WCLV explained

WCLV
Logo Alt:The Ideastream symbol, a circle divided into four pieces by a star shape, in burgundy. To the right, on two lines, the words "ideastream" and "public media" in black in a rounded sans serif. Next to that, in the upper right, black letters W C L V with a burgundy line above them.
City:Cleveland, Ohio
Country:US
Branding:WCLV Ideastream Public Media
Language:English
Format:Classical music
Haat:1550NaN0
Class:B
Licensing Authority:FCC
Facility Id:12025
Coordinates:41.3717°N -81.7133°W
Callsign Meaning:"Cleveland"
Owner:Ideastream

WCLV (90.3 FM) is a non-commercial educational radio station licensed to Cleveland, Ohio, carrying a fine art/classical music format. Owned by Ideastream Public Media, the station serves both Greater Cleveland and Northeast Ohio as the home station for the Cleveland Orchestra and an affiliate of the BBC World Service.

This station traditionally has dated its start to September 8, 1984,[1] when regular operations began under its current broadcast license. However, other accounts trace its history to the station it supplanted, WBOE. Under the auspices of the Cleveland Board of Education, WBOE signed on in 1938 as the first formally recognized educational radio station in the United States on the Apex band. In 1941, the station converted to the FM band, becoming not only the first educational FM station, but also the first licensed FM station in Cleveland and one of the first FM stations in Ohio. Featuring in-school instructional programming throughout the majority of its existence, WBOE joined National Public Radio (NPR) in 1977 but shut down the following year due to extreme fiscal distress within the Cleveland Public Schools; this resulted in the absence of public radio in Cleveland proper until successor station WCPN's launch in 1984. Originally one of two NPR member stations in the Northeast Ohio region alongside Kent–licensed WKSU, this station assumed the format and calls of WCLV from on March 28, 2022, following a programming merger between WCPN and WKSU.

WCLV's studios are located at Playhouse Square in Downtown Cleveland with the transmitter residing in the Cleveland suburb of Parma.[2] In addition to a standard analog transmission, WCLV broadcasts over three HD Radio channels, is simulcast over the third HD subchannel of WKSU and its repeater network, relayed over WVIZ's 25.8 audio-only subchannel, and is available online.

WBOE (1938–1978)

AM Apex establishment

Organized radio broadcasting was introduced in the United States in the early 1920s, and by the mid-1930s, the standard amplitude modulation (AM) broadcast band was considered to be too full to allow any meaningful increase in the number of stations. Looking to expand the number of available frequencies, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) began to issue licenses to parties interested in testing the suitability of using higher transmitting frequencies between roughly 25 and 44 MHz. These stations were informally known as "Apex" stations, due to the tall height of their transmitter antennas, which were needed because coverage was primarily limited to local line-of-sight distances. These original Apex stations operated under experimental licenses, and like standard broadcasting stations, used AM transmissions.

Meanwhile, the Cleveland Public School system in Cleveland, Ohio, had shown interest in utilizing radio broadcasts as an instructional aide as early as 1925, broadcasting a music appreciation class over WTAM twice each week. Contracting with WHK in 1929, the school system purchased 15-minute blocks of airtime at reduced rates, focusing on specific subjects like arithmetic, music and geography; two Cleveland schools were selected for this experiment, with their existing public address system connected to WHK's signal. By February 1932, the district moved their broadcasts back to WTAM, now NBC-owned, which offered them a daily block of airtime. During the WTAM partnership, the school programs became more sophisticated, including a 43-part series on literacy, geared towards specific age groups from elementary to high school. It would be a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation's General Education Board in 1937,[3] coupled with the demands of accommodating commercial radio, that prompted the school system to enter broadcasting.

On July 22, 1937, the Cleveland Board of Education filed paperwork to establish an experimental radio station on but the FCC reallocated the Apex frequencies after discovering ionospheric strengthening from high solar activity resulted in strong and undesirable skywave, with two existing stations being heard as far away as Australia.[4] Announced in October 1937, the new allocations resulted in a dedicated band for Apex stations consisting of 75 channels with separations, and spanning from .[5] In addition, the band's first 25 channels, from, were reserved in January 1938 for non-commercial educational stations.[6] The school board's application was accordingly modified on January 31, 1938, from an experimental station to an educational station at with 500 watts. Assigned the WBOE call sign, the station became fully licensed on November 21, 1938, as the first authorized educational broadcasting station[7] [8] with facilities and transmitter located at Lafayette School on Abell Avenue. 150 custom-built crystal radio sets were purchased by the district and distributed to all the schools, tuned to pick up WBOE and the respective school's public address system. Because conventional radio sets could not pick up the Apex band, WBOE did not have any discernable audience otherwise; as educator Paul C. Reed summarized the station, "WBOE, as originally set up, could reach its schools but could not reach an adult audience at home."

