WHKW explained

WHKW
City:Cleveland, Ohio
Country:US
Branding:AM 1220 The Word
Language:English
Format:Christian radio
Power: (unlimited)
Class:B
Licensing Authority:FCC
Facility Id:14772
Coordinates:41.3073°N -81.689°W
Callsign Meaning:Artifact of previous WHK call sign
Owner:Salem Media Group
Licensee:Salem Communications Holding Corporation

WHKW (1220 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Cleveland, Ohio, and is known as "AM 1220 The Word" featuring a Christian format. Owned by Salem Media Group, the station serves both Greater Cleveland and the Northeast Ohio region. WHKW's studios are located in the Cleveland suburb of Independence while the transmitter site is in neighboring Broadview Heights.

A merger of two separate radio stations in Akron and Springfield that were moved into Cleveland in 1930, this station spent 60 years as the first radio home of WGAR. First under the ownership of George A. Richards' Goodwill Station group, it became a core affiliate of the CBS Radio Network, the originating station for Wings Over Jordan and an early home to comedian Jack Paar. Eventually owned by the forerunner to Nationwide Communications, WGAR transitioned into a personality-driven adult contemporary format in the early 1970s, headlined by personalities Don Imus, John Lanigan, Norm N. Nite and Chuck Collier. Later featuring a country music format in the mid-1980s in an eventual combination with FM adjunct WGAR-FM (99.5), the station changed to sports radio in 1990 as the first radio home of WKNR. assumed WHK 's callsign and Christian radio format on July 3, 2001, as the result of a complex radio station/intellectual property asset swap, and since 2005 has been known as WHKW.

In addition to a standard analog transmission, WHKW programming is repeated over low-power Cleveland translator W245CY and streamed online.

Prior history as WCSO and WFJC

WHKW has traditionally dated its debut to December 15, 1930, when it made its first formal broadcast as WGAR. However, WGAR's formation was the result of the consolidation of two existing stations, WCSO in Springfield, Ohio, and WFJC in Akron, Ohio, which both started in the early 1920s.

WCSO was first licensed as WNAP, on October 13, 1922, to Wittenberg College in Springfield, operating on the standard "entertainment" wavelength of 833kHz.[1] As early as 1896, the college's physics department had experimented with radio transmissions, and a radio club composed of students was established in 1906. First receiving experimental license 8XAK earlier in 1922, Wittenberg professor E. O. Weaver and several of his students constructed the transmitter in advance of signing on, and programming was presented by the college's Speech and Drama Department.[2]

The station's frequency was reassigned in the fall of 1923 to,[3] to in early 1924,[4] and to at the end of the year.[5] The station's call letters were changed to WCSO—for Wittenberg College, Springfield, Ohio—on March 6, 1925,[6] and the station was reassigned to on June 15, 1927.[7] Originally located at Wittenberg's Carnegie Science Hall, the studios were eventually moved to Blair Hall, with the radio towers erected in front of the science building.

WFJC's first license, for 100 watts on, was issued in May 1924 under the station's original call sign, WDBK, to the M. F. Broz Furniture, Hardware & Radio Company at 13918 Union Avenue in Cleveland's Mount Pleasant neighborhood.[8] It began broadcasting on May 15, 1924. WDBK was deleted in the fall of 1924,[9] then relicensed the following spring, again with 100 watts, but now on .[10] Programming included jazz selections interspersed with an imitation steamboat whistle as a station identification,[11] along with live musical performances;[12] [13] reception for WDBK was limited outside of Cleveland and was barely audible in Akron.[14] In early 1927 the owner was changed to WDBK Broadcasting (Inc.) (Stanley J. Broz) at the Bolton Square Hotel on Carnegie Avenue,[15] using the slogan "Broadcasting from Cleveland".

Automobile dealer W. F. Jones purchased WDBK on July 15, 1927, with the intent of moving the station to Akron.[16] Jones's involvement in the medium began when—at his insistence[17] —a February 1925 auto show used a temporary station named WADC to broadcast the show's events, with a transmitter built by the Willard Storage Battery Co.[18] After the show ended, Jones tried to sign on the station permanently, but theatre owner Allen T. Simmons launched WADC from the Portage Hotel on April 8, 1925.[19] Jones was granted a permit to move WDBK to Akron[20] but would remain on [21] and sharing time with Cleveland station WJAY. Renamed WFJC,[22] the station made its debut broadcast from the Akron Beacon Journal building on October 22, 1927,[23] but merely as a tenant, the Beacon Journal did not have any ownership stake. Sam Townshend was listed as station manager,[24] secretary and lead engineer.

Following the establishment of the Federal Radio Commission (FRC), stations were initially issued a series of temporary authorizations starting on May 3, 1927.[25] In addition, they were informed that if they wanted to continue operating, they needed to file a formal license application by January 15, 1928, as the first step in determining whether they met the new "public interest, convenience, or necessity" standard.[26] On May 25, 1928, the FRC issued General Order 32, which notified 164 stations, including WFJC, that "From an examination of your application for future license it does not find that public interest, convenience, or necessity would be served by granting it."[27] However, the station successfully convinced the commission that it should remain licensed.

As part of a major reallocation under the provisions of the FRC's General Order 40, on November 11, 1928, WCSO was assigned to on a timesharing basis with KQV in Pittsburgh, and WFJC was assigned to, again in a time share with WJAY.[28] WJAY moved to a different frequency allowing WFJC to operate full-time,[29] but this was temporary as WCSO was reassigned to a few months later as WFJC's new timesharing partner.[30] WFJC filed paperwork with the FRC on March 30, 1930, to move to, operate full-time and increase power to ; station management cited what had become a competitive disadvantage against WADC and Cleveland's WHK and WTAM.

At the same time the FRC confirmed a forthcoming hearing for WFJC's application,[31] George A. Richards, Leo J. Fitzpatrick and P. M. Thomas—owners of WJR in Detroit—incorporated the WGAR Broadcasting Company in order to establish "Cleveland's fourth radio station".[32] On September 6, the company filed an application with the FRC for authorization to "consolidate stations WFJC and WCSO into a new station with new equipment at Cleveland Ohio", which was approved that same month.[33] The WGAR Broadcasting Company took over ownership of WCSO on September 26, 1930, later recognized as a casualty of the Great Depression. WFJC was acquired seven days earlier,[34] [35] the deal was approved despite opposition from the chambers of commerce for both Akron and Cleveland,[36] in addition to local community groups[37] and competing Cleveland radio stations.[38] WCSO made its final broadcast on October 11, 1930, after coverage of the Wittenberg Tigers-Washington & Jefferson Presidents football game[39] and its license was formally deleted at the end of the month.[40] Later renamed Wittenberg University, the institution re-entered radio broadcasting in 1966 with the sign-on of WUSO, regarded as "a descendant" of WCSO.[41]

As construction for the new station began immediately,[42] WFJC continued to broadcast from Akron until December 14; the December 13, 1930, Akron Beacon Journal informed its readers that WFJC would cease operations the next day at midnight, "to make way for WGAR, at Cleveland, which purchased its claim to the ether".[43] In its fifth annual report, the FRC reported that, effective June 12, 1931, WCSO and WFJC had been consolidated "to form new station WGAR, Cleveland, Ohio".[44] WADC eventually moved into the Beacon Journal building studios vacated by WFJC.[45]

WGAR (1930–1990)

"The Friendly Station"

Under a separate license issued by the FRC, this combined station was named WGAR, derived from G. A. Richards; the station also now broadcast on with daytime and at night. New studios were built on the 14th floor penthouse of the Hotel Statler in Downtown Cleveland. Regular programming debuted on December 15, 1930, with local speeches beginning at 6:00 p.m. before switching to NBC Blue programming with Amos 'n' Andy at 8:00.[46] The initial plan was to move WCSO's transmitter to the Statler but due to technical issues, the debut broadcast instead was transmitted over WHK's rented auxiliary transmitter, located at the Standard Bank Building.[47] A Beacon Journal column the next day was critical over WGAR's signal experiencing interference on multiple channels on the frequency as the evening progressed, denoting that WHK and nighttime skywave from Buffalo's WKBW were more easily accessible.[48] The station's transmitter was moved from the Statler to a newly constructed facility in Cuyahoga Heights on July 20, 1931, with a Blue concert by John McCormack airing after an on-air dedication,[49] a move that partially improved reception in Akron albeit with continued interference from some listeners.[50] In further bids to improve WGAR's signal, power was increased to during daytime hours by December 1932, then to during the daytime and at night by 1938. WGAR and WJR were eventually joined by KMPC in Los Angeles, which Richards purchased on May 5, 1937.[51] The station became one of the first stations in the United States, and one of the first in Cleveland, to employ a staffed news room beginning in 1936 under the direction of Ralph Worden.[52] Worden instituted a policy of "facts, not opinion" which prevented newscasts from having any commentary, later maintained by general manager John Patt. Originally with two reporters on staff, the news department grew to three staffers in 1943 and to four in 1945, and contracted for a news bureau in Washington, D.C. during World War II; WGAR also became one of the first radio stations to play recorded sound bites during newscasts. The station's coverage of events during World War II included multiple weekly programs—ranging from anthologies to light entertainment and dramatic fare—that encouraged patriotism, support of the war effort and bond drives. Program director David Baylor and operations manager Carl George were both dispatched to the European and Pacific theaters, respectively, filing news reports for the station.

In addition to NBC Blue programming, WGAR started to feature assorted fare from the Quality Network and its successor, the Mutual Broadcasting System. A round-robin affiliation swap with Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) affiliate WHK and independent WJAY on September 26, 1937, saw WGAR became Cleveland's new CBS affiliate; WJAY took the Mutual affiliation under new WCLE calls, while WHK took NBC Blue.[53] Cleveland Orchestra radio broadcasts moved to WGAR on December 6, 1941,[54] and were carried over CBS and related shortwave facilities[55] as a sustaining program sponsored entirely by the station.[56] WGAR and CBS's relationship with the Orchestra lasted until 1962.[57] [58] WGAR also originated several public affairs programs including the City Club of Cleveland's Friday Forum, which the station began carrying on October 18, 1937.

Father Coughlin

See also: Charles Coughlin. Throughout the 1930s, WGAR carried The Golden Hour of the Little Flower, hosted by Roman Catholic priest Fr. Charles Coughlin, a close friend of George A. Richards. Coughlin's career in radio preceded Richards' 1929 purchase of WJR but Richards encouraged Fr. Coughlin to eschew religious topics in favor of political commentary.[59] CBS carried The Golden Hour in 1930 but dropped it after several affiliates objected to Coughlin's views and the network requested advance scripts of his sermons.[60] This led Coughlin to establish a network of his own, financially backed by Richards and with WJR and WGAR as core stations. In August 1932, it boasted 25 affiliates[61] and grew to 58 affiliates by 1938,[62] regarded at the time as the largest independently-run radio network in the U.S.[63]

Fr. Coughlin attained notoriety for anti-capitalist and anti-Semitic views and accusing bankers of causing the Great Depression; such rhetoric directly mirrored that of Richards, who was a reactionary conservative. Initially supporting President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his economic policies, Fr. Coughlin broke ranks outright to form the National Union for Social Justice (NUSJ), predicting electoral success in Ohio at a May 11, 1936, rally at Cleveland Municipal Stadium.[64] Supporting Union Party presidential candidate Rep. William Lemke,[65] Fr. Coughlin gave the Union's convention keynote address at Municipal Stadium on August 16, 1936, but fainted near the end of his speech.[66] Coughlin also spoke at the Townsend Convention held at Cleveland Public Hall one month earlier.[67] The Golden Hour was briefly suspended after the NUSJ underperformed at the polls in the 1936 presidential election but revived two months later.[68] Rhetoric on The Golden Hour became increasingly virulent, with Coughlin expressing conspiracy theories against Jewish people and sympathizing with Nazi Germany and Italian fascism. The outbreak of World War II in Europe prompted the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) to adopt a self-regulating code on October 1, 1939, prohibiting member stations from airing sponsored programs that contained editorializing or controversial subjects,[69] [70] written with Fr. Coughlin in mind. John F. Patt, general manager for both WJR and WGAR, assailed the NARB code as "censorship and abridgement of free speech", suggesting it could lead to "an emasculation of private enterprise in broadcasting with a solar plexus blow to freedom in this country and an invitation for further government regulation".[71] While WJR and WGAR threatened to leave the NAB in protest, Patt disclosed that both stations had cancellation clauses in their contracts with Coughlin that could be exercised if necessary;[72] the majority of affiliate contracts expired at the end of October, effectively ending the program.[73]

Jack Paar

Perhaps the most famous of alumni to emerge from WGAR was comedian Jack Paar. A native of Canton,[74] Paar joined the station in 1938 after prior work at Jackson, Michigan's WIBM, Indianapolis's WIRE, Pittsburgh's WCAE and Youngstown's WKBN, and was hired by WGAR announcer Wayne Mack (Vaino Mackey).[75] Paar initially wanted to be a professional wrestler while his parents envisioned him a minister. While only making $38 a week at WGAR in the height of the Great Depression, Paar viewed himself as "the happiest kid in the world".[76] Being the youngest announcer at the station, his first main task was as the Sunday afternoon booth announcer and having to field phone calls from listeners upset or angry over Fr. Coughlin's broadcasts; Paar later viewed George Richards as "a Citizen Kane-type person" owing to Richards' conservative views.

One particular incident on October 30, 1938, defined Paar's early career. Aware of a new Columbia show on the Sunday evening schedule—Orson Welles's The Mercury Theatre on the Air—Paar briefly left the studios to get a snack, inadvertently missing the start of The War of the Worlds and thus unaware of a brief introduction by Welles.[77] After an onslaught of phone calls from confused and panicked listeners who thought a real Martian invasion was taking place,[78] an equally confused Paar interrupted the network feed twice, the first time saying "this is a drama, I think?", and a few minutes later with, "I assure you this is a drama... I am almost certain! Be calm—have I ever lied to you before?" Paar contacted general manager John Patt about the panic, Patt responded with "you're too emotional, you're never going to make it." Nevertheless, Paar was seen as a hero overnight, with newspaper coverage the next day highlighting and praising "the man who calmed Cleveland."At age 20, WGAR assigned Jack Paar to narrate the station's Cleveland Orchestra broadcasts produced for CBS, thereby becoming the network's youngest announcer. He also announced a late-night big band program WGAR also originated for CBS, coining phrases "it's Tommy Tucker time", "a rhythmic New Deal with Dick Stabile" and "Swing and Sway with Sammy Kaye", quipping that "I learned to count by working with Lawrence Welk." Eddie Paul, an area bandleader who regularly appeared on the program, later would reminisce how he and Paar would "hold gab fests" afterwards.[79] Paar attempted to use his announcer duties to court actress Doris Dudley via coded messages, only to be stopped after a CBS directive via telegram, which he saw and management never did. Paar additionally hosted an early morning entertainment gossip program that featured a daily contest to win movie tickets,[80] and a weekly comedy program, Here's Paar;[81] the latter featured Wayne Mack and fellow announcer Maurice Condon as his sidekicks.[82] The popular program both showcased Paar's talents and informed them at the same time: one episode had Mack inadvertently hanging up on Paar when he called into the station from jail, Condon jokingly claimed later that Paar's overnight prison sentence was for an overdue library book.[83]

After nearly four years at the station, Paar was fired near the end of 1942. Despite his eventual success as a pioneering late-night television talk show host and as the second host of NBC-TV's Tonight Show, Paar never got over his firing and claimed to suffer weekly nightmares about it into the 1980s. Paar purchased Portland, Maine station WMTW-TV in 1963,[84] outbidding his former boss John Patt in the process, later musing, "I survived and could at this moment buy WGAR if I wished." During Paar's 1961 career apex hosting Tonight, Condon denied that he taught Paar everything he knew about show business, but jokingly added, "well, I did show Jack around."[85] Wayne Mack remained at WGAR until 1950, when he left to help launch WDOK , and continued to broadcast in some capacity until his death in 2000.

Wings Over Jordan

See main article: Wings Over Jordan Choir. From 1937 to 1947, WGAR originated Wings Over Jordan, a weekly religious radio program starring an a cappella spiritual choir of the same name[86] based at Gethsemane Baptist Church in Cleveland's Central neighborhood, where the Rev. Glynn T. Settle served as pastor.[87] [88] After Settle approached WGAR program director Worth Kramer about adding a show aimed at Cleveland's black population to the station's existing Sunday lineup of ethnic fare, The Negro Hour was launched on July 11, 1937.[89] Less than six months later, on January 9, 1938, CBS picked up the program nationally as Wings Over Jordan;[90] the choir assumed its permanent name from the radio show title. Wings Over Jordan was the first radio show independently produced and hosted by African-Americans to be broadcast over a network.[91] Kramer, who was white, served as the choir's director from 1938 to 1942 while maintaining his WGAR duties; his presence was initially controversial but has since been seen retrospectively as having helped the choir gain legitimacy among whites.

