WKNO (TV) explained

Callsign:WKNO
Logo Alt:The letters W K N O, tightly tracked and touching each other, next to the PBS network logo. Sitting left-aligned and above WKNO in smaller text are the words "Channel 10".
Digital:29 (UHF)
Virtual:10
Owner:Mid-South Public Communications Foundation
Location:Memphis, Tennessee
Country:United States
Callsign Meaning:Knowledge
Sister Stations:WKNO-FM
Former Callsigns:WKNO-TV (1956–?)
Former Channel Numbers:Analog: 10 (VHF, 1956–2009)
Former Affiliations:NET (1956–1970)
Erp:835 kW
Haat:320.21NaN1
Facility Id:42061
Licensing Authority:FCC

WKNO (channel 10) is a PBS member television station in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. The station is owned by the Mid-South Public Communications Foundation, a non-profit organization governed by a board of trustees composed of volunteers, and is operated alongside NPR member WKNO-FM (91.1). The two stations share studios on Cherry Farms Road with the TV station's transmitter on Raleigh LaGrange Road, both in the Cordova section of unincorporated Shelby County.

WKNO began broadcasting in June 1956 as the first educational television station in Tennessee. It was owned by a community licensee from the beginning and was initially financed by the city's commercial TV stations and later by grants from local and state educational authorities. From 1961 to 2009, the station operated from several locations on the campus of Memphis State University, renamed in 1994 to the University of Memphis,[1] though the university never owned the station. In 2009, WKNO moved to its present facility in Cordova. WKNO airs national PBS programs and produces local programs covering issues relevant to the Memphis area.

History

Early years

Channel 10 was allocated to Memphis for educational use when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) assigned television channels and lifted its multi-year freeze on new TV assignments in April 1952.[2] Initially, leaders at the University of Tennessee envisioned a four-station network, including one outlet in Memphis, to use the newly allotted channels;[3] however, city officials rejected setting aside funds to aid the establishment of such a station in Memphis.[4] As a result of the city's refusal to grant money, in May 1953, the Memphis Community Television Foundation was chartered to serve as a non-profit organization to build and run channel 10.[5] In the months that followed, the foundation slowly gathered donations of money and equipment. Among these were a donation from WMCT and the offer of use of a tower.[6]

After receiving the promise of $100,000 from the Ford Foundation if matching funds could be raised locally,[7] the Memphis Community Television Foundation formally applied for channel 10 in February 1954. By this time, the station had received more donations and the support of seven local colleges and universities[8] A fund drive formally launched in May 1954.[9] Activities to raise money included street puppet shows[10] and a football game between Tennessee State and Lincoln universities, both historically Black institutions.[11] It was lauded as the most publicized such effort to that time.[12] By July, the foundation had raised $70,000 of its $200,000 goal,[13] ultimately finishing at $85,000. The Memphis Board of Education provided office space to the foundation as the station undertook program planning.[14]

In 1955, the station received zoning approval for its transmitter site on Macon Road on land leased to the foundation;[15] subscriptions for a station program guide, another source of income;[16] and a donation of two cameras from WHBQ-TV.[17] More equipment was purchased from the former WJTV in Jackson, Mississippi, which had just merged with that city's WSLI-TV.[18] [19] The state legislature appropriated $50,000 for the project, with Memphis serving as the pilot city for educational television in Tennessee as its [20]

A formal construction permit was granted by the FCC on November 23, 1955.[21] The station took the call letters WKNO, one of several sets suggested in a name-the-station contest and sent to the FCC.[22] WKNO-TV began broadcasting on June 25, 1956,[23] a month after its first test signal.[24] For its first few months, the studios were incomplete, so it could only present filmed programming from National Educational Television. As a condition of the funds that enabled it to run for one year, the station did not conduct annual fundraising drives; the three commercial stations in Memphis contributed $60,000 a year for two years to provide money for channel 10's operations, and after that most of its income originated from the Tennessee Board of Education, Memphis City Schools, and Shelby County Schools.