At launch, WBOE only operated on school days for seven hours from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. with instructional material for students from kindergarten to high school. Because of the prior arrangements on WTAM and WHK, several divisions in the school district already boasted as much as eight years of broadcasting experience. Studios were constructed on the sixth floor of the Board of Education building in Downtown Cleveland, which radio supervisor William B. Levenson boasted as "one of the finest in the country". All but one of the high schools in the district launched radio workshops that originated educational programming for WBOE in a method likened to affiliate stations contributing to a radio network. In the spring of 1939, WBOE experimented with facsimile transmissions sent outside of regular programming hours for distributing printed materials such as lesson instructions, announcements and maps;[9] this was demonstrated during the American Association of School Administrators' annual conference held in Cleveland.[10]

Conversion to FM

At the same time the Apex band was established, the FCC noted that research would begin on the technical requirements of frequency modulation as a possible alternative to the ultra high frequency broadcasts that Apex utilitzed. FM experimentations soon revealed significant advantages to Apex, especially with sound quality and resistance to interference from static, including from lightning.[11] The reassigned Apex band was also still prone to extreme skywave propagation, with WBOE receiving reception reports throughout the western and southwestern U.S. and as far as England.[12] In May 1940, the FCC decided to authorize an FM broadcast band, effective January 1, 1941, operating on 40 channels spanning, with the first five channels reserved for educational stations.[13] Apex stations were subsequently informed by the Commission that they needed to either go silent or convert to FM transmission, effectively eliminating the Apex band.[14] WBOE was one of only three educational Apex stations to have ever signed on, the other two being WNYE in New York City[15] and WBKY in Beattyville, Kentucky.[16]

WBOE applied on August 5, 1940, to change to FM operation with 1,000 watts on and new FM radio receivers were purchased for placement in the participating schools. A transmitter and FM exciter[17] were donated to the station by FM's inventor, Major Edwin Howard Armstrong, who was impressed with the station's educational work during a tour of their facilities. On February 3, 1941, WBOE achieved several firsts: it became the first licensed non-commercial educational station on FM in the United States, the first licensed FM station in Cleveland and one of the first in the state of Ohio, still maintaining a schedule from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. on school days.[18] The National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB) expressed hope WBOE's FM conversion and the coming availability of FM sets entering the marketplace could help the station find listeners outside of the classroom, a sentiment shared by U.S. Commissioner of Education John W. Studebaker, who lobbied for the non-commercial allotment.[19]

Four years later, the FCC announced that, due to interference concerns, it was reallocating the current FM "low band" frequencies to other services, and existing FM band stations would be relocated to (later expanded to). Once again this meant that the transmitter had to be replaced, and the school radios upgraded for reception on the new band.[20] [21] In July 1946, the FCC directed that FM stations currently operating on would have to move to new frequencies by the end of the year,[22] and WBOE was reassigned to .[23] WBOE's initial assignment on the new FM "high" band was for, however a subsequent reallocation in the fall of 1947 moved the station to .[24] During a transition period, the FCC allowed stations to simultaneously broadcast on both their old and new assignments, and in July 1948 the Board of Education requested permission to remain on "for as long as possible",[25] and from September 1 to the end of the year WBOE was permitted to broadcast on both frequencies.[26] On January 1, 1949, WBOE began broadcast solely on, increasing its transmitter power to 3,000 watts and an effective radiated power (ERP) of 10,000 watts; a power upgrade to 5,000 watts and an ERP of 15,000 watts took place on December 9, 1959.

"America's Pioneer School Station"

From its 1938 sign on and in the 39 years that followed, WBOE operated as an adjunct of the Cleveland Public Schools, with broadcasts limited to school days and going dark during weekends, holidays and summer vacations.[27] Additional "preview" programming was sometimes transmitted for teachers during after-school hours, introducing any forthcoming series and to familiarize themselves with course material and the presenters. By 1949, the school system employed eleven scriptwriters on a full-time basis, more than any of the 12 commercial radio stations in the city. Programs often had periods of silent intervals in order for teachers to present supplemental materials, and some programs incorporated the use of lantern slides in the classroom as a visual component.