The show was CBS's highest-profile sustaining program and has been attributed[92] to WGAR receiving the George Foster Peabody Medal for "distinguished service among medium-market stations" for 1940, the first such award bestowed in that category.[93] CBS added a limited-run 15-minute weekday version of the program during the summer of 1941, broadcast out of WGAR.[94] Wings Over Jordan was also placed on the 1941 Honor Roll of Race Relations by the New York Public Library's Schomburg Collection.[95]

Frequency move to 1220

As part of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) frequency realignments, WGAR was moved from to on March 29, 1941, but engineering studies by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) revealed WGAR's current facilities could only provide an interference-free signal to half of Cuyahoga County at night. Prior to the shift, on January 4, 1940, WGAR applied to move to with from a Dover Township transmitter site, as Atlanta's WSB would vacate due to NARBA assigning it as a clear channel for Mexico.[96] The NARBA accord also assigned as a Mexican clear channel for use by Mexico City's XEB;[97] initially no U.S. stations were authorized to use this frequency. As XEB's nighttime skywave did not extend the northeastern United States, the FCC opened up the channel for use in that region as a class I-B regional signal.[98] While this assignment initially specified usage in Michigan, a planned move by Detroit's WXYZ failed to materialize,[99] so it was modified to include use in Ohio.[100] WGAR amended their application on March 10, 1941, to move to with and employing a directional antenna. Aiding in WGAR's favor was the commission's report on radio network monopolies previously noting Northern Ohio was underserved from a network standpoint.

The following January, WADC countered with an identical application for them to move to with along with an agreement that Canton's WHBC could move to WADC's current frequency. Due to both stations being with CBS, it was surmised that the winner would emerge as the basic Columbia station for both markets.[101] The FCC ordered a freeze on major facility changes after the U.S.'s entry into World War II, but with considerable leeway towards existing applications,[102] thus WGAR amended the request again to . Both WADC and WGAR's applications were designated for hearing by April 1942,[103] with both stations reportedly having procured the resources and materials to make the upgrade.[104] Following a series of hearings, the FCC both approved WGAR's application and a concurrent application by WHBC to move to the frequency. WGAR purchased 52acres of land in Broadview Heights and refitted an existing farm house to become a transmitter building, owing to wartime restrictions.[105] Copper wire from a prior transmitter site for WJR was reused for a ground system. The station heavily promoted the move to with a marketing campaign that included direct mail, billboards, cab signs and newspaper advertisements, all culminating with the switch at 12:20 p.m. on June 4, 1944, during CBS's Trans-Atlantic Call.[106]

Power upgrade

The frequency switch to was granted with the conditions that WGAR took "whatever steps are necessary to improve the signal" in Cleveland's business district, and that while technical perimeters were met for operation it could upgrade to once materials were available.[107] One week after V-J Day ended World War II, on August 21, 1945, the station filed for the upgrade, with a RCA 50-E transmitter to be installed in a newly constructed building, replacing the farm house. That October 5, WADC again filed a competing application for at from a Granger Township site, effectively taking over WGAR's facilities; their application suggested WGAR would thus be moved to .[108] While a conditional grant was initially issued in WGAR's favor on February 7, 1946,[109] the grant was rescinded three months later[110] after WADC filed an objection claiming it violated a Supreme Court decision directing the FCC to hold competitive hearings in the event of mutually exclusive applications.[111] Also at issue was WGAR's ownership being from out of town, and that the proposed upgrade would result in significant signal overlap between WGAR and WJR, thus violating recent FCC precedent on duopoly restrictions.

The FCC granted WGAR the upgrade by October 6, 1946, determining that WADC provided insufficient evidence, and that WJR and WGAR's signal overlap would not be an issue as WJR—despite being a class I-A clear channel—had insignificant Cleveland listenership. WADC then challenged WGAR's 50 kW grant, protesting that WGAR's local programming was "tantamount to an abdication to the (CBS) network" and a potential court test of the FCC's Blue Book;[112] WADC filed an additional petition for the FCC to no longer grant waivers to any facility changes. WGAR considered WADC's motions as estoppel, noting that programming was brought up in prior hearings and WADC did not object to anything then, and considered WADC's want to clear the CBS lineup outright "an ingenious interpretation" of the Blue Book overlooking the importance of local fare.[113] WADC's petitions were denied by the FCC on May 23, 1947,[114] dismissing charges of censorship,[115] prompting WADC to appeal WGAR's 50 kW grant before the U. S. Courts of Appeals, which ruled in the FCC and WGAR's favor. WGAR's power increase to took place with a dedication program on July 4, 1947, immediately followed by a Cleveland Indians-Detroit Tigers game announced by Van Patrick.[116] The station then launched a limited series of remote broadcasts titled More Power To You showcasing cities such as Dover, Canton, Kent, Elyria and Painesville now serviced by the upgraded signal; in several instances, a WGAR staffer was flown in via helicopter.

License challenge

WGAR, WJR and KMPC became central to a legal dispute surrounding internal policies enacted by George A. Richards that encouraged manipulation and bias.[117] The March 6, 1948, issue of Billboard alleged that Richards had a history of interfering with KMPC's newscast content to reflect personal beliefs and prejudices.[118] Two former KMPC staffers presented memos to Billboard attributed to Richards repeatedly insisting Jews were "all Communists" and that news personnel "keep hammering away at the Jews".[119] Richards sought unflattering coverage on members of the Roosevelt family, Henry A. Wallace, the Truman administration and the New Deal, favorable reports on Gen. Douglas MacArthur and the spiking of any stories on Palestine so as not to "give aid and comfort to Jews and Communists". Clete Roberts, one of the two whistleblowers, claimed Richards fired him on grounds of insubordination after refusing to omit details on a profile of MacArthur, countering KMPC management's claim of his dismissal being economically related.[120] Another former KMPC staffer further alleged Richards demanded significant emphasis of Jewish backgrounds for multiple news figures and ordered the fabrication of a story regarding Edwin W. Pauley pursuing a Truman cabinet post.[121]

Multiple members of Congress,[122] the American Jewish Congress (AJC), the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the Radio News Club of Hollywood (RNC), along with James Roosevelt, all called for an FCC investigation.[123] The AJC stated Richards "fomented hate among minorities" by blatantly flouting the Mayflower doctrine[124] (which the FCC earlier considered a repeal of) and called for KMPC's license to be revoked.[125] The FCC ordered an initial examination of all three stations on March 25, 1948,[126] then for public investigatory proceedings[127] after corroborating the Billboard evidence, which brought up "substantial questions" regarding Richards' qualifications as an owner.[128] While the procedure would result in "a clean bill of health" for Richards if the charges were unfounded, his physical health soon overshadowed the process. In a filed affidavit, Richards admitted to portions of the charges and claimed his impulsive behavior was due to an 11-year bout with coronary thrombosis, while asserting other broadcast outlets and networks engaged in biased coverage to the commission's tacit approval.[129] Initially slated for mid-February 1949, the hearings were delayed until March 16 and again postponed after Richards proposed to transfer all three stations to a trusteeship[130] while his physicians insisted any hearing could potentially kill him.[131] One of Richards' attorneys, former Sen. Burton K. Wheeler, argued the 60-year-old Richards had planned on retiring at said age.[132] The National Community Relations Advisory Council (NCRAC) protested the trusteeship proposal, citing the FCC's general counsel Benedict P. Cottone's statements that neither of the three trustees were residents of Cleveland, Detroit or Los Angeles, while two of the trustees were known by one NCRAC member to have espoused deeply conservative viewpoints.[133]

Hearings, Richards' death, and aftermath

Hearings finally commenced in Los Angeles on March 13, 1950, with FCC chief counsel Frederick W. Ford's opening statement accusing Richards of "slanting" and distorting news on his stations to "substantiate his personal dislikes".[134] Clete Roberts testified Richards engaged in antisemitism and insisted of "a plot afoot, a Jewish plot" involving CBS's William S. Paley, NBC's David Sarnoff and ABC's Robert E. Kintner at a KMPC news staff meeting; Roberts also testified Richards fired him after his news story about Gen. MacArthur denoted graying hair and a quivering hand.[135] Another announcer testified Richards ordered the removal of be-bop recordings because they had "communistic influence", but this was stricken from the record.[136] The hearings took political overtones: Sen. Styles Bridges demanded on the Senate floor for an investigation, claiming the FCC's investigation was punishment exerted against Richards for his political views.[137] Representatives Anthony F. Tauriello and Harry J. Davenport denounced Roberts on the House floor based on prior comments he made about southern Italians,[138] while Rep. Stephen M. Young considered the hearings an overreach of the FCC's authority "vested in it by Congress".[139]

Presiding examiner J. Frederick Johnson Jr. died after the hearings were recessed, replacement James D. Cunningham restarted them on June 15 at the request of Richards's legal team.[140] The FCC requested 7,000 news scripts from KMPC, and indicated the same request would be made for WJR and WGAR.[141] Citing health reasons, Richards failed to obey a subpoena[142] issued at the insistence of Benedict Cottone. KMPC manager Robert O. Reynolds—on the witness stand for over a month—stated Richards' prior thrombosis left him physically unable to walk or climb steps,[143] an x-ray specialist countered by saying little evidence existed of an abnormal enlargement on his heart.[144] When the FCC completed their prosecution at the end of August 1950, 34 witnesses gave 2,000,000 words on 8,000 pages of transcript over the course of 13 weeks; Cunningham ruled Richards did not need to testify.[145] Richards' defense cited coverage in People's World and The Nation[146] as evidence the hearings were inspired by the Communist Party.[147] The NAB issued a resolution condemning the investigation as an invasion of Richards' free speech right and privacy, prompting NCRAC to criticize the NAB's "misunderstanding of the necessary and natural functions" of the FCC.[148] The hearings ended in mid-December 1950 with Richards' legal team withdrawing the trusteeship proposal and propose advisory councils for all three stations; Examiner Cunningham deemed the hearings for WGAR as unnecessary.[149]

In a 340-page finding submitted to the commission on May 15, 1951,[150] Benedict Cottone recommended all three stations not have their licenses renewed as they did not serve the public interest,[151] charged Richards with repeatedly violating FCC policy and the Communications Act of 1934 and assailed the "contempt" Richards held for the agency. Cottone also urged the FCC recognize that Richards used his stations to further his political interests and social prejudices.[152] Examiner James D. Cunningham was to issue a subsequent proposal and en banc oral arguments were scheduled[153] but Richards died later on May 28 from an abdominal aortic aneurysm at age 62.[154] Fr. Coughlin was among the attendees at his funeral,[155] while Rev. James W. Fifield Jr. claimed Richards was "murdered ... by those who sought to destroy freedom" in his eulogy.[156] Examiner Cunningham motioned to dismiss all proceedings as moot on June 14, 1951, due to Richards' death. Widow Frances S. Richards was bequeathed all three stations[157] along with all other personal effects[158] and made assurances the stations would adhere to a code eschewing bias in news reporting;[159] the FCC renewed all three licenses and approved the ownership transfers to her name on November 28, 1951.[160] All told, the legal fight ultimately cost Richards $2 million (equivalent to $ in).

Peoples/Nationwide takeover

WGAR was purchased by Peoples Broadcasting Corp. on December 4, 1953, for $1.75 million (equivalent to $ in),[161] at that time the highest sale price for a radio station.[162] Peoples was a subsidiary of Columbus-based Farm Bureau Mutual, a forerunner of Nationwide Insurance, and owned WRFD in Worthington;[163] Peoples president Herbert E. Evans pledged to maintain WGAR's reputation of public service programming.[164] While John Patt stayed with Goodwill as WJR's president after the Peoples sale, WGAR's management team all stayed; Carl George continued as WGAR general manager until his 1971 retirement.[165] The station's programming remained largely unchanged, continuing to carry a mixture of local news and music programming as supplementary to CBS Radio fare. WGAR was the flagship station for Cleveland Browns football broadcasts from 1946 to 1949[166] and from 1954 to 1961.[167] [168] The announcers for the Browns' 1946 inaugural season were Bob Neal and Stan Gee, while during much of the latter run on the station (as WGAR), Bill McColgan provided the play-by-play commentary, while Jim Graner served as color commentator;[169] for the final season, Gib Shanley served as lead Browns announcer in addition to announcing Ohio State Buckeyes football games and hosting a nightly sports program.[170] Cleveland Indians games also aired over WGAR starting in the middle of the 1946 season and through the 1947 season.[171] Tom Armstrong hosted the morning show at WGAR from 1954 to 1969,[172] succeeding Bill Mayer, who hosted mornings from 1946 to 1954 and was remembered for having a jovial, light-hearted style.[173] Armstrong's career at WGAR spanned much of the changes both in network radio and in local radio, joining in 1944 when the station employed two orchestras and 140 staffers; a generation later, a typical radio station would have 30 to 40 employees. The decline of network radio culminated with CBS Radio cancelling the majority of their entertainment programming in 1960 to focus on news and public affairs, but retained the WGAR-led Cleveland Orchestra broadcasts. Despite this, WGAR ended their CBS affiliation after 25 years at the end of 1961 to switch to NBC; Hubert E. Evans explained NBC "provides a service better geared to our concept of community service".[174] WGAR switched again to ABC on December 11, 1965, after NBC's court-ordered repurchase of earlier in the year,[175] but did not sign with either of ABC's newly launched networks at the start of 1968 and became an independent.[176] The station was formally defined in 1966 as middle of the road (MOR) with assorted sports programming, a nightly call-in talk show and commentary segment both hosted by Sidney Andorn, a daily women's-oriented program and a news department led by news director Charles Day,[177] in the position since 1946. Future New York City newscaster Bill Beutel was a staff announcer before joining WEWS-TV in 1959, his replacement at WGAR was future Chicago newscaster Joel Daly.[178] Tom Armstrong left WGAR in April 1969 after he was moved to an early-afternoon slot, joining WDOK for their morning show,[179] one of the first major-market AM radio personalities to move to the FM dial.

WGAR first filed paperwork on January 17, 1944, to establish an FM adjunct, but due to the number of applicants exceeding the number of available channels, WGAR's application was put through a competitive hearing in April 1946. The FCC decided in WGAR's favor that June, but the commission's proposed power output and height above average terrain (HAAT) was significantly less than what the station had requested,[180] thus putting the application through another set of oral arguments. WGAR-FM launched on on December 15, 1952, but either simulcast the AM sister for the majority of the day (the FM carrying three hours of classical music in the evenings) or operated for only two hours a week to maintain their license. George Washington Campbell, who took over as head of Peoples Broadcasting in October 1966, disclosed in Broadcasting magazine intentions to establish WGAR-FM as a separate entity from WGAR "as soon as major technical improvements are made".[181] Upgrading to stereo in 1969, WGAR-FM was renamed WNCR, denoting "Nationwide Communications Radio", on May 4, 1970; two months later, a progressive rock format was instituted. The changes made at WNCR would soon parallel substantial changes at WGAR, which like the FM had become regarded as a "sleeping giant" in the market.

Adult contemporary relaunch

Jack G. Thayer was hired from Sacramento's KXOA[182] as WGAR's general manager on August 10, 1970. It was also a return to Cleveland for Thayer, who had been in a similar capacity at WHK in the early 1960s.[183] Nationwide was looking at ways to revamp WGAR's image since March, as the MOR format was targeting adults 50 and older.[184] In short order, WGAR started running a series of diversionary promos that ranged from "all-talk" to "all-news", then carried rock music for one week, followed by an "all-request" format the following week. This campaign also included newspaper ads, one of which called out WIXY host Mike Reineri by name.[185] These tactics quickly gave way to the new adult contemporary format on September 9, mixing in music from four distinct musical eras: 1955—1960, 1960—1965, 1965—1970, and softer-sounding current hits.[186] In unveiling the format in advance to industry executives, Thayer boasted that WGAR would soon be breaking more new hit records than any other station in town. The oldies selections were themselves hit records, coupled with an on-air presentation that rivaled Top 40.

WGAR signed up with ABC's American Entertainment Network,[187] added the weekly American Top 40 with Casey Kasem[188] and expanded the news department. Newscasts and public affairs programming were retained but now presented at a faster pace multiple times throughout the day.[189] Thayer brought along multiple staffers from KXOA to WGAR, including program director John Lund and morning host Don Imus. Thayer and Lund had first worked together at Los Angeles's KLAC prior to KXOA, and became interested in market-driven research assisted by the Western Behavioral Sciences Institute. Lund viewed their work at KXOA as a "fantastic test market" for WGAR, as KXOA was also programmed to reach a 18–34 demographic and enjoyed significant ratings increases.[190] The "all-request music" stunt, along with extensive community surveys, proved useful as a way to gauge who listened to WGAR at different dayparts; Thayer and Lund found out in their research that WJW enjoyed an abnormal share of the 18–plus demo, and likewise for WIXY in the 35–plus demo, and viewed WGAR as a way to bridge a musical generation gap.