In 1961, the station moved from 268 Jefferson to facilities on the campus of Memphis State University (MSU, now the University of Memphis), utilizing a former Air Force ROTC annex. The Memphis Community Television Foundation was deeded the land and building in which it had been housed to help finance the move.[25] The relocation to the university campus offered the station the opportunity to utilize university talent and facilities in the production of its programming.[26] The relocation coincided with an increase in channel 10's educational output; from one instructional series in 1959, WKNO was airing fifteen such shows by 1966, of which six were weekly live productions. In addition, the station was producing public affairs and cultural series of local interest, such as Memphis Mosaic, College News, and Topic: Memphis City Schools.[27]

Beginning in February 1968,[28] [29] channel 10's educational programs were rebroadcast on WLJT (channel 11) in Lexington.[30] WLJT was built by the state Board of Education as part of a plan to increase educational TV coverage in the state; it had extremely limited local programming capabilities.[31] While WKNO was offered the option of buying WLJT when the state government moved to spin out all of its educational television stations to community licensees, it declined, and WLJT became a separate station operating from the campus of the University of Tennessee at Martin in 1981.[32]

Expansion

WKNO won a federal grant in 1970 to improve its operations with a taller, 1114feet tower; a power increase to the maximum of 316,000 watts; and full-color operation, including the ability to present local color programming.[33] Bondurant stepped down that year after 17 years as chairman of the Memphis Community Television Foundation.[34] The upgraded tower facility was activated on June 25, 1971, during a 15th anniversary party.[35] The new tower also supported WKNO-FM 91.1, a public radio station authorized in February 1971[36] and launched in March 1972.[37] For the first time in its history, the station began regular Saturday broadcasting in November 1972; until then, the station was off the air on Saturdays except for rare event broadcasts.[38]

Later in the decade, work began on new WKNO facilities on MSU's south campus in the former Kennedy Veterans Hospital; the old facility, housed in a 1928-vintage gymnasium, was antiquated and not up to then-current safety standards.[39] The new facility—named for Bondurant, who died in 1976—began use in June 1979[40] and was dedicated in June 1980.[41] In 1989, the foundation was renamed the Mid-South Public Communications Foundation to reflect its increased scope of activity.[42]

Increased local programming and digitalization

Mike LaBonia became president and CEO of the WKNO stations in 1990, moving from WYES-TV in New Orleans. He focused on increasing the station's local programming output.[43] In 1993, the station began airing a block of children's shows interspersed with segments titled #10 Friends Circle, intended to fill a void in programming for preschool-age students. The segments were hosted by Charles "Chuck" Scruggs, a station volunteer who had previously been the first Black general manager of WDIA radio. In 1995, they evolved into a weekly show, Sundays at Mr. Chuck's, renamed Hello Mr. Chuck.[44] On a visit to WKNO in 1997, Mister Rogers commented on the Mr. Chuck shows, telling general manager LaBonia that Scruggs was "truly remarkable" and "is achieving things I still struggle to achieve". Scruggs also worked for WKNO as its manager of community education[45] until retiring in 2010.[46]

Mr. Chuck was one of several new projects on which the station embarked in the 1990s, in spite of funding cutbacks at the start of the decade. In 1992, WKNO originated for PBS a 26-part cooking series by Burt Wolf,[47] which turned into a running distribution association with the station including a national pledge marathon[48] and such series as Travels & Traditions.[49] Local public affairs program Informed Sources and a documentary on the Memphis Belle were also part of the station's output at this time.