Saul Carson, writing for The New Republic, called WBOE "a model for the country" and "the most exciting broadcasting job being done". Contemporary historian Carroll Atkinson, Ph.D. regarded the Cleveland schools as the "strongest exponent of the 'master teacher' ideal in the value of radio instruction" while William B. Levenson called WBOE "America's Pioneer School Station". The station would soon have an international influence when Levenson was a featured speaker at a March 1946 conference for the Canadian National Advisory Council on School Broadcasting, with Canadian Broadcasting Corporation executives in attendance.[28] The "Cleveland Plan" became a sobriquet to describe WBOE as a model for educational radio, but station director Edwin F. Helman downplayed this in 1949, writing, "we have the natural feeling that there is nothing different about our aims or programming—only the differences... from being a local and not a regional station." Edward L. Hoon of the Ohio Education Association cited WBOE as a way to effectively reach students who were sick, hospitalized or unable to physically attend classes.[29]

Even as WBOE was a non-commercial station, the Cleveland Public Schools made special arrangements with WTAM, WHK, WGAR, WCLE and WJW to provide access to educational sustaining programs from the four major radio networks: NBC, Blue/ABC, CBS and Mutual. All stations supplied private lines to WBOE's studios for the purpose of either directly broadcasting sustaining programs to a classroom or to record them for future rebroadcast, sometimes with added narration.[31] Provided daily listings from all four networks, WBOE had the ability to broadcast live speeches or addresses from world leaders if any network carried it. Newscasts from all four networks were also rebroadcast, along with locally originated programs from the stations if they were of educational interest. Sustaining programs relayed over WBOE during the 1939–1940 school year included Mutual's Intercollegiate Debates, NBC's Gallant American Women and Between the Bookends, and CBS's Young People's Concerts. This arrangement was briefly imperiled in November 1945 when American Federation of Musicians president James Petrillo directed networks to ban the duplication of programs containing music on FM stations, preventing WBOE from accessing CBS's The American School of the Air via WGAR;[32] [33] the AFM relaxed the ban for WBOE a few weeks later.[34] WBOE also rebroadcast installments of The Ohio Story, a regionally syndicated anthology series WTAM originated by arrangement of Ohio Bell with all commercials excised.

As radio networks phased out sustaining programming,[35] WBOE began carrying shows through the NAEB Tape Network, which functioned through mail order reel-to-reel tapes[36] instead of dedicated phone lines.[37] [38] WNYE had already been supplying recordings of their weekly Assignment: U.N. to WBOE, which was utilized for high school students. By 1954, WBOE was one of approximately 90 stations that participated in the service, and one of nine in the state. WBOE occasionally did broadcast outside of the school day: for a two-week period in January 1954, WBOE experimented with a five-hour evening program block aimed at adults; such fare already aired over WBOE during semester breaks.[39] When WERE-FM (98.5) suspended broadcasting as part of an antenna upgrade, WBOE broadcast that station's evening programming commercial-free from late January 1958 until March 1958, with WERE-FM management sending a "sincere thank you" in return.[40] WBOE and WERE-FM also collaborated for an experimental stereophonic sound broadcast over two Sunday nights in April 1959.[41] Starting in 1960 and running through 1967, the station aired Healthlines, a weekly series aimed at physicians by the Academy of Medicine of Cleveland & Northeast Ohio that WGAR originated.[42] The NAEB Tape Network was reorganized into the National Educational Radio Network in 1963, then sold to National Public Radio (NPR) as part of that network's 1971 launch; the tape network affiliates (including WBOE)[43] did not join NPR proper despite the changes, a distinction NPR emphasized.[44]

Competition from television

The Cleveland school's emphasis on visual aides, including instructors and recorded music, to accentuate programs over WBOE led Variety to describe the radio station in their March 8, 1944, issue as "a close facsimile to actual television", suggesting that WBOE could be a forerunner to educational television.[45] During a keynote speech at the NAEB's 1953 Lincoln Lodge Seminar, Levenson reflected on WBOE's effectiveness as a learning tool, seeing television as a step forward and a way for students to learn by being emotionally involved in the course material. Levenson also noted that television courses need to be presented not as supplementary to a course, but intrinsic to it, a process that had been successful at WBOE. While many teachers in the district were initially reluctant to work with the medium, a full generation of teachers had "grown up with radio" and thus saw the value and potential of mass media. Earlier in 1953, the Board of Education set aside $200,000 (equivalent to $ in) for possible investment into a television station, committing to investigate the necessary costs.[46]

It would not be until 1961 that area civic leaders, including Cleveland mayor Anthony J. Celebrezze, agreed to a plan financing the construction of six educational UHF stations throughout Northeast Ohio, including one in Cleveland.[47] Similar to radio 30 years earlier, the Cleveland schools forged arrangements with the city's three existing television stations—KYW-TV, WEWS-TV and WJW-TV—at the end of 1961, with each station providing a daily 15-minute block to air shows developed by WBOE staff; the schools were also furnished with up to $30,000 worth of television sets.[48] Levenson had been elevated to Cleveland schools superintendent earlier in 1961[49] and held the position until resigning in 1964 amid demands to implement desegregation busing with three predominantly white schools, but declined to cite that as the reason for his resignation.[50]