In addition to Imus, the new airstaff consisted of incumbent hosts "Emperor Joe" Mayer[191] and Bob Vernon,[192] along with music director Chuck Collier[193] and Norm N. Nite. As part of their promotional campaign for Imus, WGAR purchased a series of billboards and a half hour late-night television slot on WEWS-TV directed by Upbeat producer Herman Spero;[194] Imus later referred Herman's son David Spero for a DJ position at WNCR-FM. Imus's tenure lasted for less than 15 months but immediately showed success; the October/November 1970 Arbitron ratings listed him at number one in the 18–49 demo, ahead of WKYC's Jim Runyon and WJW's Ed Fisher; WGAR as a whole topped both the 25–34 and 25–49 demos. Billboard awarded Imus as the number one radio personality for 1971, an honor shared with KMPC's Gary Owens.[195]

John Lanigan era

Don Imus departed the Cleveland radio scene as quickly as he ascended, joining New York's WNBC as their morning host on December 2, 1971.[196] Imus reportedly made $100,000 in his first year at WNBC, which was said to have been double his WGAR salary.[197] After meeting him at a New Orleans industry convention, Thayer hired John Lanigan from Dallas's KRLD as Imus's replacement,[198] bypassing 65 other applicants. Despite Lanigan's trepidation about taking over for Imus—and some newspaper critics who viewed him as "desperately trying to emulate" Imus[199] —Lanigan in the Morning caught on in Cleveland almost immediately. By the end of 1972, Lanigan battled WIXY's Mike Reineri, WJW's Ed Fisher and WERE shock jock Gary Dee for the top-rated spot in morning drive. Lanigan's controversial persona centered around satire and ribaldry he dubbed "adult humor"[200] and the station described as "radio for consenting adults". In addition to radio, Lanigan hosted WUAB's Prize Movie beginning in 1975, further adding to his exposure in the market and beyond, as WUAB was carried to other cable systems throughout the region.[201] Lanigan's arrival also coincided with the station's studios moving from the Hotel Statler to the Broadview Heights transmitter site, renamed "WGAR Broadcast Park".John Lund soon followed Imus for New York City, leaving to become WNEW's program director in October 1973[202] and ultimately joined WNBC the following year.[203] Loren Owens initially took over for Lund, and Chick Watkins—who joined WGAR in 1971 as creative services director[204] —became assistant program director. Thayer was promoted to vice president of Nationwide Communications, then left to join NBC Radio by August 1974.[205] Lund hired away Bob Vernon as WNBC's afternoon host in December 1974,[206] completing what Newsday writer Tony Kornheiser called "that station's 'Cleveland connection.'"[207] Norm N. Nite additionally left for New York City, but to WCBS-FM in 1973;[208] Chuck Collier also went to WCBS-FM but returned to WGAR within two years. Watkins assumed the program director title outright by March 1975[209] and hired Bob James (Pondillo) for late evenings, giving him the air name "The Real" Bob James.[210]

Even with the multiple staffing changes, WGAR maintained high ratings due to Lanigan's enduring popularity. WMMS program director John Gorman considered WGAR "an interesting battle" as he musically dayparted the album-oriented rock (AOR) station just like WGAR to take advantage of listener overlap. Gorman later stated that "the best decision by ... Nationwide Broadcasting, was not moving (WGAR's) format to FM", as Nationwide opted instead to convert WNCR from AOR to country on March 6, 1974. Other air personalities included Dave "Fig" Newton,[211] Bruce Ryan[212] and Kevin O'Neill.

The early 1980s brought additional changes. Chick Watkins left to join the upstart Transtar Radio Networks in January 1982;[213] Mike Scott was his replacement.[214] Former WHLO host Steve Cannon joined WGAR from Florida that March to host a talk-intensive evening show[215] replacing RKO Radio Network's America Overnight.[216] Scott's subsequent departure in 1983 resulted in multiple airshift realignments under acting program director Mike Metzger.[217] In April, Chuck Collier was moved from early evenings to middays, with Metzger's late morning slot shortened to two hours.[218] By September, Chuck segued over to WKSW-FM as music director and evening host, Steve Cannon replaced Chuck in middays and a jazz program hosted by Barb Richards[219] took Cannon's place.[220] At the same time, Lanigan was promoted to program director, succeeding Metzger; Lanigan jokingly told Radio & Records, "it's a feeling of panic!" WGAR additionally converted to AM stereo the previous December, but to minimal ratings impact.[221]

John Lanigan left WGAR after a 12-year run in mornings on February 9, 1984, to join WMGG in Clearwater-Tampa.[222] His replacement was incumbent afternoon host and impressionist Paul Tapie, with Lanigan and Tapie co-hosting in the days leading up to his departure. Some comedians who had already been composing material for Lanigan's WGAR show started doing so for both his new Tampa show and for Tapie's show.[223] After Lanigan's departure, WMMS started getting requests for Top 40 songs usually heard on WGAR, and played them in hopes of attracting his former audience.[224] WMMS's tactic worked as WGAR's ratings fell significantly when Tapie went solo.

Going country with the FM

Finally, on July 16, 1984, WGAR dropped adult contemporary for country music, with WKSW rebadged as WGAR-FM;[225] management felt a format hole now existed for country after both WHK and WWWE dropped it. The new arrangement had Paul Tapie's morning show simulcast over both stations,[226] with WGAR featuring holdover midday host Steve Cannon and Satellite Music Network-fed programming the rest of the day. Chuck Collier, however, would remain a fixture at WGAR-FM until his death on September 22, 2011.[227] Collier was a 2009 inductee into the Country Music Radio Hall of Fame[228] and became synonymous with WGAR itself through his lengthy tenure.[229] The station donated its entire collection of jazz recordings to WCPN in preparation for their September 1984 sign-on, and donated both their glass disc recordings and news tape archives to John Carroll University.[230]

Following the FCC's repeal of the FM Non-Duplication Rule in March 1986,[231] rumors of WGAR simulcasting WGAR-FM emerged but were downplayed by management. However, Paul Tapie's departure for WNCX that October[232] led to the AM station relaying the FM outright.[233] Cleveland Force broadcasts over WGAR became the lone schedule deviation,[234] WGAR headed up a three-station network for the Major Indoor Soccer League club.[235] WGAR-FM was becoming one of the top-rated stations in the Cleveland market, while WGAR was among the lowest-rated with a core audience of people 55 and older;[236] the simulcast allowed for both to be rated together.[237] The news department was also downscaled, with newscasts limited to both drive times, noon and Saturday mornings, and staffing reduced from seven to three in the span of seven years.[238] The former air studios were rendered as auxiliaries after the format combination and proved useful when an electrical fire struck the Keith Building on July 30, 1987, which housed the studios for WQAL; WGAR engineers arranged in the span of an hour to have the beautiful music FM station operate from their facilities for several days.[239]

WKNR (1990–2001)

Gradual sports format launch

Nationwide Communications sold off WGAR to Douglas Broadcasting, a Black-owned company headed by N. John Douglas, in August 1989 for $2 million (equivalent to $ in).[240] Douglas also owned three stations in California that specialized in ethnic and religious fare.[241] While the purchase was nearing completion in March 1990, Douglas amended the deal with Cablevision Systems[242] making a $500,000 investment as a limited partner.[243] The station barely registered in the Arbitron ratings when the purchase was made, with CKLW in Windsor, Ontario, reportedly drawing higher numbers than in the Cleveland ratings book.[244] In advance of the switch, WGAR-FM gave away FM converters to any remaining WGAR listeners. Cablevision executive and former WGAR general manager Art Caruso was retained as a consultant, and onetime WWWE programmer Jim Glass was hired as the new station's operation's manager.[245]

The simulcast ended shortly before midnight on June 29, 1990, with a ten-minute sendoff including audio from Don Imus and Jack Paar.[246] After the sendoff ended, WGAR changed callsigns to WKNR and picked up Unistar's satellite-based country format utilizing the same automation system WGAR used prior to the simulcast. Speculation about the forthcoming format included potential bidding for the broadcast rights to the Cavaliers, Indians and Browns, all of which were held by WWWE.[247] The format again switched to oldies—also via Unistar—on October 1, with Jim Glass indicating the station could head in a full-service direction similar to Cincinnati's WLW and Indianapolis's WIBC.[248] WKNR general manager Robert Barnes also hinted about wanting to create "a strong news and sports presence" for the station.[249] WGAR-FM remained in the Broadview Heights facility alongside WKNR until moving to the Crown Centre in Independence by mid-March 1991,[250] combining it with an existing sales office that had been in downtown Cleveland.[251] Because of the prolonged simulcast and personnel that had already carried over, WGAR-FM claimed WGAR's history as its own.

WKNR's satellite-fed music was ultimately a format placeholder until WGAR-FM could depart and end what Robert Barnes called a claustrophobic "mom-and-pop setup."[252] At the end of 1990, WKNR added local newscasts,[253] then recruited Larry Calton and former WWWE host Geoff Sindelar to host sports talk shows in afternoon drive.[254] By January 7, 1991, Reggie Rucker was added for evenings and the overnight hours taken up by the syndicated Sports Byline USA, with locally based weekend sports shows added a few months later.[255] Reaction to the sports-talk block for its debut week, dubbed "Cleveland's SuperFan", was positive enough for management to consider the sustainability of a 24-hour sports format.[256] Barnes boasted to the Akron Beacon Journal that Cablevision's ownership interests allowed him to have "full authority and an unlimited budget", but was fired on July 22; Calton was also dismissed in June after making an anti-Semitic slur on-air. Former WERE host Greg Brinda was then hired for middays, Philadelphia-based Peter Brown replaced Calton in the lineup,[257] and a morning show with onetime WGCL personality Robert J. Wright debuted on September 9, 1991, finally making WKNR a fulltime sports radio station.[258] WEWS-TV meteorologist Don Webster also started providing weather forecasts for the station.[259]

Adding the Indians

The format's soft launch resulted in WKNR drawing low ratings, with spring 1991 Arbitron surveys ranking the station at 22nd place for the Cleveland market and not placing at all in the Akron book. Reports of the station continuing to pursue the market's professional sports play-by-play rights continued; WKNR initially bid for rights to the Cleveland Browns Radio Network,[260] but lost to WHK.[261] WWWE owner Booth Broadcasting declined to renew their contract for the Cleveland Indians Radio Network at the conclusion of the 1991 season, citing declining ratings, a high compensation demanded by the team and an overabundance of games broadcast on television.[262] Consequently, WKNR reportedly offered "whatever it takes" to get the Indians contract. WKNR paid the Indians $5 million (equivalent to $ in) in the initial two year contract with a potentially annual loss of $3 million for the station, but the deal was still made with hopes of boosting the sports format's profile.[263] To celebrate the Indians addition, WKNR rebroadcast recordings of the 1948 World Series play-by-play from Mutual Radio over a six-day span starting on Christmas Day 1991.[264]

Billed as "Mr. Objectivity,"[265] Peter Brown's combative afternoon show and very transparent "me-against-the-world" on-air persona attracted controversy.[266] Brown frequently lashed out at athletes and coaches solely to elicit listener reaction, with Cavaliers players and Browns head coach Bill Belichick among his targets.[267] Cavs broadcaster Joe Tait, who viewed Brown as a cheap Pete Franklin imitation, posited that his shock jock approach revolved around carefully picking people "who wouldn't meet him in the parking lot and punch his lights out". Despite the attention, Brown left the station in early September 1993 after two years, the result of a contract impasse. Bill Needle, a former public relations director for the Cavaliers, initially took over Robert J. Wright's morning slot in August 1992, then replaced Reggie Rucker in evenings[268] with Paul Tapie's return to as morning host.[269] Tapie was paired with former WKYC sportscaster Thor Tolo for a year,[270] then hosted mornings solo until Mike Wolfe replaced him on May 9, 1994.[271]

WKNR's on-air presentation was regarded as rigid and sober, with show topics scheduled in advance and limited solely to sports, producers screened callers prior to going on-air, and phone calls limited to a maximum of two minutes. The Plain Dealer Roger Brown repeatedly criticized the station as "a bloodless, antiseptic, bean-counter feel"[272] and "on the whole is so bland as to make oatmeal seem like spicy jambalaya".[273] Hosts were marketed according to their levels of expertise: Geoff Sindelar, who gained notoriety as a regular caller to Pete Franklin's Sportsline on WWWE,[274] was billed as "The Professor" playing off his knowledge of statistics[275] and collectables.[276] Sindelar also hosted the weekly collectables-oriented Sports 101 television program, produced by Dennis Goulden and syndicated nationally. Likewise, Greg Brinda was promoted as "The Dean". WHK's conversion to all-sports on May 16, 1994,[277] took a loose, "fan-friendly" form and were themselves openly critical of WKNR's formantics; WKNR management defended their methodical approach as key to appealing towards a larger audience.

Carrying the Browns

WKNR and WDOK signed a two-year contract on March 23, 1994, to be Browns Radio Network co-flagships[278] with broadcasts produced by Sportsmarketing, headed by WDOK co-owner Tom Wilson. The six-figure deal between both stations had the team retaining all ad revenue during games, with the stations getting all pre- and post-game ad revenue. Nev Chandler was to have returned as lead play-by-play voice alongside color commentator Doug Dieken,[279] but his death from colon cancer that August 7[280] necessitated Casey Coleman to be his replacement.[281] The statewide radio network grew from 40 affiliates in 1994[282] to 49 affiliates in 1995.[283] The 1995 season, however, became entirely overshadowed when news of the team's relocation to Baltimore broke on November 4, 1995.[284] Greg Brinda recounted the station's fax machine ran non-stop for 24-hours and compared it to "somebody dropping an atom bomb on Cleveland".[285] Mike Wolfe did his morning show live from Baltimore the day the move was formally announced[286] while WKNR, in coordination with The Plain Dealer, gave out fax numbers for all other NFL teams for fans to submit direct letters of protests.[287]

The Browns Radio Network continued to carry the games despite the loss of commercial advertising, Sportsmarketing estimated the lost ad revenue totaled tens of thousands of dollars.[288] WKNR filled all vacated commercial breaks during the games with public service announcements.[289] Ancillary Browns-related programming on WKNR and other broadcast outlets[290] were cancelled in protest.[291] [292] While Greg Brinda remarked prior to the Browns–Steelers rivalry game that callers to his show hoped the team would lose all remaining games, including the Steelers game,[293] he retrospectively felt the raw emotion paled in comparison to fan reaction over the team's abrupt release of quarterback Bernie Kosar in 1993. As the 1995 season began, Brinda saw the relationship between fans and head coach Bill Belichick—who was largely blamed for Kosar's release—as fractured and irreparable.[294] The relocation to Baltimore as the Ravens was finalized and approved on February 10, 1996,[295] with WKNR signing up as a Cincinnati Bengals Radio Network affiliate for the 1996 season.[296] The station saw the Bengals games as a way to gauge interest in possible secondary fanbases.[297]

Reaching the World Series

WKNR's ratings and reputation continued their rise largely due to the Browns relocation fallout and Indians renaissance. The station was ranked as the second-best sports station in the country in 1995 by an independent survey of males 17 and older,[298] and subsequently billed as the highest-rated all-sports station by Arbitron in early 1996.[299] The Indians contract was extended in mid-1996 through the 1999 season[300] after WKNR made multiple financial concessions.[301] Morning host Mike Wolfe, however, was indicted in early February 1997 on charges of stealing $300 raised for a Lions Club charity;[302] Wolfe later pled guilty to misdemeanor charges.[303] The station replaced Wolfe with the syndicated Imus in the Morning by mid-May, marking a return of sorts for Don Imus to the station, midday host Bill Needle was concurrently replaced with WOIO sports anchor Ronnie Duncan.[304] Future ESPN broadcaster Marc Kestecher also was a talk show host on WKNR during this period.[305] Imus in the Morning was ultimately a ratings failure for WKNR as the station lost considerable listenership during morning drive.[306]

Herb Score announced his retirement as Indians broadcaster on August 8, 1997, effective at the end of the 1997 season.[307] It was argued that Score likely witnessed more bad baseball than any other broadcaster as his 34-year tenure spanned much of the team's 33-year-long stretch of futility,[308] and was beloved by fans even with a tendency to confuse player names and misidentify plays on-field.[309] As the team reached the 1997 World Series, the last games Score ever called aired exclusively on WKNR due to MLB rules, the rest of the Indians Radio Network carried Vin Scully's play-by-play over CBS Radio.[310] Strong sentiment existed among the team's fanbase and some of the players to win the World Series for Herb,[311] but the Florida Marlins won the series in seven games; Score was behind the mic for the final play.[312] Tom Hamilton succeeded Score as lead team broadcaster entering the 1998 season.[313]

Despite the Indians' success on-field, their contract with WKNR was a loss leader as the station ran an annual $1 million deficit. Jacor, which purchased WLTF and WTAM earlier in 1997,[314] entered into talks with Cablevision to purchase WKNR.[315] Published reports suggested Jacor's main objective was to move the Indians rights to WTAM and run WKNR as a heavily downscaled sports talker or drop the format altogether.[316] As early as 1994, the station was subject to rumors of possible sales, with one executive lamenting the difficulty in killing the rumor while at the same time desiring an FM signal. Jacor was also interested in the land WKNR's Broadview Heights studios/transmitter site sat on that could be resold to real estate developers,[317] Cablevision likewise held off on a deal for several weeks in hopes of recouping some of the land value.[318] The $8.7 million purchase (equivalent to $ in) was announced on August 19, 1997,[319] [320] but Cablevision faced allegations from the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition over discriminatory hiring practices; WKNR was fined $14,000 by the FCC and saw their license renewal delayed until a review of Jacor's hiring records could take place.[321]