In 2009, WKNO radio and television moved into a custom-designed all-digital studio facility in Cordova.[50] It was the first facility designed for broadcasting in WKNO's history.[51] In the 2010s, the station was the distributor for such programs as Classic Gospel and Sun Studio Sessions.[52]

Funding

In 2022, WKNO TV had a total revenue of $3.63 million. The station had 9,079 total members, who contributed $1.15 million. The Corporation for Public Broadcasting contributed nearly $875,000, almost all of it in the form of a Community Service Grant.[53]

Local programming

Local programming produced by WKNO includes Family Plot: Gardening in the Mid-South, a gardening program distributed nationally on Create and to other PBS stations; Behind the Headlines, a weekly interview and public affairs program; and The SPARK, a monthly showcase of community leaders.[54]

Technical information

Subchannels

The station's signal is multiplexed:

Channel! scope = "col"
Res.AspectShort nameProgramming
10.1 WKNO-HD PBS
10.2 WKNO-SD
10.3 KNO-KID 24/7 PBS Kids programming

Analog-to-digital conversion

WKNO began broadcasting in digital on August 3, 2004. The station discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 10, on May 1, 2009. The switch was earlier than the June 12 deadline for full-service stations because the foundation wished to save money and stop paying for the electricity necessary to broadcast in analog and digital simultaneously.[55] The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 29, using virtual channel 10.[56]