WVIZ signed on as Cleveland's educational television outlet on February 7, 1965, owned by a consortium and based out of Max S. Hayes High School.[51] Like WBOE, WVIZ strictly carried in-school instructional fare during the school day and was aligned with school districts throughout the area.[52] Even with the competition from television, WBOE continued with educational fare. Southern Illinois University professor Richard Swerdlin considered educational radio in 1967 to be an inexpensive and overlooked alternative to television, citing WBOE as one of several "outstanding" stations in the field.[53] In 1963, Leetonia High School in Leetonia, Ohio, began playing programs taped from both WBOE and Kent State University's WKSU-FM, showing tangible results among the student body.[54] One 1964 series directed toward junior high students centered around communism and life in Soviet Russia in both an economic and historical context.[55] One of the station's highest-profile moments came when two students from Glenville and South High, respectively, interviewed Louis Stokes after his 1968 election to the U.S. House, which WBOE later broadcast.[56]

Ultimately, educational radio had a mixed legacy: even with WBOE's relative success, the concept failed to materialize on a national level. School districts that did not operate stations often did not have radio sets in their schools, while those that did either had issues with picking up stations, coordinating their classes with programs offered, or finding said programs to vary significantly in quality; Catholic University of America professor Josh Sheppard would later explain, "if you talk to old practitioners in public broadcasting, they actually use 'educational radio' as a pejorative." Levenson's hope in 1941 of "a steady, if not rapid growth" in FM educational stations throughout the U.S. largely occurred by the early 1950s, but the FM band itself remained obscure overall; by 1958, WBOE was the only Cleveland FM station in operation that also had full coverage in neighboring Akron.[57] Existing educational stations eventually moved away from in-school programming and focused on educational fare for a general audience, seen as a developmental influence for public radio in the present day.

Public radio involvement

Owing to educational radio's effectiveness being reduced by television, work slowly began in the early 1970s to revamp WBOE. The June 28, 1973, Cleveland Board of Education meeting authorized contracts to move WBOE's studios from the Board of Education Building to the Woodhill-Quincy Administration building on the city's east side[58] originally built for the National Castings Company in 1921. The studio move was completed on December 16, 1974;[59] additionally, the station's transmitter was moved from Lafayette School to a new tower in Parma, Ohio, along with a power upgrade to 50,000 watts. A multimedia slideshow prepared by WBOE in early January 1975 touted the station's planned conversion into a public radio outlet and planned link with NPR but progress was slowed by both technical matters and a lack of willingness by school board officials to follow through. WBOE continued to operate solely from 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. on school days featuring in-school programming, with light entertainment, public service or classical music selections to conclude the broadcast day.[60] The delays also impacted the launch of the Cleveland Radio Reading Service (CRRS): originally intending to broadcast over a Subsidiary Communications Authorization (SCA) subchannel of WBOE, the CRRS had to contract with WXEN[61] until WBOE's SCA subchannel was activated in July 1977.

Cleveland lawyer William Bradford "Brad" Norris[62] founded Cleveland Public Radio (CPR) in 1976 with the intent to finally bring NPR programming to Cleveland, which at the time was the largest U.S. city without a local fulltime NPR station,[63] a situation the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) was also reportedly embarrassed by. Norris garnered attention acting as Cleveland's pro bono legal counsel during the city's antitrust litigation against Cleveland Electric Illuminating (CEI) and envisioned WBOE becoming a radio equivalent to WVIZ. Norris' initial proposal to the Board of Education had CPR assume control of WBOE and convert it to a public radio outlet with all in-school programming moved to a second SCA subchannel, but the board was not interested.[64] At the end of December 1976, WBOE added NPR's flagship program All Things Considered to the lineup, extending the broadcast day to 6:30 p.m; as 1977 started, WBOE operated for 18 hours daily, officially as an NPR member. WBOE's NPR addition was regarded as "half-hearted, poorly conceived and badly funded" as the station continued airing in-school educational programming during the weekday,[65] did not set up a local news department or conduct pledge drives. With CPR unable to file for a non-commercial license of their own due to the Cleveland market being saturated with FM signals and the acquisition of a commercial license being cost-prohibitive, Norris again approached the Board of Education with the offer, along with endorsements from multiple Cleveland city councilmen and area community organizations, but were rejected.