Multiple ownership changes

When Jacor took over operations on January 1, 1998, Imus in the Morning was dropped, Ronnie Duncan and Geoff Sindelar left by their own volition, Greg Brinda was moved to morning drive and WTAM host Kendall Lewis was added for late mornings.[322] The remainder of the schedule took a heavily syndicated approach with The Jim Rome Show and ESPN Radio's The Fabulous Sports Babe and GameNight in middays, afternoons and evenings, partly to counterprogram WTAM afternoon host Mike Trivisonno.[323] The biggest change came when Jacor fulfilled the initial rumors and moved the Indians broadcasts back to WTAM with the 1998 home opener on April 10, 1998.[324] As part of the rearrangement, WKNR became a backup station for Cleveland Cavaliers games in the event of any overlap during both teams' regular seasons and for Indians games during any Cavaliers playoff games.[325] WKNR filled the void created by this move with ESPN Radio programming and MLB and NBA play-by-play, along with Cleveland Lumberjacks games.[326] The station would be repeatedly sold, merged into, and divested in the span of two years, brought on by deregulation in the wake of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. In order to complete their $620 million purchase of Nationwide Communications, WKNR was traded by Jacor to Capstar Broadcasting on August 10, 1998, in exchange for WTAE in Pittsburgh.[327] WKNR program director Marvin Durant expressed uncertainty over the station's future, but cited the local shows and Rome's show as "doing well"; following the ownership trade, The Fabulous Sports Babe was replaced with a local afternoon show hosted by Kenny Roda.[328] Jim Rome's show in particular experienced unlikely success on WKNR given his unconventional on-air presentation that appealed to a younger audience. The station first hosted a "tour stop" for Rome at the Cleveland State Convocation Center on January 23, 1999, with over 13,000 in attendance[329] and multiple Cleveland professional athletes and coaches as guests.[330] A second live event for Rome took place on June 10, 1999, at the Blossom Music Center in Cuyahoga Falls, with a similarly large audience. Under Capstar, WKNR attempted a bid for broadcast rights to the expansion Cleveland Browns franchise,[331] but lost out to Jacor and WMJI.[332]

Capstar merged with Chancellor Media on July 13, 1999, to form AMFM Inc.,[333] putting WKNR into common ownership with WDOK, WRMR , WQAL, WZJM, WZAK and WJMO ,[334] which Chancellor had acquired for a combined $275 million through three simultaneous buyouts.[335] Clear Channel Communications (which itself had merged into Jacor earlier in the year) then purchased AMFM, Inc. on October 3, 1999—only after AMFM's creation—for $17.4 billion.[336] Clear Channel elected to divest the entire seven-station AMFM cluster, selling WRMR and WKNR to Salem Communications on May 6, 2000,[337] closing that July 20.[338] The deal immediately raised speculation as to the future of WKNR's sports format given Salem's reputation as a Christian-oriented broadcaster. Salem previously purchased WHK in April 1996[339] and switched their format from sports to Christian talk shortly thereafter.[340] Following his purchase of the Cleveland Indians,[341] Larry Dolan made inquiries to Salem early in 2001 about purchasing WKNR as a possible replacement flagship; Larry's son Paul confirmed talks had taken place, but it was a "nonissue."[342] At the start of the 2001 Indians season, WKNR hired Bruce Drennan to host The 10th Inning postgame call-in show.[343]

WHK/WHKW (2001–present)

2001 "frequency swap"

Reports of Larry Dolan negotiating to buy WKNR and WRMR continued into early June 2001, and even included a possible purchase of WUAB as a bidding war for Indians television broadcast rights was taking place.[344] Said rumors became moot as both WKNR and WRMR—along with five other stations—became intertwined with a series of intellectual property and assets swaps between Salem, Clear Channel, and WCLV owner Radio Seaway.[345] When the exchange was finalized on July 3, 2001, Salem divested both WHK and Canton simulcast WHK-FM, but retained WHK's Christian format and call sign, transferring both to WKNR as a format change. Concurrently, WRMR changed format to the sports programming previously heard on WKNR and assumed the WKNR calls, inheriting all off- and on-air personnel.[346] The "new" WKNR at continued to use studios at the facilities until 2007, when Salem divested WKNR to Good Karma Broadcasting; since then, the transmitter building has been used for storage and engineering space.[347]

AM 1220 The Word

Salem repurchased the facility, by then using the WRMR calls, on July 6, 2004, and switched that station's format six days later to conservative talk branded as "WHK".[348] WHK retained the existing "The Word" branding and Christian format but began to formally promote itself as "WHKW", using the call letters of co-owned WHKW, a simulcast of WHK licensed to Warren and serving the Youngstown market.[349] On April 5, 2005, Salem changed WHK's call letters to WHKZ, freeing up the WHK calls for WRMR; eight days later, WHKZ and WHKW exchanged call signs. Salem sold off WHKZ to Immaculate Heart Media, Inc. on August 15, 2019, as part of a multi-station purchase.[350] When the deal closed that November 14, WHKZ ended their simulcast of WHKW to become a Relevant Radio station.

WHKW's Christian radio programming is largely supplied by the co-owned Salem Radio Network. One featured program, Truth for Life, is of local origin as host Rev. Alistair Begg is the lead pastor for Parkside Church in Bainbridge Township.[351] What's Right, What's Left, a talk show hosted by Ernie Sanders, airs in late mornings and late evenings.[352] Some non-religious programs air on the weekends, including Turning You Onto Classical Music, hosted by Beau Coup keyboardist Dennis Lewin[353] and The New Czech Voice of Cleveland, hosted by John Sabol.[354] WHKW is also the Cleveland outlet for Notre Dame Fighting Irish football[355] and since 2020, has carried Warren G. Harding High School Raiders football broadcasts.[356]

FM translator

WHKW is additionally relayed over the following low-power FM translator:[357]

