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex)60,000-7.2052,9004.61833,400[151] [152]
κ Orionis (Saiph in Orion OB1 of Orion complex)57,000-7.1476502.0926,500
σ Cygni (in Cygnus OB4)52,000-7.063,2604.23310,800[153] [154]
ζ Persei (in Perseus OB2)47,000-6.9417502.8620,800
μ Columbae (Runaway star from Trapezium Cluster)46,000-6.911,3005.1833,000[155]
σ Orionis Aa (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex)41,700-6.811,2604.07 (combined)35,000[156] [157]
δ Scorpii A (Dschubba in Upper Scorpius subgroup of Scorpius OB2)38,000-6.714402.307 (combined)27,400[158] [159]
ε Persei A (in α Persei Cluster)28,300-6.3916402.88 (combined)26,500
θ Carinae A (in IC 2602 of Scorpius OB2)25,700-6.2844602.76 (combined)31,000
β Canis Majoris (Mirzam in Local Bubble of Scorpius OB2)25,000-6.264901.98523,200
σ Orionis Ab (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex)18,600-5.9341,2604.07 (combined)29,000
σ Orionis B (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex)15,800-5.7571,2604.07 (combined)31,000
θ2 Orionis B (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex)12,300-5.4851,5006.3829,300[160]
γ Orionis (Bellatrix in Bellatrix Cluster of Orion complex)9,210-5.172501.6421,800[161] [162]
ι Orionis Aa2 (in NGC 1980 of Orion complex)8,630-5.11,3402.77 (combined)27,000
λ Tauri A (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream)5,800-4.6694803.47 (combined)18,700[163]
ρ Ophiuchi A (in ρ Ophiuchi cloud complex of Scorpius OB2)4,000-4.2853604.63 (combined)22,000[164]
δ Persei (in α Persei Cluster)2,860-3.9015203.0114,900
α Scorpii B (in Loop I Bubble of Scorpius OB2)2,820-3.8855505.518,500[165]
α Pavonis Aa (Peacock in Tucana-Horologium association)2,150-3.5931801.9417,700
η Tauri A (Alcyone in Pleiades)1,820-3.4094402.87 (combined)12,300[166]
ο Velorum (in IC 2391 of Scorpius OB2)1,000-2.764903.616,200[167]
ψ Persei (in α Persei Cluster)775-2.4835804.3116,000
γ Canis Majoris (Muliphein in Collinder 121)715-2.3974404.113,600
ο Aquarii (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream)340-1.5894404.7113,500
φ Eridani (in Tucana-Horologium association)255-1.2761503.5513,700
ν Fornacis (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream)245-1.2333704.6913,400[168]
ε Chamaeleontis (in ε Chamaeleontis moving group of Scorpius OB2)100-0.263604.9110,900
η Chamaeleontis (in η Chamaeleontis moving group of Scorpius OB2)95-0.2043105.45312,500
ε Hydri (in Tucana-Horologium association)600.2951504.1211,000[169] [170]
τ1 Aquarii (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream)500.4293205.6610,600
β1 Tucanae (in Tucana-Horologium association)400.7351404.3710,600
Sun (in Solar System)14.7399960.0000158-26.7445,772[171] [172] [173]

Transient events

This is a list of bright transient stars or astronomical events.

Stars with 1 million or greater! Star or transient event name! Bolometric
luminosity
(Sun = 1)! Absolute
bolometric
magnitude! Approx. distance
from Earth (ly)! Apparent
visible magnitude! Effective
temperature (K)!Link!Reference
NGC 2363-V1 (in NGC 2366)6,300,000-12.2610,800,00017.8813,500-26,000[174]

Note that even the most luminous stars are much less luminous than the more luminous persistent extragalactic objects, such as quasars. For example, 3C 273 has an average apparent magnitude of 12.8 (when observing with a telescope), but an absolute magnitude of −26.7. If this object were 10 parsecs away from Earth it would appear nearly as bright in the sky as the Sun (apparent magnitude −26.744). This quasar's luminosity is, therefore, about 2 trillion (1012) times that of the Sun, or about 100 times that of the total light of average large galaxies like our Milky Way. (Note that quasars often vary somewhat in luminosity.)