Production of in-school materials continued under coordinator Charles Siegel, with shows like Living today: Survival, It's your decision![66] and The Plain Dealer Green Thumb Club[67] [68] among the offerings. Students in Glenville High's telecommunications program produced Music Connection, a weekly show on music appreciation centered around rock and roll and R&B that ran on WBOE over the summer of 1977.[69] Several announcers joined the station as a result of the programming expansion, including onetime WJMO announcer Karl Johnson, who had already been working for the school district as public relations director.[70] British classical pianist Clive Lythgoe, who already had a nationally distributed television program originating from WVIZ, hosted similar radio shows over both WBOE and WCLV .[71] John Basalla, involved with Baldwin Wallace College's radio station WBWC since 1972, began working at WBOE as a part-timer in 1976 and also began archiving recordings and transcriptions used by the station throughout its history, many of which came from 16-inch electrical transcription discs, which he has continued to the present day.[72] [73]

Ethnic shows, traditionally a staple of commercial station WZAK, were added to the Saturday lineup, with WBOE joining WOSU, KQED-FM and WUSF among non-commercial educational stations that also broadcast ethnic fare.[74] WBOE was one of several stations in the area that picked up NPR's Jazz Alive! along with featuring jazz in assorted hours.[75] Jay Robert Klein, involved with the school district since the end of World War II, became WBOE's final station manager in 1974[76] while junior high school programmer Tom Altenbernd was with WBOE from 1952 until retiring in 1977.[77] WBOE's visibility in the market remained imperceptible, however, failing to attract more than one percent of listeners in area Arbitron ratings.

Financial calamity and suspension of operations

While WBOE started to evolve into a public radio station, the Cleveland school district entered a cataclysmic period. The NAACP's Cleveland branch sued the district in what became Reed vs. Rhodes[78] on December 12, 1973, alleging the fostering of segregation and demanded the institution of desegregation busing.[79] Arnold R. Pinkney, the school board's Black president, expressed worry that the lawsuit would heighten racial tensions in the city;[80] the district later claimed fears of white flight precluded them from implementing a plan of their own volition.[81] Presiding over the case, U.S. District Judge Frank J. Battisti ruled on August 31, 1976, that both the local and state boards of education were guilty of deliberately inducing segregation practices,[82] [83] issuing the first of what would become 4,000 court orders over the next six years.[84] The school board was mandated to institute a busing plan, but needed to raise money to fund it; a mill levy referendum failed on April 6, 1978, by a 2–1 margin almost entirely on racial lines,[85] putting the district in debt of $30 million (equivalent to $ in) and threatening an outright closure of the district.[86] Faculty, which had not been paid for nearly a month, appealed to the Ohio Supreme Court after the levy failure for the schools to close so they could file for unemployment benefits. Battisti, who sought to keep the schools operational, twice found the school board in contempt of court for failing to comply with his orders[87] but agreed to delay the busing plan until 1979.[88] [89]

As the school year began on September 12, 1978, Cleveland's teachers union went on strike,[90] closing all school buildings and preventing in-school instructional programming from resuming over WBOE. The Ohio Board of Education provided a financial bailout plan that included a provision for the school board to suspend all operations at WBOE and sell off the station. The teachers union defied a back-to-work court order by Judge Harry A. Hanna on October 5, 1978,[91] while the station's $280,000 annual budget (equivalent to $ in) made the station expendable. WBOE ended regular programming at midnight on October 7, with station manager Jay Robert Klein and Cleveland journalist Dick Feagler providing a pre-recorded eulogy; in his syndicated newspaper column, Feagler wrote, "cause of death—a stroke of the pen".[92] The school board retained former NPR president Lee Frischknecht to help find ways to keep WBOE functional; Frischknecht made inquiries to both CPR and WVIZ as potential interim operators and continued to study options when the station was ordered closed.

Further musing over WBOE's demise, Feagler wrote:

Cleveland's public radio vacancy (1978–1984)

WBOE's suspension resulted in the Greater Cleveland radio market earning the dubious distinction as being the largest market in the United States, and the only major-market city, without a designated public radio outlet.[93] In WBOE's absence, WKSU-FM, which carried NPR programming starting in 1973,[94] became the de facto sole NPR member station in northeast Ohio. Despite this, the FCC mandated WKSU's signal had to be directional aimed away from Cleveland to protect WBOE as both were third-adjacent signals; this resulted in WKSU having coverage issues throughout Cuyahoga County. WBOE's carrier signal was still active and continued broadcasting the CRRS over their SCA subchannel but continuous dead air over conventional FM receivers; the reading service paid WBOE $73,000 annually to keep two engineers employed,[95] thus WBOE never filed an STA request to remain off-air. The CRRS broadcasts were suspended due to a lack of funding on May 1, 1982, with WBOE going silent completely.[96]