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: November 1, 1922 . New Stations . 3 . Radio Service Bulletin . U.S. Department of Commerce . 67 . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210712202340/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221816&view=1up&seq=745 . July 12, 2021 . HathiTrust.
  2. Book: Kinnison, William A.. Modern Wittenberg. Xlibris Corporation. 2011. 978-1-4628-6058-6. Bloomington, Indiana. 41.
  3. News: November 1, 1923 . Alterations and Corrections . 8 . Radio Service Bulletin . U.S. Department of Commerce . 79 . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210716021054/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=206 . July 16, 2021 . HathiTrust.
  4. News: March 1, 1924 . Alterations and Corrections . 8 . Radio Service Bulletin . U.S. Department of Commerce . 83 . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211113194429/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=282 . November 13, 2021 . HathiTrust.
  5. News: January 2, 1925 . Alterations and Corrections . 8 . Radio Service Bulletin . U.S. Department of Commerce . 93 . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220602024517/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=486 . June 2, 2022 . HathiTrust.
  6. Book: Frost, S. E. Jr. . Education's Own Stations . Arno Press, Inc. . 1971 . 0-405-03555-1 . New York, New York . 475–478 . 1937 . World Radio History . August 4, 2022 . September 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210929132558/https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/History/Education%27s-Own-Stations-Frost-1937-HOB.pdf . live .
  7. News: May 31, 1927 . Broadcasting Stations Alphabetically by States and Cities . 12 . Radio Service Bulletin . U.S. Department of Commerce . 122 . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220804190754/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221818&view=1up&seq=338 . August 4, 2022 . HathiTrust.
  8. News: June 2, 1924 . New Stations . 3 . Radio Service Bulletin . U.S. Department of Commerce . 86 . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210715022337/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=347 . July 15, 2021 . This source incorrectly renders "Broz" as "Brothers" . HathiTrust.
  9. News: October 1, 1924 . Strike out all particulars . 6 . Radio Service Bulletin . U.S. Department of Commerce . 90 . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210716115508/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=422 . July 16, 2021 . HathiTrust.
  10. News: April 1, 1925 . New Stations . 4 . Radio Service Bulletin . U.S. Department of Commerce . 96 . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210715022357/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221817&view=1up&seq=548 . July 15, 2021 . HathiTrust.
  11. News: Failor. Ralph. May 13, 1925. Last Night On The Radio. 12. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 24, 2021. August 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210824184532/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84052056/last-night-on-the-radio/. live.
  12. News: April 20, 1926. "The Pied Piper of Hamlin" Basis Of Tonight's Everready Program- Wood-Wind Ensemble 'Moorish Moods'. 10. The Lancaster Daily Eagle. Lancaster, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 24, 2021. August 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210824184531/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84058841/the-pied-piper-of-hamlin-basis-of/. live.
  13. News: May 22, 1926. Last Night on the Radio. 2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 24, 2021. August 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210824184532/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84059002/last-night-on-the-radio/. live.
  14. News: April 13, 1926. Last Night On The Radio. 28. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 24, 2021. August 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210824184531/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84052181/last-night-on-the-radio/. live.
  15. News: January 31, 1927 . Alterations and Corrections . 7 . Radio Service Bulletin . U.S. Department of Commerce . 118 . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210712202337/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221818&view=1up&seq=253 . July 12, 2021 . HathiTrust.
  16. News: July 15, 1927. W. F. Jones Planning Akron Radio Station. 1. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 24, 2021. August 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210824184536/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84057187/w-f-jones-planning-akron-radio-station/. live.
  17. News: Schetter. Clyde E.. December 31, 1927. Akron Radio Prospects Are Good. 16. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 24, 2021. August 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210824184534/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84057881/akron-radio-prospects-are-good/. live.
  18. News: February 21, 1925. More Than 200 Cars On Display as Auto Show Opens. 22. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 24, 2021. August 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210824184532/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84056403/more-than-200-cars-on-display-as-auto/. live.
  19. News: Failor. Ralph. April 8, 1925. City broadcasts on air tonight, station to open. 1, 18. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 24, 2021. August 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210824184534/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84058458/city-broadcasts-on-air-tonight-station/. live.
  20. News: July 30, 1927 . Alterations and Corrections . 5 . Radio Service Bulletin . U.S. Department of Commerce . 124 . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210716115432/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221818&view=1up&seq=371 . July 16, 2021 . HathiTrust.
  21. News: July 21, 1927. W. F. Jones buys radio station for removal to Akron. 1. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 24, 2021. August 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210824184535/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84056874/w-f-jones-buys-radio-station-for/. live.
  22. News: October 31, 1927 . Alterations and Corrections . 9 . Radio Service Bulletin . U.S. Department of Commerce . 127 . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210712202346/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221818&view=1up&seq=423 . July 12, 2021 . HathiTrust.
  23. News: October 23, 1927 . Radio Station WFJC On Air . TWO-A . Cleveland Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio.
  24. News: April 12, 1948. Our Respects To: Sam Willard Townsend. 34. 56, 60. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 15. August 22, 2021. World Radio History. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804190749/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1948/1948-04-12-BC.pdf. live.
  25. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112106763078&view=1up&seq=60 "List of broadcasting stations issued temporary permits"
  26. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112106763078&view=1up&seq=205 "Extension of Broadcasting Station Licenses"
  27. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011384305&view=1up&seq=182 "Appendix F (2): Letter to and list of stations included in General Order No. 32, issued May 25, 1928"
  28. News: October 25, 1928 . Revised list of broadcasting stations, by frequencies, effective 3 a. m., November 11, 1928, eastern standard time . 211, 213 . Second Annual Report of the Federal Radio Commission . Federal Radio Commission . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211228022851/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c021003683&view=1up&seq=247 . December 28, 2021 . HathiTrust.
  29. News: March 29, 1930. High Power, Full Time Requested By WFJC. 18. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 12, 2021. August 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210813053226/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83345623/high-power-full-time-requested-by-wfjc/. live.
  30. News: June 29, 1929 . Alterations and Corrections . 17 . Radio Service Bulletin . U.S. Department of Commerce . 147 . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220804190754/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221818&view=1up&seq=955 . August 4, 2022 . HathiTrust.
  31. News: August 29, 1930. Radio Czars To Hear WFJC Plea Sept. 25. 21. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 12, 2021. August 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210813053221/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83345938/radio-czars-to-hear-wfjc-plea-sept-25/. live.
  32. News: September 26, 1930. WJR Back of New Radio Studio Here. 11. Cleveland Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio.
  33. News: Reeves. Russell H.. September 29, 1930. Checking Over the News of the Week. 10. Cleveland Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio.
  34. News: October 30, 1930 . Alterations and Corrections . 12 . Radio Service Bulletin . U.S. Department of Commerce . 163 . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201016133921/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221819&view=1up&seq=292 . October 16, 2020 . HathiTrust.
  35. News: September 20, 1930. See Sale Of WFJC As Network Move. 3. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 13, 2021. August 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210813053226/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83347009/see-sale-of-wfjc-as-network-move/. live.
  36. News: September 26, 1930. Radio Station Protest Filed. 14. Dayton Daily News. Dayton, Ohio. Associated Press. August 12, 2021. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804190751/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83345194/radio-station-protest-filed/. live.
  37. News: September 26, 1930. Sale Of WFJC Confirmed, U.S. Commission Approves. 1. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 12, 2021. August 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210813053223/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83345445/sale-of-wfjc-confirmed-us-commission/. live.
  38. News: September 27, 1930. Protest Ignored By Federal Radio Body. 3. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 13, 2021. August 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210813053224/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83346161/protest-ignored-by-federal-radio-body/. live.
  39. News: October 12, 1930. Last Program is Broadcast. 35. The Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati, Ohio. Associated Press. August 12, 2021. August 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210813053228/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83342043/last-program-is-broadcast/. live.
  40. News: October 31, 1930. Radio Station WCSO Stops Broadcasting. 25. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 12, 2021. August 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210813053220/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83342185/radio-station-wcso-stops-broadcasting/. live.
  41. News: February 20, 1966 . Wittenberg To Open FM Broadcasting . 2B . Springfield News-Sun . live . January 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230106023743/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115874667/wittenberg-to-open-fm-broadcasting/ . January 6, 2023 . Newspapers.com.
  42. News: September 28, 1930. Radio Change In Ownership Made. 1. The Mansfield News. Mansfield, Ohio. August 13, 2021. August 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210813053221/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83346676/radio-change-in-ownership-made/. live.
  43. News: December 13, 1930. WFJC Bids Goodby To Local Radio Fans. 18. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 13, 2021. August 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210813053225/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83348516/wfjc-bids-goodby-to-local-radio-fans/. live.
  44. News: December 7, 1931 . Radio broadcasting stations consolidated during the fiscal year 1931 . 13 . Fifth Annual Report of the Federal Radio Commission . Federal Radio Commission . Washington, D.C. . live . August 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210716115538/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011384305&view=1up&seq=545 . July 16, 2021 . HathiTrust.
  45. News: Gloss. Edward E.. January 12, 1931. WADC To Occupy Beacon Journal Building Rooms. 1, 21. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 13, 2021. August 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210813053227/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83348664/wadc-to-occupy-beacon-journal-building/. live.
  46. News: December 16, 1930. WGAR Goes On the Air Without a Hitch. 8. Cleveland Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio.
  47. News: December 14, 1930. WHK to Send Out Premier of WGAR. 11. Cleveland Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio.
  48. News: December 16, 1930. High Power Stations Are Urged In Report. 26. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 13, 2021. August 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210813053223/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83347369/high-power-stations-are-urged-in-report/. live.
  49. News: Doran . Dorothy . July 20, 1931 . Fans Await Return Of WGAR To Air . 8 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . August 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220808042128/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107178269/fans-await-return-of-wgar-to-air/ . live .
  50. News: Doran . Dorothy . July 21, 1931 . Columbia Television Station Makes Debut . 23 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . August 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220808042118/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107179652/columbia-television-station-makes-debut/ . live .
  51. News: Harper . James . May 5, 1937 . FCC Okays KMPC Sale To Richards . 35 . Daily News . Los Angeles, California . August 9, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220810000407/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107296161/fcc-okays-kmpc-sale-to-richards/ . live .
  52. News: December 30, 1937 . "Ships That Pass in Night" Finally Meet in Same Port . 3 . The Journal-News . Spencerville, Ohio . August 8, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220808042132/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107176616/ships-that-pass-in-night-finally-meet/ . live .
  53. News: September 15, 1937. Cleveland Switch to Occur Sept. 26. 13. 15. Broadcasting-Broadcast Advertising. 6. live. December 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151225/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1937/1937-09-15-BC.pdf. November 8, 2021. World Radio History.
  54. News: Doran . Dorothy . December 2, 1941 . Feminine Singers Provide Problem For Music Group . 27 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . August 9, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220809151445/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107258426/feminine-singers-provide-problem-for/ . live .
  55. Web site: Rogers . Kate . Radio Broadcasting and The Cleveland Orchestra's Audio Legacy . August 9, 2022 . www.clevelandorchestra.com . Cleveland Orchestra . June 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220606075402/https://www.clevelandorchestra.com/discover/archives/stories/radio-broadcast-history/ . live .
  56. News: September 14, 1942 . WGAR to resume Symphony Series . 24 . 55 . Broadcasting-Broadcast Advertising . 11 . August 9, 2022 . World Radio History . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151338/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1942/1942-09-14-BC.pdf . live .
  57. News: August 15, 1960 . CBS Radio trims program sails: They'll cut entertainment shows for more news-public affairs . 59 . 46 . Broadcasting . 7 . August 9, 2022 . World Radio History . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151358/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1960/BC-1960-08-15.pdf . live .
  58. News: January 7, 1962 . Radio Roundup: Mayor Erickson To Outline Plans . 16F . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . August 9, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220809151442/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107258951/radio-roundup-mayor-erickson-to/ . live .
  59. Schneider . John . September 1, 2018 . The Rabble-Rousers of Early Radio Broadcasting . . . 42 . 16–18 . August 7, 2022 . 22 . August 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220812211922/https://www.radioworld.com/columns-and-views/the-rabble-rousers-of-early-radio-broadcasting . live .
  60. News: January 6, 1931 . Air to Sizzle when Coughlin speaks . 5 . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Associated Press . Cincinnati, Ohio . August 6, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220812211920/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83692460/air-to-sizzle-when-coughlin-speaks/ . live .
  61. News: Doran . Dorothy . August 30, 1932 . Radio Fans To Hear About Sun's Eclipse . 28 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . August 6, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807222015/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83692569/radio-fans-to-hear-about-suns-eclipse/ . live .
  62. News: January 15, 1938 . Net of 58 Stations for Fr. Coughlin . 14 . 34 . Broadcasting . 2 . August 7, 2022 . World Radio History . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108155230/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1938/1938-01-15-BC.pdf . live .
  63. News: Doherty . Thomas . January 21, 2021 . The Deplatforming of Father Coughlin . Slate . January 25, 2021 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420064348/https://slate.com/technology/2021/01/father-coughlin-deplatforming-radio-social-media.html . live .
  64. News: May 11, 1936 . Coughlin Expects Victory Tuesday; Coughlin Addresses 25,000 At Cleveland . 23 . Akron Beacon Journal . Associated Press . Akron, Ohio . August 7, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807222010/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107150834/coughlin-expects-victory-tuesday/ . live .
  65. News: Hill . Edwin C. . June 22, 1936 . 'Pinks,' Brains, Politicians Make Strange Mixture . 23 . Akron Beacon Journal . International News Service . Akron, Ohio . August 7, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807222018/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107144510/pinks-brains-politicians-make/ . live .
  66. News: Peasron . Drew . Drew Pearson (journalist) . Allen . Robert S. . August 30, 1936 . The Daily Washington Merry-Go-Round . 4 . The Tribune . Coshocton, Ohio . August 7, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807221939/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107149360/the-daily-washington-merry-go-round/ . live .
  67. News: Collatz . E.C. . July 23, 1936 . Townsend Convention Account Given By Elsinore Delegate . 3 . Lake Elsinore Valley Sun-Tribune . Lake Elsinore, California . August 7, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807222012/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107148741/townsend-convention-account-given-by/ . live .
  68. News: Doran . Dorothy . January 22, 1937 . John Held, Jr., To Debut In Network Radio Series At Michigan University . 15 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . August 6, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807222013/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83692033/john-held-jr-to-debut-in-network/ . live .
  69. News: October 15, 1939 . Text of First Ruling of Code Compliance Committee . 17 . 13 . Broadcasting . 8 . August 7, 2022 . World Radio History . August 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807221936/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1939/1939-10-15-BC.pdf . live .
  70. News: October 6, 1939 . Code Compliance Under Way . 7 . 3753–3754 (1–2) . NAB Reports . National Association of Broadcasters . 40 . Washington, D.C. . August 7, 2022 . World Radio History . August 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807221936/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-NAB-Publications/NAB-Reports/NAB-Reports-1939-Q4.pdf . live .
  71. News: October 6, 1939 . Air Ruling Seen As 'Censorship' . 3 . The Evening Review . Associated Press . East Liverpool, Ohio . August 6, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220812211921/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83693085/air-ruling-seen-as-censorship/ . live .
  72. News: October 4, 1939 . Toledo Pastor Approves Ruling . 3 . Akron Beacon Journal . United Press . Akron, Ohio . August 6, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807221936/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83636128/toledo-pastor-approves-ruling/ . live .
  73. News: November 1, 1939 . C.I.O. Asks Union's Support in 'Voice' Issue . 17 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . August 6, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807221938/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85388462/cio-asks-unions-support-in-voice/ . live .
  74. News: Feran. Tom. May 6, 1997. Master of Monologue: Jack Paar. 9E. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. September 3, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804190754/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F80C5A5B32F3AE5&f=basic. live.
  75. Web site: Feather. Carl E.. August 21, 2008. Ashtabula/Harbor/Lakeside Schools Alumni Association to induct eight next week. live. September 4, 2021. Star Beacon. en. September 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210904055208/https://www.starbeacon.com/archives/ashtabula-harbor-lakeside-schools-alumni-association-to-induct-eight-next-week/article_36b27bd3-9e9d-53f9-b0ab-ffba523a8eae.html.
  76. News: Garmel. Marion. May 3, 1997. Grand-daddy of Late Night. 1-2. The Indianapolis News TV Time. Indianapolis, Indiana. September 3, 2021. Newspapers.com. September 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210903210528/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84664211/grand-daddy-of-late-night/. live.
  77. Web site: Kelly. Ray. October 26, 2008. Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of Orson Welles's panic radio broadcast The War of the Worlds. live. September 3, 2021. Wellesnet Orson Welles Web Resource. en-US. September 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210903210538/https://www.wellesnet.com/celebrating-the-70th-anniversary-of-orson-welless-panic-radio-broadcast-the-war-of-the-worlds/.
  78. News: Dawidziak. Mark. January 28, 2004. Jack Paar, talk show legend, dies Canton native changed late-night TV landscape. A1. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. September 2, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804190754/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/10062563301C9C51&f=basic. live.
  79. News: Miller. Arnold. June 18, 1961. Good Morning: I Kid You Not. 34A. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. September 6, 2021. September 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210907000037/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84863331/good-morning-i-kid-you-not/. live.
  80. News: December 1, 1938. Purely Programs: Morning Screen Gossip. 15. 49. Broadcasting-Advertising. 11. September 4, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925205559/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1938/1938-12-01-BC.pdf. live.
  81. News: November 24, 1941. Purely Programs: Comedy Show. 21. 38. Broadcasting-Advertising. 21. September 4, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925210944/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1941/1941-11-24-BC.pdf. live.
  82. News: Breckenridge. Tom. October 17, 2000. Wayne Mack, 89, Hosted legendary radio programs. 9B. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. September 4, 2021. NewsBank.
  83. News: Scott. Jane. Jane Scott (rock critic). August 25, 1996. Mack's still in town: Radio personality hasn't retired. 2J. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. September 4, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804190755/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F808D2DAAD59D79&f=basic. live.
  84. News: Marsters. Jack. October 11, 1963. Jack Paar Buys WMTW-TV. 6. The Gazette. Montreal, Canada. March 12, 2010. September 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210906001625/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BJMtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CZ4FAAAAIBAJ&dq=jack-paar%20wmtw&pg=6914,2158674. live.
  85. News: Baranick. Alana. April 5, 2005. Maury Condon, co-host with Jack Paar. B5. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. September 5, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804190755/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/1094D88034B0D1F5&f=basic. live.
  86. News: Barnett. David C.. March 3, 2008. Radio Show Chronicled Blacks' Harsh Realities. live. September 2, 2021. NPR.org. NPR Music. en. September 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210902231253/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=87780799.
  87. Web site: Davis. Dave. October 18, 2012. Wings Over Jordan Celebration Chorus sings Negro spirituals for 75th anniversary concert. live. September 2, 2021. cleveland.com. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. en. September 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210902231253/https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2012/10/wings_over_jordan_celebration.html.
  88. Web site: Hlavaty. Kaylyn. Fenner. Bob. February 25, 2021. John Foxhall, member of prominent Black choir Wings Over Jordan, dies at 94. live. September 2, 2021. WEWS. E. W. Scripps Company. en. September 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210902231254/https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/black-history-month/john-foxhall-member-of-prominent-black-choir-wings-over-jordan-dies-at-94.
  89. News: October 1, 1940. Chorus Will Give Concert At Delaware. 3. The Marysville Evening Tribune. September 2, 2021. September 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210902231257/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84589563/chorus-will-give-concert-at-delaware/. live.
  90. News: Hill. Edward. April 1, 1990. Heyday of Negro spirituals highlighted singer's mission. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. September 9, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804190755/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173EFEED4641C2C8&f=basic. live.