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: MSU gets signed off with little ceremony. February 15, 1994. B1, B2. Lela. Garlington. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. March 25, 2023. March 25, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230325221601/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121621641/msu-gets-signed-off-with-little-ceremony/. live.
  2. News: Likely to Be 18 Months Before Memphis Gets Another T-V Station. April 14, 1952. 1, 2. The Memphis Press-Scimitar. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074342/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-memphis-press-scimitar-likely-to-be/137333309/. live.
  3. News: U-T Supports T-V Network: Setup Entirely Educational. February 6, 1953. 1. The Memphis Press-Scimitar. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074328/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-memphis-press-scimitar-u-t-supports/137333294/. live.
  4. News: Disappointment Told On Tobey's TV Stand: Leaders Hope To Hold Channel For Education. April 5, 1953. 4. Harry. Woodbury. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074351/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-disappointment-tol/137333382/. live.
  5. News: Corporation Set Up For Educational TV: Non-Profit Group Receives Charter, Plans To Push Station Idea. May 31, 1953. 1, 9. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074331/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-corporation-set-up/137333558/. live.
  6. News: Move Expected Soon For Educational TV: Bondurant Says Application for Channel 10 To Be Made This Month. October 6, 1953. 1, 4. Mike. McGee. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074341/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-move-expected-soon/137333413/. live.
  7. News: $100,000 Is Offered For Educational TV If Public Backs It. December 31, 1953. 1, 3. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074357/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-100000-is-offere/137333472/. live.
  8. News: Education TV Papers Filed: Channel 10 Bid On Way to Washington. February 9, 1954. 1, 7. John. Spence. The Memphis Press-Scimitar. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074330/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-memphis-press-scimitar-education-tv/137333608/. live.
  9. News: Channel 10's Drive Starts Here Monday: More Than 400 Expected To Attend Luncheon. May 15, 1954. 17. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074352/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-channel-10s-drive/137333691/. live.
  10. News: E-TV Expert Praises Memphis' Effort For Organizing Its Own Station. June 2, 1954. 14. Milton. Britten. The Memphis Press-Scimitar. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074343/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-memphis-press-scimitar-e-tv-expert-p/137333760/. live.
  11. News: Negro Grid Game to Aid City's Educational TV. September 17, 1954. 21. The Memphis Press-Scimitar. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074400/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-memphis-press-scimitar-negro-grid-ga/137333872/. live.
  12. News: E-TV Experts Praise Publicity Being Given Channel 10 Drive. June 3, 1954. 14. The Memphis Press-Scimitar. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074359/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-memphis-press-scimitar-e-tv-experts/137333735/. live.
  13. News: Channel 10 TV Fund Rises Above $70,000. July 10, 1954. 7. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074339/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-channel-10-tv-fund/137333835/. live.
  14. News: Channel 10 Has Fine Start, Still Needs Financial Help For Its Educational Plans. January 23, 1955. 5. Paul. Molloy. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074332/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-channel-10-has-fin/137333957/. live.
  15. News: Channel 10 Location Approved By Board: Educational TV Transmitter To Be On Macon Road. March 25, 1955. 38. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074333/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-channel-10-locatio/137334000/. live.
  16. News: Channel 10 Boosters Are First To Sign Up: Subscriptions To Magazine Bought At Rally. May 6, 1955. 9. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074340/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-channel-10-booster/137334021/. live.
  17. News: WHBQ Gives 2 Cameras To Channel 10: $30,000 Gift To Community Station. September 24, 1955. 2. The Memphis Press-Scimitar. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074347/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-memphis-press-scimitar-whbq-gives-2/137334108/. live.
  18. News: Channel 10 Is Given More TV Equipment: WMCT Presents Station With Two Projectors. September 20, 1955. 8. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074327/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-channel-10-is-give/137465039/. live.
  19. News: Channel 10 Receives Station Equipment: $100,000 Shipment Arrives For Project. November 18, 1955. 25. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074342/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-channel-10-receive/137334204/. live.
  20. News: Education TV Plan Receives Approval. November 12, 1955. 1, 3. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074355/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-education-tv-plan/137334174/. live.
  21. News: Channel 10 Is Given Green Light By FCC: Construction Of Educational TV Station Will Start Immediate. November 24, 1955. 1, 14. Paul. Molloy. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074344/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-channel-10-is-give/137334215/. live.
  22. News: Channel 10 To Bear Call Letters WKNO: Educational TV Station Name Submitted By Pair. December 15, 1955. 28. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074358/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-channel-10-to-bear/137334264/. live.
  23. News: WKNO-TV on Air, Channel 10, Tonight: Area's First Educational TV Station. June 25, 1956. 1. The Memphis Press-Scimitar. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074345/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-memphis-press-scimitar-wkno-tv-on-ai/137334473/. live.
  24. News: Air Debut By Educational WKNO-TV: Its First Signal Well Received. May 25, 1956. 1. The Memphis Press-Scimitar. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074349/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-memphis-press-scimitar-air-debut-by/137334434/. live.
  25. News: WKNO Will Ask Offers On Land: Station's Move To MSU To Be Completed By End Of Summer. June 11, 1961. 13. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074354/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-wkno-will-ask-offe/137465098/. live.
  26. News: Telecasting Furlough Taken By WKNO; Station Moving. July 29, 1961. 13. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074331/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-telecasting-furlou/137465121/. live.