Lee C. Howley, Jr., board president of the Cleveland Public Library (CPL), revealed at the end of 1978 that the system had been negotiating with the school board over the past several months to buy WBOE, prompting WVIZ to withdraw their interest in the station. A library operating a radio station was not without precedent, as WPLN-FM in Nashville, Tennessee, and WFPL in Louisville, Kentucky, were both established by their city's respective public libraries.[97] CPL's interest in WBOE was criticized as the Cleveland school board had appointed many of the library's trustees. The school board held an auction for the station's license, with the minimum bid set at $200,000, and a stipulation that the winner would be responsible for renewing the station's license. Cleveland Public Radio bid $234,360.87 but this was rejected by the school board, which insisted that bids needed to be all-cash; CPR's bid was a mixture of a pledge from The George Gund Foundation and assumption of a Health, Education and Welfare obligation and other outstanding debt.[98] CPL held the winning bid of $205,000 and intended to relaunch the station as WCPL by year's end[99] with paperwork transferring the license filed with the FCC,[100] but prior to consummation, WBOE's license was discovered to have expired[101] on October 1, 1979.

While the losing bidder in the auction, CPR contested WBOE's transfer to the library, filing a competing application for the frequency on October 17, 1979.[102] CPR chairman Brad Norris explained the filing was within the bounds of the FCC's 30-day period for public comment set aside for radio station transactions.[103] Norris again offered a compromise and merger proposal with CPL by late 1979 that would create a new board with all 30 CPR trustees and all seven CPL trustees, giving CPR a 30–7 majority but also allowing for the WBOE license to be taken over as soon as possible and returned to air;[104] Howley rejected this proposal, calling CPR's finances into question even with funding from the Gund Foundation.[105] The Cleveland Board of Education filed to renew WBOE's license on July 11, 1979,[106] which the FCC turned down on June 16, 1981, designating for hearing CPR and CPL's applications[107] as mutually exclusive.[108]

Pleadings with an FCC-assigned administrative law judge had both groups spar over which would best "serve the public interest". CPR touted its desire to be a community based nonprofit with regional support, while CPL saw the radio station as a valuable addition to its existing role as an information service. Animosity between Howley and Norris worsened as Howley called CPR "a nothing organization" in an FCC filing, while Norris publicly criticized Howley's conduct. Compounding matters, Howley was also the son of CEI's lead counsel,[109] the utility Norris helped litigate against. Donald R. Waldrip, the court-appointed desegregation administrator for the Cleveland school board, filed a request with Judge Frank Battisti by late August 1981 to cancel the sale of WBOE to the library and instead sell the assets to CPR.[110] [111] Earlier in the year, Waldrip's magnet school proposal for the district involved a provision to possibly reopen WBOE, which the district had the ability to do as it still held the license, albeit expired.[112] The FCC deferred on making a decision between the two groups, owing to both being qualified and politically well-connected, with some accusing the commission of timidity.

After a power increase on July 22, 1980,[113] WKSU added Cleveland to its primary coverage area with the city receiving a city-grade signal[114] but the CPL contested an additional power upgrade even as the library's director was not opposed to it.[115] Howley and Norris expressed disappointment over failing to find common ground while Norris considered it "regrettable" a station based outside of Cleveland brought back public radio to Cleveland. WKSU's incursion resulted in a feud with WCLV and station president Robert Conrad, who sought to carry NPR fare unavailable in Cleveland, including a radio adaptation of the first Star Wars film trilogy. After NPR's board denied this request, Conrad pulled the Chicago Symphony, the Milwaukee Symphony and New York Philharmonic broadcasts off WKSU and threatened to do the same for Cleveland Orchestra broadcasts WCLV originated and syndicated.[116] [117] In turn, WKSU general manager John Perry threatened to deny the winner for the license carriage rights for A Prairie Home Companion (syndicated by American Public Media, which unlike NPR, allowed affiliates to claim market exclusivity) as a bargaining chip against Conrad. The continued infighting between CPL and CPR prompted Edward Howard chairman John T. Bailey to call the absence of NPR from Cleveland "an embarrassment and a disgrace" in a Plain Dealer op-ed, including mailing addresses for both Norris and Carl S. Asseff (Howley's successor as CPL chairman); Bailey stated, "it is time to halt this embarrassing and costly dispute. Cleveland needs public radio. We need it now."[118]