  91. Web site: May 25, 2018. Wings Over Jordan Choir (WOJC). live. September 2, 2021. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. en. September 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210902231255/https://case.edu/ech/articles/w/wings-over-jordan-choir-wojc.
  92. News: June 26, 1947. "Firsts" No Novelty to Famed Negro Choir. 3. The Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune. Chillicothe, Missouri. September 2, 2021. Newspapers.com. September 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210902231254/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84609170/firsts-no-novelty-to-famed-negro-choir/. live.
  93. News: March 31, 1941 . Their Organizations Winners of the 1940 Peabody Awards . 20 . 21 . Broadcasting-Broadcast Advertising . 12 . live . December 17, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151400/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1941/1941-03-31-BC.pdf . November 8, 2021 . World Radio History.
  94. News: July 17, 1941 . "Wings Over Jordan" to Broadcast Daily over WGAR . 1 . Call and Post . Cleveland, Ohio . live . September 2, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211215213323/https://newspaperarchive.com/entertainment-clipping-jul-19-1941-2884622/ . December 15, 2021 . NewspaperArchive.
  95. News: Ranson. Jo. February 18, 1942. Radio Dial Log: Elsa Maxwell On Allen Show. 18. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, New York. September 2, 2021. Newspapers.com. September 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210902232757/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84605615/radio-dial-log-elsa-maxwell-on-allen/. live.
  96. News: January 15, 1940. WGAR Seeks 730 kc.. 18. 17. Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 2. August 25, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925205952/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1940/1940-01-15-BC.pdf. live.
  97. Book: United States statutes at large containing the Laws and Concurrent Resolutions enacted during the first session of the Seventy-Seventh Congress of the United States of America 1941–1942 and Treaties, International Agreements other that Treaties, and Proclamations . United States Government Printing Office . 1942 . Washington, D.C. . 1430 . Assignments of United States Standard Broadcast Stations Listed by Frequency . August 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210716021101/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32437010939748&view=1up&seq=574 . July 16, 2021 . live . HathiTrust.
  98. News: March 30, 1942. Two Stations Seek 1220 kc. Channel: Use of Mexican Wave by U. S. Speculated in Capital. 22. 18. Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 13. August 26, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925211118/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1942/1942-03-30-BC.pdf. live.
  99. News: September 13, 1943. WGAR Is Granted Change to 1220kc: WIBC Gets 5,000 Watts; WHBC Slated for WGAR Spot. 25. 62. Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 11. August 26, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925211924/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1943/1943-09-13-BC.pdf. live.
  100. News: August 9, 1943. STORER SEEKS 50 kw STATION IN DETROIT. 25. 16. Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 6. August 26, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925211842/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1943/1943-08-09-BC.pdf. live.
  101. News: Doran. Dorothy. February 11, 1942. WADC Petitions FCC For Fifty Kilowatt Power. 20. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 26, 2021. August 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210826050716/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84157457/wadc-petitions-fcc-for-fifty-kilowatt/. live.
  102. News: May 4, 1942. FCC Issues Freeze Order, With Leeway: Two Stations Given Right to Boost Power. 22. 9, 51. Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 18. August 26, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925211146/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1942/1942-05-04-BC.pdf. live.
  103. News: April 13, 1942. Hearing Is Set By FCC On 1220 kc. 50 kw. Plea. 22. 62. Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 15. August 26, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925211129/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1942/1942-04-13-BC.pdf. live.
  104. News: May 11, 1942. Early 50 kw. Grant Is Refused WGAR: Will Be Heard Jointly With Similar WADC Petition. 22. 114. Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 19. August 26, 2021. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925211154/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1942/1942-05-11-BC.pdf. live.
  105. News: November 8, 1943. WGAR Is Granted Change to 1220: FCC Action Paves Way for 50,000 w Operation. 25. 69. Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 19. August 26, 2021. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925212007/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1943/1943-11-08-BC.pdf. live.
  106. News: June 5, 1944. WGAR Makes a Move. 26. 20. Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 23. August 26, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925212403/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1944/1944-06-05-BC.pdf. live.
  107. News: October 28, 1946. WADC Petition Seeks to Eliminate Waivers to Multiple Ownership Rules. 31. 72. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 17. August 26, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925214405/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1946/1946-10-28-BC.pdf. live.
  108. News: October 14, 1946. WGAR Given Proposed 50-kw Grant: FCC Bolts Precedent; Would Deny Two At Biloxi. 31. 88. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 15. August 26, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925214340/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1946/1946-10-14-BC.pdf. live.
  109. News: February 11, 1946. Conditional Grant Issued to WGAR. 30. 84. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 6. August 26, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925213621/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1946/1946-02-11-BC.pdf. live.
  110. News: May 20, 1946. WGAR 50 kw Grant Reversed On Petition Filed by WADC. 30. 24. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 20. August 26, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925213945/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1946/1946-05-20-BC.pdf. live.
  111. News: February 25, 1946. WADC Challenges FCC WGAR Grant. 30. 93. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 8. August 26, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925213647/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1946/1946-02-25-BC.pdf. live.
  112. News: November 4, 1946. FCC Jurisdiction Over WADC Defied: Authority on Program Plans Challenged By Station. 31. 85. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 18. August 26, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925214420/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1946/1946-11-04-BC.pdf. live.
  113. News: November 11, 1946. WGAR Says WADC Estopped In Challenging FCC Authority. 31. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 19. August 26, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925214438/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1946/1946-11-11-BC.pdf. live.
  114. News: May 23, 1947. Deny WADC Power Boost. 13. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 26, 2021. August 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210826220150/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84197038/deny-wadc-power-boost/. live.
  115. News: July 7, 1947. WADC Censorship Charge Refuted: Plea of Akron Station For WGAR 50-kw Case Rehearing Denied. 33. 38. Broadcasting-Telecasting. Broadcasting. 1. August 26, 2021. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925215013/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1947/1947-07-07-BC.pdf. live.
  116. News: July 7, 1947. WGAR's Power Output Is Boosted to 50 KW. 33. 17. Broadcasting-Telecasting. Broadcasting. 1. August 26, 2021. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925215013/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1947/1947-07-07-BC.pdf. live.
  117. News: November 22, 1948. Richards: Probe of News Policies Ordered. 35. 30, 70–71. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 21. August 29, 2021. World Radio History. August 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210829152150/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1948/1948-11-22-BC.pdf. live.
  118. Zhito. Lee. March 6, 1948. Ex-KMPC'ers Blow Whistle: Charge Richards Ordered News Slanted To Promote Own Political Beliefs, Also Claim Smear Orders on Roosevelts, Hughes, Jews, Etc.. 60. Billboard. 10. August 29, 2021. World Radio History. September 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924040857/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/40s/1948/Billboard%201948-03-06.pdf. live.
  119. News: Crosby . John . John Crosby (media critic) . March 9, 1948 . Radio In Review: Freedom Of Speech On The Air . 16 . The Evening Review . New York Herald Tribune . East Liverpool, Ohio . August 29, 2021 . Newspapers.com . August 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210829064120/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84336684/radio-in-review-freedom-of-speech-on/ . live .
  120. March 20, 1948. Roberts Hits KMPC Defense; Insists News Slant Fight, Not Economy, Forced Exit, Ex-News Chief Adds To Richards Charges. 60. 3–4. Billboard. 12. August 29, 2021. World Radio History. September 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924041010/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/40s/1948/Billboard%201948-03-20.pdf. live.
  121. March 13, 1948. Starrels Adds New Statement Against KMPC: 'Bugsy Was a Jew'. 60. 3, 8. Billboard. 11. August 29, 2021. World Radio History. September 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924040939/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/40s/1948/Billboard%201948-03-13.pdf. live.
  122. March 13, 1948. Charges Against KMPC Stir FCC & Congressional Reaction. 60. 3, 8, 14. Billboard. 11. August 29, 2021. September 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924040939/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/40s/1948/Billboard%201948-03-13.pdf. live.
  123. March 20, 1948. Richards Tiff Joined by AJC And Politicos, James Roosevelt Involved. 60. 3, 8. Billboard. 12. August 29, 2021. World Radio History. September 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924041010/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/40s/1948/Billboard%201948-03-20.pdf. live.
  124. Carson . Saul . December 6, 1948 . RADIO: Freedom and License . . 119 . 23 . 34–36 . . EBSCOHost.
  125. March 20, 1948. FCC Studies KMPC Fuss; Delays Decish on Hearing. 60. 3–4. Billboard. 12. August 29, 2021. World Radio History. September 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924041010/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/40s/1948/Billboard%201948-03-20.pdf. live.
  126. News: March 29, 1948. KMPC Probe: FCC Takes Formal Action. 34. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 13. August 29, 2021. World Radio History. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925215715/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1948/1948-03-29-BC.pdf. live.
  127. News: Offineer. Bee. February 24, 1949. Cartoon Suggests TV Idea. 10. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 29, 2021. August 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210829152146/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84346586/cartoon-suggests-tv-idea/. live.
  128. News: November 16, 1948 . Public Hearing Called On KMPC Newscasting . 9 . Los Angeles Evening Citizen News . Hollywood, California . August 29, 2021 . Newspapers.com . August 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210829152149/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84346120/public-hearing-called-on-kmpc/ . live .
  129. News: February 28, 1949. Richards: Admits Some Error; Asks to Be Heard. 36. 30. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 9. August 29, 2021. World Radio History. August 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210829152145/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1949/1949-02-28-BC.pdf. live.
  130. News: April 25, 1949. Richards' Plan: Trusteeship Outlined. 36. 30, 40. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 17. August 29, 2021. World Radio History. August 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210829152149/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1949/1949-04-25-BC.pdf. live.
  131. News: March 21, 1949. Richards: Health, Trusteeship Win FCC Delay. 36. 26, 63. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 12. August 29, 2021. World Radio History. August 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210829152146/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1949/1949-03-21-BC.pdf. live.
  132. News: August 1, 1949. Richards: Hearing Planned on Trusteeship, Renewal. 37. 27, 42. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 5. August 30, 2021. World Radio History. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830043247/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1949/1949-08-01-BC.pdf. live.
  133. Web site: April 25, 1949 . Minutes of meeting of Committee on Overt Anti-Semitism held at the office of the NCRAC Monday, April 25, 1949 at 12:30. . August 30, 2021 . American Jewish Committee Archives . July 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200714010113/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/TV4.PDF . live .
  134. News: March 14, 1950. Radio License Renewal Fight Goes Into FCC Hearing Here. 1-II, 2-II. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Newspapers.com. August 31, 2021. August 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210831214151/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84491277/radio-license-renewal-fight-goes-into/. live.
  135. News: March 15, 1950 . Anti-Semitism Charge Made at FCC Hearing . 26 . The Bakersfield Californian . Associated Press . Bakersfield, California . August 31, 2021 . August 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210831214153/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1683530/1950-antisemitism-and-sarnoff-nbc/ . live .
  136. News: March 29, 1950. 'Be-bop' Ban At KMPC, Witness Says. 1. Hollywood Citizen-News. August 31, 2021. August 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210831214156/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84487419/be-bop-ban-at-kmpc-witness-says/. live.
  137. News: March 25, 1950 . Ex-KMPC Employee Says He Ignored Richards . 8 . Los Angeles Evening Citizen News . Hollywood, California . August 31, 2021 . Newspapers.com . August 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210831214155/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84488533/ex-kmpc-employee-says-he-ignored/ . live .
  138. News: May 5, 1950 . Rap Roberts, FCC Witness In Congress . 1-Section 2 . Pasadena Independent . International News Service . Pasadena, California . August 31, 2021 . Newspapers.com . August 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210831214148/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84488022/rap-roberts-fcc-witness-in-congress/ . live .
  139. News: June 12, 1950. Laud Richards: 'Hill' Defenders Rally. 38. 89. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 24. August 31, 2021. World Radio History. August 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210831214149/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1950/BC-1950-06-12.pdf. live.
  140. News: June 1, 1950. Richards Granted New Hearing in KMPC Radio Case. 5-Section 3. The Pomona Progress Bulletin. Associated Press. August 31, 2021. August 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210831214150/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84487754/richards-granted-new-hearing-in-kmpc/. live.
  141. News: June 7, 1950. FCC to Get 7000 KMPC News Scripts. 19. Hollywood Citizen-News. August 31, 2021. August 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210831214148/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84491643/fcc-to-get-7000-kmpc-news-scripts/. live.
  142. News: June 30, 1950. One Phase of Hearing In KMPC Case Near End. 3. Hollywood Citizen-News. August 31, 2021. August 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210831214151/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84492048/one-phase-of-hearing-in-kmpc-case-near/. live.
  143. News: July 12, 1950. Richards' Health Issue Up Again in FCC Case. 2-II. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Newspapers.com. August 31, 2021. August 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210831214151/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84490525/richards-health-issue-up-again-in-fcc/. live.
  144. News: July 28, 1950. FCC Makes New Demand for Richards' Testimony. 10-I. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Newspapers.com. August 31, 2021. August 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210831214152/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84492239/fcc-makes-new-demand-for-richards/. live.
  145. News: August 31, 1950. KMPC Hearing Recesses; Defense to Call Bowron. 2. Hollywood Citizen-News. August 31, 2021. August 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210831214153/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84493005/kmpc-hearing-recesses-defense-to-call/. live.
  146. Morse . Arthur D. . February 12, 1949 . Poison on the Air? . . 168 . 7 . 182–185 . . EBSCOhost.
  147. News: October 17, 1950. Red Influence in KMPC License Dispute Charged. 27-I. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Newspapers.com. August 31, 2021. August 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210831231712/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84499131/red-influence-in-kmpc-license-dispute/. live.
  148. News: November 24, 1950. NCRAC Defends FCC's Investigation of Richards. 18. The Jewish News. August 31, 2021. University of Michigan. August 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210831231714/https://digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1950.11.24.001/18. live.
  149. News: December 25, 1950. Richards Probe: To Drop Trustee Plan. 39. 34. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 26. September 1, 2021. World Radio History. September 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210901051316/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1950/BC-1950-12-25.pdf. live.
  150. News: Francis. Warren B.. May 16, 1951. Ban Urged on Richards Radio Chain. I-17. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Newspapers.com. August 29, 2021. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830043251/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84393193/ban-urged-on-richards-radio-chain/. live.
  151. News: May 15, 1951. FCC Asked to 'Silence' KMPC. 1. San Pedro News-Pilot. Associated Press. August 29, 2021. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830043247/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84393861/fcc-asked-to-silence-kmpc/. live.
  152. News: May 15, 1951. Plea to Silence Radio KMPC Filed With FCC. 1. Hollywood Citizen-News. United Press. August 29, 2021. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830043300/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84393227/plea-to-silence-radio-kmpc-filed-with/. live.
  153. News: June 18, 1951. Richards Case: Examiner Proposes Dismissal. 40. 26. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 25. August 30, 2021. World Radio History. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830201103/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1951/BC-1951-06-18.pdf. live.
  154. News: May 28, 1951. Owner Of Radio Stations Dies. 25. Dayton Daily News. Dayton, Ohio. United Press. August 29, 2021. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830043250/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84394336/owner-of-radio-stations-dies/. live.
  155. News: June 4, 1951. George Arthur Richards: 1889–1951. 40. 25, 91. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 23. August 29, 2021. World Radio History. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830043250/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1951/BC-1951-06-04.pdf. live.
  156. News: May 31, 1951. Pastor Calls G. A. Richards Death 'Murder'. I-9. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Newspapers.com. United Press. August 30, 2021. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830043249/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84395421/pastor-calls-g-a-richards-death/. live.
  157. News: July 2, 1951. Goodwill Stations: Ask Immediate Renewal. 41. 29, 38. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 1. August 30, 2021. World Radio History. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830201106/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1951/BC-1951-07-02.pdf. live.
  158. News: June 11, 1951. Trust Fund Created In G. A. Richards Will. 40. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 24. August 30, 2021. World Radio History. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830201102/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1951/BC-1951-06-11.pdf. live.
  159. News: December 3, 1951. Richards's Renewals: FCC Ends Lang Case. 41. 23, 104. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 23. August 30, 2021. World Radio History. August 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210826215545/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1951/BC-1951-12-03.pdf. live.
  160. News: Francis. Lorania K.. November 29, 1951. Licenses Given Three Richards Radio Stations. I-25. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Newspapers.com. August 30, 2021. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830201103/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84425840/licenses-given-three-richards-radio/. live.
  161. News: December 6, 1953. Insurance Firm Buys Station. SECOND-18. Dayton Daily News. Dayton, Ohio. Associated Press. August 30, 2021. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830201102/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84423568/insurance-firm-buys-station/. live.
  162. News: December 7, 1953. Radio Stations Are Sold In Cleveland, Spokane. 21. The Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati, Ohio. International News Service. August 30, 2021. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830201103/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84425698/radio-stations-are-sold-in-cleveland/. live.
  163. News: December 7, 1953. Ohio Radio Station Sold For $1,750,000. 4. The Greenville Daily Advocate. United Press. August 30, 2021. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830201101/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84423118/ohio-radio-station-sold-for-1750000/. live.
  164. News: December 7, 1953. WGAR, KXLY-AM-TV Sold; Sales Total $3.7 Million. 45. 64, 66. Broadcasting-Telecasting. 23. August 30, 2021. World Radio History. February 18, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220218063232/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1953/BC-1953-12-07.pdf. live.
  165. News: Griffin. Velma. July 14, 1971. Carroll student working in state survey program. C-5. The Daily Reporter. Dover, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 30, 2021. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830043258/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84059596/carroll-student-working-in-state-survey/. live.
  166. News: Offineer . Bee . March 7, 1950 . Bob Neal Joins WERE Staff: May Assist In Game Broadcasts This Year . 30 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . August 10, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220810052504/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107311998/bob-neal-joins-were-staff-may-assist/ . live .
  167. News: July 28, 1954 . Coleman, McColgan Browns Announcers . 10 . The Daily Times . International News Service . New Philadelphia, Ohio . August 10, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220810052502/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107311306/coleman-mccolgan-browns-announcers/ . live .
  168. News: July 10, 1962 . WERE To Air Browns' Tilts This Season . 36 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . August 10, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220810052457/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107311693/were-to-air-browns-tilts-this-season/ . live .
  169. News: November 10, 2002 . The voices of Browns games past . J6 . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . August 10, 2022 . NewsBank . August 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220814045615/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/user/login?destination=document-view%3Fp%3DNewsBank%26t%3Dfavorite%253APDBCPDWE%2521Plain%2520Dealer%2520Collection%26sort%3DYMD_date%253AD%26fld-base-0%3Dalltext%26maxresults%3D20%26val-base-0%3D%2522The%2520voices%2520of%2520Browns%2520games%2520past%2522%26docref%3Dnews/0F87C5EA669E134F . live .
  170. News: Shippy . Dick . May 26, 1961 . Along Radio-TV Row: Columnist Has Egg On His 'Pan' . 39 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . August 10, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220810052458/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107312190/along-radio-tv-row-columnist-has-egg/ . live .
  171. News: Schlemmer . Jim . February 23, 1947 . Fesler Speaks: Buckeye Coach Visits Falls For Booster Club's Banquet Feting Buckeye Bantam Team . 1C–2C . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . August 10, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220810052458/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107260983/fesler-speaks-buckeye-coach-visits/ . live .
  172. News: Gottlieb . Ken . April 1, 1984 . Chat-strong Armstrong: Talk has kept him on Cleveland radio for 40 years . C1, C4 . Elyria Chronicle-Telegram . Elyria, Ohio . August 9, 2022 . NewspaperArchive . October 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211027190623/https://newspaperarchive.com/entertainment-clipping-apr-01-1984-2748556/ . live .
  173. News: Wallace . Julie . September 17, 1989 . 'Mayer in the morning' surrounded by memories . E6 . Elyria Chronicle-Telegram . Elyria, Ohio . August 9, 2022 . NewspaperArchive . August 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220809175300/https://newspaperarchive.com/entertainment-clipping-sep-17-1989-2803480/ . live .