In terms of gamma rays, a magnetar (type of neutron star) called SGR 1806−20, had an extreme burst reach Earth on 27 December 2004. It was the brightest event known to have impacted this planet from an origin outside the Solar System; if these gamma rays were visible, with an absolute magnitude of approximately −29, it would have been brighter than the Sun (as measured by the Swift spacecraft).

The gamma-ray burst GRB 971214 measured in 1998 was at the time thought to be the most energetic event in the observable universe, with the equivalent energy of several hundred supernovae. Later studies pointed out that the energy was probably the energy of one supernova which had been "beamed" towards Earth by the geometry of a relativistic jet.

External links

Notes and References

  1. 2022-09-28 . Scientists face down 'Godzilla', the most luminous star known . Nature . en . 610 . 7930 . 10 . 10.1038/d41586-022-03054-3. 2022Natur.610T..10. . free .
  2. Hainich. R.. Rühling. U.. Todt. H.. Oskinova. L. M.. Liermann. A.. Gräfener. G.. Foellmi. C.. Schnurr. O.. Hamann. W. -R.. 2014. The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 565. A27. 1401.5474. 2014A&A...565A..27H. 10.1051/0004-6361/201322696. 55123954.
  3. Doran . E. I. . Crowther . P. A. . de Koter . A. . Evans . C. J. . McEvoy . C. . Walborn . N. R. . Bastian . N. . Bestenlehner . J. M. . Gräfener . G. . Herrero . A. . Köhler . K. . 2013 . The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XI. A census of the hot luminous stars and their feedback in 30 Doradus . Astronomy & Astrophysics . 558 . 134 . 30 . 1308.3412 . 2013A&A...558A.134D . 10.1051/0004-6361/201321824 . Vink . van Loon . Schneider . Sana . J. . F. . J. . H. . F. R. N. . W. D. . J. Th. . J. S. . Puls . Najarro . Maíz Apellániz . Taylor . 118510909.
  4. Mauerhan. J. C.. Cotera. A.. Dong. H.. Morris. M. R.. Wang. Q. D.. Stolovy. S. R.. Lang. C.. 2010. Isolated Wolf-Rayet Stars and O Supergiants in the Galactic Center Region Identified Via Paschen-α Excess. The Astrophysical Journal. 725. 1. 188–199. 1009.2769. 2010ApJ...725..188M. 10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/188. 20968628.
  5. Dong. H.. Wang. Q. D.. Cotera. A.. Stolovy. S.. Morris. M. R.. Mauerhan. J.. Mills. E. A.. Schneider. G.. Calzetti. D.. Lang. C.. 2011-10-11. Hubble Space Telescope Paschen α survey of the Galactic Centre: data reduction and products: HST/NICMOS Paschen α survey of the GC. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 417. 1. 114–135. 1105.1703. 2011MNRAS.417..114D. 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19013.x. free . 11060463.
  6. Bruhweiler . Fred C. . Miskey . Cherie L. . Smith Neubig . Margaret . June 2003 . STIS Spectral Imagery of the OB Stars in NGC 604. II. The Most Luminous Stars . The Astronomical Journal . 125 . 6 . 3082–3096 . 10.1086/374988 . 0004-6256. free . astro-ph/0303442 . 2003AJ....125.3082B .
  7. Bestenlehner . Joachim M. . Crowther . Paul A. . Caballero-Nieves . Saida M. . Schneider . Fabian R. N. . Simón-Díaz . Sergio . Brands . Sarah A. . de Koter . Alex . Gräfener . Götz . Herrero . Artemio . Langer . Norbert . Lennon . Daniel J. . 2020-12-01 . The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS - II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136 . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 499 . 2 . 1918–1936 . 10.1093/mnras/staa2801 . free . 2009.05136 . 2020MNRAS.499.1918B . 0035-8711.
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