A settlement was finally reached between CPL and CPR on June 24, 1982.[119] Brokered over a cod dinner Norris hosted, the deal was borne out of Asseff's wishes to end the dispute, federal funding reductions in public broadcasting and local changes to tax funding for the CPL. CPR offered to expand its board of directors from 24 to 31 members, adding three persons each from the CPL and Cuyahoga Community College, plus one from the Board of Education for the first 10 years of the new station's existence. In turn, the CPL agreed to have CPR take control of WBOE's assets and withdrew their license application.[120] CPR also agreed to provide airtime for school board news and to provide vocational training for students, and would air programming provided by Cuyahoga Community College and the Cleveland school board would donate their old equipment. The school board approved the proposal on September 9, 1982, also allowing CPR to assume a 1972 CPB grant awarded to WBOE for any technical upgrades.[121]

Due to the way this arrangement was handled, the FCC dismissed the Cleveland Board of Education's license renewal application on October 18, 1982, officially deleting WBOE's license and concurrently issued Cleveland Public Radio a construction permit for WBOE's replacement. This new license was assigned the WCPN call letters on June 20, 1983, standing for "Cleveland Public Network". Former WERE operations manager Leonard Will was hired as general manager, promising extensive local news coverage to augment NPR offerings.[122] CPR initially planned for WCPN to sign on by the summer of 1983, but multiple issues, including securing studio facilities, interference from the Ohio Bell Building[123] and NPR facing a financial crisis all delayed the relaunch until the spring of 1984, with both the Gund Foundation and Cleveland Foundation providing financial support. Transmissions resumed on May 7, 1984, again with a silent carrier after the CRRS successfully secured funding to reactivate the station's SCA subchannel.[124]

The Woodhill-Quincy Administration building remained under Cleveland Metropolitan School District ownership after WBOE's closure and dissolution, but gradually fell into disuse and neglect.[125] [126] The district agreed to demolish the building in 2010 as part of a larger slate of 25 demolitions throughout the city.[127]

WCPN (1984–2022)

News and jazz revival

WCPN decided to adopt a jazz music format after studies commissioned by the board of trustees found that no station in the market programmed contemporary jazz,[128] along with a need for increased local news coverage after the Cleveland Press folded in 1982.[129] WGAR , by then a country outlet, donated its entire jazz record collection to the station.[130] A kick-off party/fundraiser billed "Cleveland's Big Turn-On" with 1,200 people in attendance was held on September 8, 1984, at WCPN's new studios in the Cleveland Centre building.[131] This event included a live show featuring vocalist Mel Tormé at the Cleveland Masonic Auditorium, followed by WCPN making its formal debut at 10 p.m. that evening.[132] Among the attendees were NPR president Douglas J. Bennet, Morning Edition host Bob Edwards, Dick Feagler and WBBG/WMJI owner Larry Robinson.[133] The original format was "45% jazz and 55% news and public affairs",[134] and the station expanded to 24-hour service on January 1, 1985.

WCPN's sign-on came not only amidst a significant financial crisis for NPR over the past fiscal year, but also with WKSU having been Greater Cleveland's lone public radio outlet for nearly six years with significant signal overlap. WKSU general manager John Perry noted that during a recent pledge drive, $85,000 out of the $105,000 raised came outside of NPR's offerings, speaking to WKSU's health and strength; Perry was optimistic of both stations co-existing as WCPN focused more on ethnic programming and jazz.[135] Perry also estimated that one-third of WKSU's listener support now came from Cleveland proper. In 1987, WKSU relied on listener support for 60% of their annual budget, compared to WCPN relying on support for 40% of their budget.[136] WKSU and WCPN notably teamed up to help co-sponsor a live appearance of Garrison Keillor as both stations carried Keillor's A Prairie Home Companion; Perry acknowledged that it was the only way Keillor's Akron broadcast could be booked.[137] WCPN additionally became a sponsor for Cuyahoga Community College's annual JazzFest starting in 1985.[138]

Local air personalities during the jazz programming included Jennifer Stephens, Harvey Zay and Dan Polletta; Polletta also did part-time work for WKSU hosting a blues program.[139] Dick Feagler co-hosted a bi-weekly interview program at launch. WCPN added an evening news program Evening Edition, hosted by reporter Zina Vishnevsky, in November 1986[140] and mid-morning news program After Nine the following October.[141] As a likely reflection of WCPN's growth, WMJI began airing a Sunday evening jazz program of their own in 1986, while Akron's WONE-FM started a daily late-morning segment playing a different jazz song every day.[142]

Ethnic and financial contentions

One particular contentious point with WCPN was the inclusion of ethnic programming on the schedule, which included Hungarian, Slovenian, Ukrainian, German, Slovak, Czech, Lithuanian, British, Serbian, Spanish, Italian and Jewish programs.[143] A schedule realignment to accommodate the premiere of Weekend Edition in the fall of 1987 saw the programs consolidated into a 12-hour block on Sundays, eliciting anger among the newly established "American Nationalities Movement of Ohio" which attempted a takeover of WCPN's board.[144] That attempt was unsuccessful with all existing board members retained.[145] WCPN would cancel all ethnic programming outright on July 15, 1988, replacing the shows with jazz music. General manager Kathryn P. (Kit) Jensen, who joined the station in 1987, stated that the shows only attracted 5,800 listeners in ratings surveys, compared to 48,000 listeners the rest of the week.