  174. News: November 6, 1961 . 50-kw WGAR going from CBS to NBC . 61 . 78 . Broadcasting . 19 . live . December 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211104213524/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1961/1961-11-06-BC.pdf . November 4, 2021 . World Radio History.
  175. News: August 16, 1965 . WGAR to switch from NBC to ABC Radio . 69 . 78 . Broadcasting . 7 . August 11, 2022 . World Radio History . April 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220409005941/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1965/1965-08-16-BC.pdf . live .
  176. News: November 27, 1967 . WHAS, KWKH back to CBS: End ABC Radio ties Jan. 1 when network's new format gets underway . 73 . 79 . Broadcasting . 22 . August 11, 2022 . World Radio History . December 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211221103225/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1967/1967-11-27-BC.pdf . live .
  177. February 5, 1966 . Radio Response Rating: Cleveland, Ohio... 3rd Cycle: Stations By Format . 78 . 20, 22 . Billboard . 6 . August 9, 2022 . World Radio History . February 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220208152449/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/60s/1966/Billboard%201966-02-05.pdf . live .
  178. News: July 27, 1959 . Fates & Fortunes . 57 . 82, 84, 86–88 . Broadcasting . 4 . August 9, 2022 . World Radio History . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151449/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-07-27-BC.pdf . live .
  179. News: Shippy . Dick . April 11, 1969 . A Sense Of Apology: Just When Do You Feel It's Due? . B3 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . August 9, 2022 . Newspapers.com . August 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220809180050/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83660339/a-sense-of-apology-just-when-do-you/ . live .
  180. News: October 13, 1947 . Cleveland Gets 7 FM Grants; Two to Akron, One to Elyria . 33 . 85 . Broadcasting-Telecasting . 15 . August 10, 2022 . World Radio History . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108154441/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1947/1947-10-13-BC.pdf . live .
  181. News: September 18, 1967 . Week's Profile: Nationwide succeeds by stimulating . 73 . 93 . Broadcasting . 12 . August 10, 2022 . World Radio History . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108152423/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1967/1967-09-18-BC.pdf . live .
  182. September 19, 1970. WGAR 'Promo' Sparks New Play. 82. 24, 27. Billboard. 38. August 17, 2021. World Radio History. August 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818044612/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1970/1970-09-19-Billboard-Page-0024.pdf. live.
  183. News: August 11, 1970. Named As WGAR General Manager. 3. Bucyrus Telegraph-Forum. United Press International. August 17, 2021. August 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818044559/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83653430/named-as-wgar-general-manager/. live.
  184. News: September 14, 1970. Changing Formats. 79. 57-58. Broadcasting. 11. August 17, 2021. August 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818044558/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/70-OCR/1970-09-14-BC-OCR-Page-0057.pdf. live.
  185. Book: Olszewski. Mike. WIXY 1260: Pixies, Six-Packs, and Supermen. Berg. Richard. Wolff. Carlo. Black Squirrel Books. 2011. 978-1-60635-099-7. Kent, Ohio. 88. August 4, 2022. September 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210926105224/https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/Station-Books/WIXY-1260-Olszewski-Berk-2011.pdf. live.
  186. January 9, 1971. Imus Focuses on 'New Humor'. 83. 25, 26. Billboard. 2. August 17, 2021. World Radio History. August 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818044603/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1971/1971-01-09-Billboard-Page-0021.pdf. live.
  187. News: September 14, 1970. Media notes. 79. 48. Broadcasting. 11. August 17, 2021. World Radio History. August 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818044602/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/70-OCR/1970-09-14-BC-OCR-Page-0046.pdf. live.
  188. Tiegel. Eliot. October 17, 1970. MGM Pitch On 'Top 40'. 82. 1, 33. Billboard. 42. August 18, 2021. World Radio History. August 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818044554/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1970/1970-10-17-Billboard-Page-0001.pdf. live.
  189. News: April 10, 1972. 'They're playing our song' at WGAR. 82. 98, 100. Broadcasting. 15. August 18, 2021. December 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211230161320/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/72-OCR/1972-04-10-BC-OCR-Page-0098.pdf. live.
  190. Hall. Claude. October 24, 1970. Vox Jox. 82. 34. Billboard. 43. August 18, 2021. World Radio History. August 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818044555/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1970/1970-10-24-Billboard-Page-0034.pdf. live.
  191. Hall. Claude. December 23, 1967. Vox Jox. 79. 20. Billboard. 51. August 18, 2021. World Radio History. August 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818044605/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1967/Billboard%201967-12-23-OCR-Page-0020.pdf. live.
  192. Hall. Claude. July 20, 1968. Vox Jox. 80. 18, 20. Billboard. 28. August 18, 2021. World Radio History. August 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818044607/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1968/Billboard%201968-07-20-OCR-Page-0018.pdf. live.
  193. News: September 29, 1970. Dinah Excellent, But Show Uneven. 24. The Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati, Ohio. August 18, 2021. August 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818044554/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83659061/dinah-excellent-but-show-uneven/. live.
  194. November 14, 1970. WGAR Push On Deejay. 82. 26. Billboard. 46. August 18, 2021. World Radio History. August 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818052859/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1970/1970-11-14-Billboard-Page-0094.pdf. live.
  195. News: September 12, 1971. Behind The Scenes: No Rock For The Garden. 27. Akron Beacon Journal TV Preview. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 18, 2021. August 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818153222/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83644630/behind-the-scenes-no-rock-for-the/. live.
  196. News: Adams. Val. January 2, 1972. Radio Roundup. 24S. New York Daily News. New York, New York. August 27, 2021. Newspapers.com. August 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210827041120/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83660930/radio-roundup/. live.
  197. News: May 21, 1972. Behind the Scenes: The Mouth Still Roars. 26. Akron Beacon Journal TV Preview. Akron, Ohio. August 17, 2021. Newspapers.com. August 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818044600/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83644740/behind-the-scenes-the-mouth-still-roars/. live.
  198. Bornstein. Rollye. January 7, 1984. Vox Jox. 96. 10, 17. Billboard. 1. August 20, 2021. World Radio History. September 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924182611/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1984/BB-1984-01-07.pdf. live.
  199. News: Porter. Mickey. February 7, 1975. It's Dangerous To Go To Lunch. B22. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 26, 2021. August 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210827041122/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83644935/its-dangerous-to-go-to-lunch/. live.
  200. News: Lally. Charles. January 2, 1977. The morning shows where anything goes. E1, E5. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 26, 2021. August 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210827041117/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83690400/the-morning-shows-where-anything-goes/. live.
  201. Web site: Goodrich. Barry. December 18, 2017. John Lanigan Isn't Shy About Sharing His Opinions. live. August 27, 2021. Cleveland Magazine. en. August 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210827041127/https://clevelandmagazine.com/in-the-cle/articles/john-lanigan-isn%27t-shy-about-sharing-his-opinions.
  202. News: November 5, 1973. Fates & Fortunes®: Programming. 85. 52–54. Broadcasting. 19. August 28, 2021. World Radio History. August 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210828052913/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1973/1973-11-05-BC.pdf. live.
  203. News: October 28, 1974. Fates & Fortunes®: Programming. 87. 42–44. Broadcasting. 16. August 28, 2021. World Radio History. August 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210828052913/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1974/1974-10-28-BC.pdf. live.
  204. News: May 7, 1971. Watkins Named To WGAR Post. B18. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 28, 2021. August 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210828052913/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84060487/watkins-named-to-wgar-post/. live.
  205. News: August 12, 1974. Headliners. 87. Broadcasting. 7. August 28, 2021. World Radio History. August 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210828052915/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1974/1974-08-12-BC.pdf. live.
  206. News: Porter. Mickey. December 8, 1974. Mickey Porter's tipoff. B1. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. February 9, 2022. Newspapers.com. February 9, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220209213303/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83690506/mickey-porters-tipoff/. live.
  207. News: Kornheiser. Tony. Tony Kornheiser. January 7, 1975. New Voice in the Big Apple. 5A. Newsday Part II. Hempstead, New York. February 9, 2022. Newspapers.com. February 9, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220209213306/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94596092/new-voice-in-the-big-apple/. live.
  208. News: Kerins. Annabelle. September 29, 1981. Radio: Love affair with rock. 31. Newsday Part II. Hempstead, New York. February 9, 2022. Newspapers.com. February 9, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220209213305/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94600290/radio-love-affair-with-rock/. live.
  209. News: March 1, 1975. Energy Address On WKSU-FM. B11. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 28, 2021. August 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210828052913/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84275572/energy-address-on-wksu-fm/. live.
  210. Web site: Vigil. Jerry. October 1, 1994. R.A.P. Interview: The Real Bob James. February 9, 2022. Radio And Production. en-gb. February 9, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220209213305/https://rapmag.com/a/288-94/oct94/1182-r-a-p-interview-the-real-bob-james. live.
  211. News: Dyer. Bob. May 21, 1988. WWWE's Fig Newton quits job after report of child porn charges. A8. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. February 9, 2022. Newspapers.com. November 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211112062925/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88551098/wwwes-fig-newton-quits-job-after/. live.
  212. News: Hoffman. Steve. August 21, 1979. Ryan Lands Job In Cleveland. B10. The Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati, Ohio. February 9, 2022. Newspapers.com. February 9, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220209213303/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83790896/ryan-lands-job-in-cleveland/. live.
  213. News: January 29, 1982. Transtar Debuts February 1. 1, 26. Radio & Records. 417. August 19, 2021. September 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210928125317/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1980s/1982/RR-1982-01-29.pdf. live.
  214. News: February 19, 1982. Street Talk. 16. Radio & Records. 420. August 19, 2021. August 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210819051303/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-RandR-IDX/IDX/80s/82/RR-1982-02-19-OCR-Page-0016.pdf. live.
  215. News: Bianculli. David. March 3, 1982. Aim antenna better if you want to get Channel 67. D5. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 20, 2021. August 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210819051302/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83721841/aim-antenna-better-if-you-want-to-get/. live.
  216. May 8, 1982. Vox Jox. 94. 29, 30. Billboard. 18. August 19, 2021. August 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210819051259/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1982/1982-05-08-Billboard-Page-0029.pdf. live.
  217. News: September 9, 1983. WGAR Taps Lanigan As PD. 3. Radio & Records. 500. August 18, 2021. August 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210819051259/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-RandR-IDX/IDX/80s/83/RR-1983-09-09-OCR-Page-0003.pdf. live.
  218. Bornstein. Rollye. April 30, 1983. Vox Jox. 95. 12, 15, 17. Billboard. 18. August 18, 2021. August 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210819051306/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1983/1983-04-30-Billboard-Page-0012.pdf. live.
  219. Arnold. Thomas K.. July 14, 1984. Clark Promoted As WGAR Goes Country. 96. 12. Billboard. 28. August 19, 2021. August 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210819051300/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1984/1984-07-14-Billboard-Page-0012.pdf. live.
  220. Bornstein. Rollye. September 10, 1983. Vox Jox: Collier Leaves WGAR For WRSW (sic). 95. 12, 64. Billboard. 37. August 18, 2021. August 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210819051302/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1983/1983-09-10-Billboard-Page-0012.pdf. live.
  221. News: Dawidziak. Mark. May 31, 1984. Few can hear AM stereo, but No. 1 WAKR sending it. D10. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 17, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210559/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83623668/few-can-hear-am-stereo-but-no-1-wakr/. live.
  222. News: February 7, 1984. Lanigan leaving for Tampa. D6. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 17, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210559/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83632519/lanigan-leaving-for-tampa/. live.
  223. News: Zban. Milan. September 16, 1984. The serious side of Billy J. 22, 24–25. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 17, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210601/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83631915/the-serious-side-of-billy-j/. live.
  224. Book: Gorman. John. The Buzzard: Inside the Glory Days of WMMS and Cleveland Rock Radio. Feran. Tom. Gray & Co. 2007. 9781886228474. Cleveland. Gorman. John Gorman (radio executive).
  225. News: July 6, 1984. WGAR Switches From A/C To Country. 1, 25. Radio & Records. 541. August 17, 2021. World Radio History. October 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211001080609/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1980s/1984/RR-1984-07-06.pdf. live.
  226. News: Dyer. Bob. April 6, 1986. FCC drops AM/FM separate programming rule. D2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815152039/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83483316/fcc-drops-separate-amfm-programming/. live.
  227. Web site: Moore. Tom. September 22, 2011. WGAR and WMJI's Chuck Collier has passed away. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110924091024/http://www.wtam.com/cc-common/news/sections/newsarticle.html?feed=122520&article=9150872. September 24, 2011. August 19, 2021. The BIG One - WTAM 1100. iHeartMedia.
  228. Web site: Country Music DJ Hall announces inductees. August 19, 2021. www.countrystandardtime.com. August 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210819051301/https://www.countrystandardtime.com/news/newsitem.asp?xid=2207. live.
  229. Web site: Yarborough. Chuck. September 24, 2011. WGAR's Chuck Collier leaves behind a legacy of love, warmth and a passion for country artists and music. live. August 19, 2021. cleveland.com. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. en. August 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210819051303/https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2011/09/wgars_chuck_collier_leaves_beh.html.
  230. News: Sowd. David. February 23, 1990. Search narrows for WZAK. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 20, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804222146/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173EFFF335F2F960&f=basic. live.
  231. Web site: April 4, 1986. In the Matter of Amendment of Section 73.242 of the Commission's Rules and Regulations In Regard to AM-FM Program Duplication. Federal Communications Commission. June 26, 2019. January 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190124223058/https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-86-132A1.pdf. live.
  232. News: October 17, 1986. CHR ENDS WGCL CALLS: Gorman WNCX VP, Sanders PD. 1, 4. Radio & Records. live. December 18, 2019. March 22, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220322181113/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1980s/1986/RR-1986-10-17.pdf.
  233. News: Helton. Lon. November 21, 1986. Summertime Less Than Good Ol' Time. 61–62. Radio & Records. 662. August 22, 2021. World Radio History. September 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210928130311/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1980s/1986/RR-1986-11-21.pdf. live.
  234. News: Shippy. Dick. December 1, 1987. Wolsteins' radio purchases won't affect Force, for now. D3. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815152036/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83483631/wolsteins-radio-purchases-wont/. live.
  235. News: Shippy. Dick. September 20, 1987. American soccer takes another step. E15. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815152038/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83484895/american-soccer-takes-another-step/. live.
  236. News: Helton. Lon. July 27, 1990. WIL, WGAR Post Big Gains. 60. Radio & Records. 850. August 19, 2021. August 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210820063925/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-RandR-IDX/IDX/90s/90/RR-1990-07-27-OCR-Page-0060.pdf. live.
  237. News: Dyer. Bob. July 26, 1987. Gentlemen, start your calculators. C1, C6. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815152036/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83483458/gentlemen-start-your-calculators/. live.
  238. News: Sowd. David. January 14, 1990. Where's local radio news? Cutbacks leave a big void. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 19, 2021. NewsBank. July 6, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194752/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news%2F173EA82095FE2C38&f=basic. live.
  239. News: Dyer. Bob. August 1, 1987. Radio myth up in smoke: Stations share studios after fire. A1, A3. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815152039/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83483388/radio-myth-up-in-smoke-stations-share/. live.
  240. News: Dyer. Bob. January 21, 1990. New station owner takes charge in a big way. H2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815060030/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45077698/new-station-owner-takes-charge-in-a-big/. live.
  241. News: Sowd. David. January 19, 1990. WMMS tops in Birch ratings. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 20, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183035/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173EA6EE27465DF8&f=basic. live.
  242. News: Dyer. Bob. May 6, 1990. Sports talker does the best with the juice he's got. C2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815060030/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45085419/sports-talker-does-the-best-with-the/. live.
  243. News: Sowd. David. April 20, 1990. Consultant rides the 'Wave'. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 19, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183035/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173EA8BA17E7D3C8&f=basic. live.
  244. News: Ocker. Sheldon. Sheldon Ocker. October 10, 1994. And now, a word from.... B1, B5. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817035043/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45067729/and-now-a-word-from/. live.
  245. News: Sowd. David. June 28, 1990. Little difference for now on WKNR. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 20, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183037/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173EA9224C920868&f=basic. live.
  246. News: Sowd. David. July 7, 1990. Lite Rock' wins ratings war. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 20, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183036/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173EFEF4ACDB17E0&f=basic. live.
  247. News: Lebovitz. Hal. Hal Lebovitz. June 10, 1990. Whitmore knows football?. 3C. Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815060027/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83473030/whitmore-knows-football/. live.
  248. News: Sowd. David. September 28, 1990. WKNR moves to new format. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 20, 2021. NewsBank. February 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220203042654/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news%2F173D9D2355064B30&f=basic. live.
  249. News: Sowd. David. August 3, 1990. Local talk lacking on airwaves. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 20, 2021. NewsBank. February 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220203042654/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news%2F173EA87B12B104D8&f=basic. live.
  250. News: Sowd. David. March 15, 1991. Home bands get station boost. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 20, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183034/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173F00C7D1AC75B8&f=basic. live.
  251. News: Lubinger. Bill. June 24, 1990. WGAR-FM to move to Independence. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 20, 2021. NewsBank.
  252. News: Dyer. Bob. January 27, 1991. WKNR poised to make major sports/talk impact. D2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815060028/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45065319/wknr-poised-to-make-major-sportstalk/. live.
  253. News: Dyer. Bob. July 23, 1991. WKNR radio boots general manager out the door after 7 months at helm. C2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815184533/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45084809/wknr-radio-boots-general-manager-out/. live.
  254. Ross. Sean. January 19, 1991. Vox Jox. 16. Billboard. December 22, 2019. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183031/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1991/BB-1991-01-19.pdf. live.
  255. News: Dyer. Bob. December 30, 1990. Teens are finding WPHR as popular as a mall. G2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815184533/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45061511/teens-are-finding-wphr-as-popular-as-a/. live.
  256. News: Sowd. David. January 18, 1991. Sports addicts get more talk. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 20, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183035/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173EA80DE7ADB700&f=basic. live.
  257. News: Dyer. Bob. September 1, 1991. 'Feagler!' bids viewers adieu. D2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815191004/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45086243/feagler-bids-viewers-adieu/. live.
  258. News: September 5, 1991. WKNR will go all sports with morning show. C3. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815184533/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45085085/wknr-will-go-all-sports-with-morning/. live.
  259. News: Murphey. Fran. October 8, 1995. Broadcasters honored. B2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 17, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817175856/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83510475/broadcasters-honored/. live.
  260. News: Lebovitz. Hal. Hal Lebovitz. January 20, 1991. White House wants games to go on as planned. 3E. Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815212140/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83508051/white-house-wants-games-to-go-on-as/. live.
  261. News: Lebovitz. Hal. Hal Lebovitz. February 24, 1991. Tribe skipper asks: Is it live or Memorex?. 3E. Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815212137/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83504752/tribe-skipper-asks-is-it-live-or/. live.
  262. News: Ocker. Sheldon. September 1, 1991. Will Tribe announcer Score have same fate as Harwell?. E6. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815212139/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45089033/will-tribe-announcer-score-have-same/. live.
  263. News: Lebovitz. Hal. November 17, 1991. Swindell deal opens door for Candy's return. 3E. Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815212137/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83507365/swindell-deal-opens-door-for-candys/. live.
  264. News: Nold. Bob. December 24, 1991. Holiday treat: Tribe in Series. D1. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 15, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815212137/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45104747/holiday-treat-tribe-in-series/. live.
  265. News: Dyer. Bob. June 7, 1992. Sports talker loves to trash local legends. D1, D10. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 17, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817175901/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45070501/sports-talker-loves-to-trash-local/. live.
  266. News: Dyer. Bob. September 5, 1993. Sports mouth worth hearing is gone. D2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 17, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817175900/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83524160/sports-mouth-worth-hearing-is-gone/. live.