  27. News: 'Great Strides' Mark WKNO's History: Channel 10, on Air 13 Hours Daily, Offers Education in 15 Fields. December 16, 1964. 37. Mary Ann. Lee. The Memphis Press-Scimitar. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 27, 2023. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074325/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-memphis-press-scimitar-great-stride/137334573/. live.
  28. News: ETV Facility Sets Program Tests. June 23, 2021. February 6, 1968. 7. The Jackson Sun. Associated Press.
  29. News: ETV Reception Studied. February 22, 1968. 5. The Jackson Sun. Newspapers.com. June 22, 2023. June 22, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230622124521/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-jackson-sun-etv-reception-studied/126892144/. live.
  30. News: Area TV Scope To Be Widened. May 20, 1965. 1, 11. James. Casey. The Jackson Sun. Newspapers.com. June 25, 2023.
  31. News: Why are both educational television stations.... March 30, 1978. 1. The Jackson Sun. Newspapers.com. June 25, 2023.
  32. News: WLJT-TV to initiate local programming. The Jackson Sun. Sue Ann. Tanzer Roberts. August 19, 1981. 1B. June 23, 2021. Newspapers.com.
  33. News: Channel 10 Future Widens, Brightens With HEW Grant. June 12, 1970. 1. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228032751/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-channel-10-future/137516989/. live.
  34. News: TV Board Elects Pollard, OK's Aid. June 13, 1970. 8. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228032753/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-tv-board-elects-po/137517313/. live.
  35. News: WKNO's Pioneer Status Noted At Birthday Party. June 27, 1971. 3. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228032800/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-wknos-pioneer-sta/88663827/. live.
  36. News: Educational FM Station O.K.'d. February 18, 1971. 14. The Memphis Press-Scimitar. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228032759/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-memphis-press-scimitar-educational-f/137518648/. live.
  37. News: Good Evening: 'Unofficial' WKNO-FM Music Delights Chance Listener. March 14, 1972. 7. Robert. Johnson. The Memphis Press-Scimitar. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228032759/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-memphis-press-scimitar-good-evening/137520333/. live.
  38. News: Saturday 'Dream' Will Come True With Revamped WKNO Schedule. October 19, 1972. 44. Larry. Williams. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228060600/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-saturday-dream-w/137522326/. live.
  39. News: Relocation OK'd For WKNO-TV. May 16, 1977. 14. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228032755/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-relocation-okd-fo/137518107/. live.
  40. News: LGW Man Burned At WKNO Facility. August 20, 1979. 11. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228032754/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-lgw-man-burned-at/137519035/. live.
  41. News: WKNO to Dedicate Building June 15. May 7, 1980. 30. Mary Ann. Lee. The Memphis Press-Scimitar. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228032758/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-memphis-press-scimitar-wkno-to-dedic/137518208/. live.
  42. Web site: WKNO Public Media Annual Report, 2020–2021. WKNO. 2021. 2023-12-28. 2023-12-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228031250/https://d1qbemlbhjecig.cloudfront.net/prod/filer_public/wkno/PDFs/Annual%20Report/9787651248_2021_Annual_Report.pdf. live.
  43. News: Memphis Business Journal. Conversation With WKNO's Michael LaBonia. August 19, 2016.
  44. News: Mr. Chuck raised a generation of children: Scruggs 'genuinely loved what he did'. January 19, 2013. 1A, 2A. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228062402/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-mr-chuck-raised-a/137526100/. live.
  45. News: 'Our local Mister Rogers': Mr. Chuck lives a life chock-full of commitment. September 28, 1997. F1, F4. Deborah. White. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228054844/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-our-local-mister/137521595/. live.
  46. News: 'Mr. Chuck' signs off at WKNO. October 1, 2010. 1D. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228060623/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-mr-chuck-signs/137526328/. live.
  47. News: Wolf starts PBS show. August 5, 1992. E6. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228053913/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-wolf-starts-pbs-sh/137526941/. live.
  48. News: WKNO-TV scrapping to maintain 'presence'. August 19, 1994. C1, C3. Tom. Walter. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228053918/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-wkno-tv-scrapping/137526680/. live.
  49. News: Cultural context a vital ingredient in Wolf sampler on holiday foods. November 21, 2003. E1, E4. Christine. Arpe Gang. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228053915/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-cultural-context-a/137527732/. live.
  50. News: The Commercial Appeal. dead. Dialing it up: WKNO debuts sleek new digs, and debt free. https://web.archive.org/web/20110616014109/http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2009/nov/15/dialing-it-up/. June 16, 2011. James. Dowd. November 15, 2009.
  51. News: Great reception for new WKNO home. March 27, 2008. C1, C2. James. Dowd. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228060610/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-great-reception-fo/137526457/. live.
  52. Web site: WKNO National. WKNO. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20180824104308/http://www.wkno.org/national.html. August 24, 2018.
  53. Web site: WKNO. 2022. Annual Financial Report (TV). 2023-12-28. 2023-12-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228031346/https://www.wkno.org/bento-api/filer-file-download/288524/. live.
  54. Web site: Local Content and Service Report (TV). WKNO. 2022. 2023-12-29. 2023-05-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20230529201354/https://www.wkno.org/bento-api/filer-file-download/294058/. live.
  55. News: WKNO signs off on analog tonight: Public station going to commercial broadcasts. May 1, 2009. C1, C2. James. Dowd. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. December 28, 2023. December 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231228032752/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal-wkno-signs-off-on/137520917/. live.
  56. Web site: May 23, 2006 . DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and Second Rounds . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf . August 29, 2013 . August 29, 2021 . Federal Communications Commission.

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