  267. News: Moore. Tom. December 6, 1991. Radio talk show hosts terrorize sports fans. 5. Daily Kent Stater. Kent, Ohio. August 17, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817175858/https://dks.library.kent.edu/?a=d&d=dks19911206-01.2.29. live.
  268. News: Dyer. Bob. November 29, 1992. Will WEWS get a national plug?. D2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 17, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817175857/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45076991/will-wews-get-a-national-plug/. live.
  269. News: Dyer. Bob. October 18, 1992. Local TV news teams go far and away for special reports. D2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 17, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817175901/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45078097/local-tv-news-teams-go-far-and-away-for/. live.
  270. Web site: Macek. Frank. April 28, 2008. Director's Cut Blog with Frank Macek: Where Are They Now?: Thor Tolo. live. August 17, 2021. Director's Cut Blog with Frank Macek. Tegna, Inc.. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817175857/https://wkycdirectorscut.blogspot.com/2008/04/where-are-they-now-thor-tolo.html.
  271. News: May 5, 1994. WKNR adds Wolfe to morning broadcast. C7. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 17, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817175856/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83536796/wknr-adds-wolfe-to-morning-broadcast/. live.
  272. News: Brown. Roger. July 3, 1996. Taking airwaves' inventory at Midpoint, '96. 4E. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 22, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183036/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F808CF86186EE55&f=basic. live.
  273. News: Brown. Roger. August 26, 1996. Remarks on Reagan could cost Brown. 7D. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 22, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183037/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F808D2E9D04178C&f=basic. live.
  274. News: Pluto. Terry. Terry Pluto. April 5, 1998. A Franklin in mint condition is one thing, but after 11 years.... C1, C10. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 17, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817175904/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83619333/a-franklin-in-mint-condition-is-one/. live.
  275. Web site: Segall. Grant. March 26, 2010. Geoff Sindelar was "The Professor" on local radio shows. live. August 17, 2021. cleveland.com. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. en. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817175856/https://www.cleveland.com/obituaries/2010/03/geoff_sindelar_was_the_profess.html.
  276. News: Pluto. Terry. Terry Pluto. August 10, 1997. Money the top item being collected. C2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 17, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817175858/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83618966/money-the-top-item-being-collected/. live.
  277. News: Dolgan. Bob. May 17, 1994. WHK has a mixed first day in sports. 5D. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. January 1, 2007. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183037/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AMNEWS&docref=news/0F807CEDA2DF4716&f=basic. live.
  278. News: March 23, 1994. 2 radio stations outbid others for rights to carry Browns. 3C. Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. Thomson News Service. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816200416/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83563796/2-radio-stations-outbid-others-for/. live.
  279. News: Meyer. Ed. March 24, 1994. NFL Notebook. C5. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816200414/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83564019/nfl-notebook/. live.
  280. News: Craig. Mark. August 9, 1994. Chandler remembered for courage. 10A. Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. Thomson News Service. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816200415/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83564579/chandler-remembered-for-courage/. live.
  281. News: Pluto. Terry. Terry Pluto. December 29, 1994. Coleman fighting a double whammy. C1, C5. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816200417/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83564893/coleman-fighting-a-double-whammy/. live.
  282. News: August 6, 1994. Browns open preseason slate against Giants. 9A. Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. Associated Press. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816200413/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83565153/browns-open-preseason-slate-against/. live.
  283. News: Lebovitz. Hal. Hal Lebovitz. August 20, 1995. McMahon's spot with Browns isn't written in stone. 3D. Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816175637/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83510947/mcmahons-spot-with-browns-isnt/. live.
  284. News: Heider. Timothy. Cabot. Mary Kay. November 4, 1995. Browns move in the works: Modell confirms discussing deal to relocate team to Baltimore. 1A, 12A. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. August 16, 2021. April 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414010838/http://media.cleveland.com/browns_impact/other/cleveland-browns-move-11-04-1995.pdf. live.
  285. News: Vincent. Marc. November 20, 1996. WKNR's Greg Brinda discusses Cleveland sports. 5. Daily Kent Stater. Kent, Ohio. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816175632/https://dks.library.kent.edu/cgi-bin/kentstate?a=d&d=dks19961120-01.2.26&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------. live.
  286. News: Feran. Tom. Brown. Roger. November 7, 1995. A graceless Gov. Glendening drops Browns bomb at infamous gathering. 5A. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816175632/http://media.cleveland.com/browns_impact/other/cleveland-browns-move-11-07-1995.pdf. live.
  287. News: Cuomo. Bob. Heisler. Mark. November 20, 1995. Root, root, root while you still can. C4. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816175640/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83554383/root-root-root-while-you-still-can/. live.
  288. News: Craig. Mark. November 16, 1995. Mascot joins list of people jumping Browns' ship. 6A, 7A. Bucyrus Telegraph-Forum. Thomson News Service. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816175631/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83518681/mascot-joins-list-of-people-jumping/. live.
  289. News: Bouchette. Ed. Dulac. Gerry. Cook. Ron. November 27, 1995. Notebook. DD-3. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816175632/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83554731/notebook-surreal-scene/. live.
  290. News: Ethridge. Mary. November 12, 1995. Many In City Of Cleveland Giving Modell The Business Over Move. 3F. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. Knight-Ridder Newspapers. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816200415/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83564292/many-in-city-of-cleveland-giving-modell/. live.
  291. Rushin. Steve. Steve Rushin. December 4, 1995. The Heart Of a City: Cleveland won Round 1 in what will be an agonizing battle to hold on to its beloved Browns. 58–60, 63–66, 68, 70. Sports Illustrated. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816175632/https://vault.si.com/vault/1995/12/04/the-heart-of-a-city-cleveland-won-round-1-in-what-will-be-an-agonizing-battle-to-hold-on-to-its-beloved-browns. live.
  292. News: Sandomir. Richard. November 12, 1995. A City Fights To Save The Browns. The New York Times. New York, New York. August 7, 2010. May 11, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130511164254/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/12/sports/pro-football-a-city-fights-to-save-the-browns.html?ref=art_modell&pagewanted=all. live.
  293. News: Bouchette. Ed. November 8, 1995. Browns fans may happily cheer Steelers. B-1, B-2. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816175634/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83555875/browns-fans-may-happily-cheer-steelers/. live.
  294. News: Hubbuch. Bart. September 1, 1995. What does Bill have to do?. F2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816175635/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83519105/what-does-bill-have-to-do/. live.
  295. News: Shapiro. Leonard. February 10, 1996. Owners Approve Move of NFL Team to Baltimore. September 11, 2018. The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.. October 25, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181025190229/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1996/02/10/owners-approve-move-of-nfl-team-to-baltimore/62005513-0215-46f0-9236-2eefbaae9583/. live.
  296. News: July 30, 1996. Philadelphia owner says team not leaving. 6B. Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. Dallas Morning News. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816175631/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83553594/philadelphia-owner-says-team-not-leaving/. live.
  297. News: Stewart. D.L.. September 1, 1996. Cleveland's heartbreak isn't over. 1A, 8A. Dayton Daily News. Dayton, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816175634/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83553408/clevelands-heartbreak-isnt-over/. live.
  298. News: Maffei. John. November 10, 1995. Baseball gets real: New TV deal FAN-tastic. C6. Daily Times-Advocate. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816205228/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83568992/baseball-gets-real-new-tv-deal/. live.
  299. News: Maffei. John. March 1, 1996. You'll need a dish to watch Angels. C2. North County Times. Oceanside, California. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816205227/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83568618/youll-need-a-dish-to-watch-angels/. live.
  300. News: Manoloff. Dennis. June 19, 1996. Indians, WKNR agree to extension. 5D. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 22, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183035/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F808CEB7887F80B&f=basic. live.
  301. News: Brown. Roger. March 12, 1997. WKNR looks vulnerable to purchase. 4E. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 22, 2021. NewsBank. February 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220203042827/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news%2F0F80C531FACF7AB5&f=basic. live.
  302. News: February 7, 1997. Radio anchor indicted in theft. 5A. The Marion Star. Marion, Ohio. Associated Press. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816205223/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83568805/radio-anchor-indicted-in-theft/. live.
  303. News: May 30, 1997. Street Talk®. 16, 18, 21. Radio & Records. 1199. August 16, 2021. September 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210928202720/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1990s/1997/RR-1997-05-30.pdf. live.
  304. News: May 22, 1997. Imus' morning show to be carried by WKNR. E3. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816205225/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83526765/imus-morning-show-to-be-carried-by-wknr/. live.
  305. News: October 25, 1997. Tribe fans still have hopes for World Series triumph. 4B. The Marion Star. Marion, Ohio. Associated Press. August 16, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817035044/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83525057/tribe-fans-still-have-hopes-for-world/. live.
  306. News: Brown. Roger. October 15, 1997. Imus bombs in Cleveland: The sequel. 6F. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 22, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183037/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F80CCE25FA04187&f=basic. live.
  307. News: Ocker. Sheldon. Sheldon Ocker. August 9, 1997. Score to be a final this year. D5. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817035045/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83592068/score-to-be-a-final-this-year/. live.
  308. News: August 9, 1997. Tribe 'voice' calls it quits. 3B. Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. Associated Press. August 16, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817035046/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83591267/tribe-voice-calls-it-quits/. live.
  309. News: Pluto. Terry. Terry Pluto. August 9, 1997. Score retiring is like losing a friend. D1, D5. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817035043/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83591514/score-retiring-is-like-losing-a-friend/. live.
  310. News: Heldenfels. R.D.. October 23, 1997. Radio offers two version of Indians. C7. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817035048/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83591793/radio-offers-two-version-of-indians/. live.
  311. News: Moffett. Dan. October 22, 1997. Indians would like to settle a Score. 1A, 10A. The Palm Beach Post. West Palm Beach, Florida. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817035050/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83592179/indians-would-like-to-settle-a-score/. live.
  312. News: October 27, 1997. Score broadcasts his final game for Indians. 6A. Bucyrus Telegraph-Forum. Associated Press. August 16, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817035045/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83534314/score-broadcasts-his-final-game-for/. live.
  313. News: Ocker. Sheldon. Sheldon Ocker. December 9, 1997. Tribe having trouble replacing Score in radio booth. C5. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210817035047/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83593086/tribe-having-trouble-replacing-score-in/. live.
  314. News: Brown. Roger. April 30, 1997. What does Jacor plan at new stations?. 5E. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 22, 2021. NewsBank. February 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220203042827/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news%2F0F80C596626443C4&f=basic. live.
  315. News: Pluto. Terry. Terry Pluto. May 18, 1997. View from Pluto: A new deal is in air for sports talk. C2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815003135/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83458297/view-from-pluto-a-new-deal-is-in-air/. live.
  316. News: Brown. Roger. March 24, 1997. Jacor officials interested in WTAM, WLTF. 7D. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 22, 2021. NewsBank. February 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220203042828/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news%2F0F80C5484A79F4B4&f=basic. live.
  317. News: Ocker. Sheldon. Sheldon Ocker. August 17, 1997. Jacobs likely reason Hargrove is still around. C6. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816061317/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83534243/jacobs-likely-reason-hargrove-is-still/. live.
  318. News: Brown. Roger. June 2, 1997. What is happening at Jammin' 92?. 6E. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 22, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183036/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F80C6D0EC501D76&f=basic. live.
  319. Web site: August 19, 1997. Jacor: Acquires Sports Leader WKNR, Cleveland. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080511081821/http://www.cfonews.com/jcor/c081997a.txt. May 11, 2008. August 28, 2009. Corporate Financials Online, Inc..
  320. News: Adams. David. October 31, 1997. Fate of WKNR still hangs in balance. D10. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816061315/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83534296/fate-of-wknr-still-hangs-in-balance/. live.
  321. News: November 7, 1997. WKNR may face inquiry. B1. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 16, 2021. August 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816061315/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83534374/wknr-may-face-inquiry/. live.
  322. News: Musarra. Russ. January 7, 1998. WKNR in Cleveland changes to all sports. C6. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815003133/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83442176/wknr-in-cleveland-changes-to-all-sports/. live.
  323. News: Pluto. Terry. Terry Pluto. January 11, 1998. Local sports talk is harder to hear. C2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. February 16, 2020. January 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220120233505/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44725239/local-sports-talk-is-harder-to-hear/. live.
  324. News: April 7, 1998. On the radio. C1. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815003137/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83457617/on-the-radio/. live.
  325. News: Tomasson. Chris. April 7, 1998. Cavs Notes. C3. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815003143/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83457523/cavs-notes/. live.
  326. News: Butler. Jason. June 13, 1998. Future remains on hazy side for WKNR. B1, B6. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815003138/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83456918/future-remains-on-hazy-side-for-wknr/. live.
  327. Web site: U.S Department of Justice. U.S. Department of Justice. August 10, 1998. August 28, 2009. September 30, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060930135858/http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/1998/August/362at.html. live.
  328. News: Morgan, Jr.. David Lee. January 22, 2001. Airwaves airing out: Fodder overflows with recent moves. C1, C6. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815003137/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83457373/airwaves-airing-out-fodder-overflows/. live.
  329. News: May 5, 2000. Rome to stop in Cuyahoga Falls. E5. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815003134/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83454584/rome-to-stop-in-cuyahoga-falls/. live.
  330. News: Weinreb. Michael. January 24, 1999. Lovefest for Rome, C-Town. D6. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815003133/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83453568/lovefest-for-rome-c-town/. live.
  331. News: Lebovitz. Hal. Hal Lebovitz. January 17, 1999. Browns tickets still selling like hotcakes. 4D. Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815042904/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83467511/browns-tickets-still-selling-like/. live.
  332. News: Pluto. Terry. Terry Pluto. January 26, 1999. Browns Notes. B5. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815042907/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83467772/browns-notes/. live.
  333. News: Golz. Earl. August 28, 1998. Capstar sale creates giant broadcaster. D1, D8. Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. September 23, 2021. Newspapers.com. September 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210923223329/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85841160/capstar-sale-creates-giant-broadcaster/. live.
  334. Web site: Niesel. Jeff. June 19, 2019. 93.1 FM's Former Owner Lee Zapis Tells the Story of How WZAK Went to No. 1. December 28, 2019. Cleveland Scene. en. July 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190716113037/https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/931-fms-former-owner-lee-zapis-tells-the-story-of-how-wzak-went-to-no-1/Content?oid=30730153. live.
  335. News: August 13, 1998. Company News; Chancellor Media to Buy Six Cleveland Radio Stations. The New York Times. New York, New York. January 1, 2007. March 11, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070311135348/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9907E5D9123AF930A2575BC0A96E958260. live.
  336. News: October 4, 1999. Clear Channel gets AMFM. CNNMoney. live. November 3, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20121110105744/http://money.cnn.com/1999/10/04/deals/clear/. November 10, 2012.
  337. News: Thomas. George. May 7, 2000. Firm sells five radio stations in region. D7, D12. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Associated Press. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815003137/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83449705/firm-sells-five-radio-stations-in-region/. live.
  338. Justice Department Requires Clear Channel and AMFM to Divest 99 Radio Stations in 27 Markets. Required Sale is Largest Radio Divestiture Ever. U.S. Department of Justice. July 20, 2000. January 1, 2007. May 30, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090530212735/http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2000/July/415at.htm. live.
  339. News: Brown. Roger. April 26, 1996. WHK sold to West Coast firm. 6E. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. January 1, 2007. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183038/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AMNEWS&docref=news/0F808CB81021E3FD&f=basic. live.
  340. News: Lebovitz. Hal. Hal Lebovitz. July 2, 1996. Sports talk shows more than 'good radio'. 4C. Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210814222853/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83450560/sports-talk-shows-more-than-good-radio/. live.
  341. News: Sandomir. Richard. November 5, 1999. BASEBALL; A Dolan Agrees to Purchase the Indians for $320 Million. en-US. The New York Times. New York, New York. October 12, 2017. 0362-4331. November 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181113171314/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/05/sports/baseball-a-dolan-agrees-to-purchase-the-indians-for-320-million.html. live.
  342. News: Ocker. Sheldon. Sheldon Ocker. March 4, 2001. Hart plays hand perfectly in dealing with Vizquel. C5. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815003144/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83451198/hart-plays-hand-perfectly-in-dealing/. live.
  343. News: April 7, 2001. Area briefs: Drennan set to host '10th Inning Show'. C3. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815003138/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83458538/drennan-set-to-host-10th-inning-show/. live.
  344. News: Ocker. Sheldon. Sheldon Ocker. June 3, 2001. Are Thome, Tribe inseparable?. C5. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815042906/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83461205/are-thome-tribe-inseparable/. live.
  345. News: Quinn. Jim. June 18, 2001. Seven area radio stations will play musical chairs. A1, A5. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815042905/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83461437/seven-area-radio-stations-will-play/. live.
  346. News: Quinn. Jim. June 29, 2001. It's time to reset your radio dial: Seven stations will get new frequencies Tuesday. B1, B3. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815042910/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83461004/its-time-to-reset-your-radio-dial/. live.
  347. Web site: Fybush. Scott. May 1, 2015. Site of the Week 5/1/15: Three Venerable Cleveland AMs. live. August 14, 2021. Fybush.com. en-US. RadioBB. December 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191229215745/https://www.fybush.com/site-20150501/.
  348. Web site: Salem Communications to Acquire WRMR-AM, Cleveland; Station Will Broadcast as WHK-AM in News/Talk Format. Davis. Denise. July 7, 2004. Salem Media Group. November 29, 2019. October 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201027131305/https://investor.salemmedia.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/561/salem-communications-to-acquire-wrmr-am-cleveland-station. live.
  349. News: O'Connor. Clint. July 8, 2004. Station sale moves WHK back to former spot on the dial. F4. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 19, 2021. NewsBank. March 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220329015051/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news%2F103B8680753D932D&f=basic. live.
  350. Web site: Venta, Lance . August 15, 2019 . Immaculate Heart Media Acquires Nine More Stations In Eight Markets From Salem . August 15, 2019 . RadioInsight.com . RadioInsight . RadioBB . August 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190815150816/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/179681/immaculate-heart-media-acquires-nine-more-stations-in-eight-markets-from-salem/ . live .
  351. News: Jenkins. Colette M.. February 21, 2009. New start for congregation as Parkside Church in Green. B1, B2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. August 14, 2021. August 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210815042907/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83469436/new-start-for-congregation-as-parkside/. live.
  352. News: Stephens. Scott. October 22, 2006. Normally low-profile contest in spotlight Evolution debate at center of state school board race. A1. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 19, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183037/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/114F109A2D7540B8&f=basic. live.
  353. Web site: Heaton . Michael . March 8, 2018 . Radio show barks up wrong tree . live . August 17, 2021 . cleveland.com . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . en . August 17, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210817161228/https://www.cleveland.com/ministerofculture/2018/03/barking_up_wrong_tree_on_the_o.html .
  354. News: Benson. John. July 25, 2019. Seven Hills resident John Sabol hosts 'New Czech Voice of Cleveland' radio program. The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. subscription. August 22, 2021. NewsBank. August 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804183108/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/174E7535F0D8B320&f=basic. live.
  355. Web site: WHKW sports schedule - The Word Cleveland.com . August 30, 2017 . August 4, 2022 . September 14, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190914191919/https://thewordcleveland.com/content/all/sports-schedule . live .
  356. Web site: Bosak. Frank. September 22, 2020. Raiders Radio Network Moves to AM 1220 WHKW. live. September 6, 2021. Warren G. Harding High School. en-US. September 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210907000039/http://warrencityschools.org/wgh/2020/09/22/raiders-radio-network-moves-to-am-1220-whkw/.
  357. Web site: W245CY. live. January 18, 2022. FCCdata.org. REC Networks. January 18, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220118220424/https://fccdata.org/?lang=en&facid=145205.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "WHKW".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.