Cleveland mayor George Voinovich expressed outrage over the cancellations and called on an investigation by the FCC[146] while Senator Howard Metzenbaum delayed passage of a budget bill for NPR unless WCPN restored the ethnic fare, but Jensen vowed not to reverse course and received moral support from management at other public radio stations.[147] By June 1989, WCPN reached a settlement between the ethnic show producers and the Cleveland Roundtable that restored much of the ethnic fare except for the Spanish, Italian and Jewish programs; a Polish program was also added. This settlement included a funding proposal of $185,000 in grant money for WCPN—including $90,000 from The Cleveland Foundation[148] —as well as the establishment of a five-member advisory board and producer to work with the ethnic hosts.[149] Community leaders also pledged to help raise funds to retire WCPN's $225,000 deficit and find a university affiliation for the station. An unidentified radio executive in remarks to The Plain Dealer considered the settlement "a bribe" and that WCPN "has now been usurped by an outside agency" that damaged the station's reputation. WCPN chairman Charles Marcoux tacitly confirmed this by saying, "we made a compromise, and no one has pretended it's anything other than a compromise".

The settlement came weeks after Cleveland Public Radio saw three longstanding leaders depart during the station's annual board meeting: chairman emeritus Brad Norris, vice president H. Andrew Johnson III and trustee Ben Shouse. Financial statements disclosed during that meeting revealed that WCPN, despite increasing corporate underwriters and listener support, was experiencing deficits after declines in unrestricted foundation grants.[150] The station's news department was affected the most, with news director Vivian Goodman leaving to join WERE[151] and a resulting three-person staff that primarily worked on After Nine and news inserts on Morning Edition; by comparison, WKSU featured local newscasts throughout the day and oriented coverage to include Cleveland.[152] The Ohio State Legislature drafted their 1989 state budget with no funding towards WCPN but to Cleveland State University, which was to direct the funds to the station via a partnership; this was arranged to prevent a "free-for-all" with other Ohio public broadcasters.[153] This, in turn, led WCPN to rely significantly more on membership donations via pledge drives, boasting a base of 8,000 supporters by 1993.[154]

Additional underwriting support began to emerge. Progressive Insurance donated $48,000 earmarked for news coverage on urban-related issues and pledged an additional $10,000 if WCPN met a pledge drive goal of 248 additional supporters.[155] WCLV itself became an underwriter of All Things Considered on WCPN starting in February 1990; in turn, WCPN was given commercial spots over WCLV to promote future specials and pledge drives.[156] A donation from the Reinberger Foundation in 1994 allowed WCPN to purchase a remote truck for live broadcasts. Another substantial change came when WKSU dropped all blues-related programming in July 1990 to focus on classical and folk on the weekends, donating their blues library to WCPN.[157] Jensen published an op-ed to The Plain Dealer in response to proposed funding cuts to the CPB by the 104th U.S. Congress, calling the CPB "...an appropriate and needed expenditure for the public good... an investment, as it were, in something that the country needs but that would not come about through market forces alone."[158] As WCPN marked its tenth anniversary, Jensen reflected on WBOE's demise from outside forces as proof that WCPN's future could never be fully guaranteed.

Creating ideastream

In 1993, Jerrold Wareham was named as WVIZ's general manager, succeeding station co-founder Betty Cope; shortly after his appointment, Kit Jensen first proposed the idea of both entities forming a partnership. Both stations collaborated for My Land, Your Land, a December 1997 WVIZ documentary on urban sprawl narrated by NPR's Ray Suarez that WCPN simulcast the audio of;[159] despite multiple logistical issues in production, it was positively received among both station's respective audiences.[160] WVIZ was negotiating with Cleveland State University in February 2000 for new studio space in downtown Cleveland to comply with a May 1, 2003, federal deadline for television stations to have high-definition equipment and publicly suggested long-ranging partnerships with Playhouse Square and WCPN.[161]

On October 13, 2000, the license holders for WCPN and WVIZ agreed to a merger of equals, with Wareham becoming chief executive officer and Jensen becoming chief operating officer for the combined entity, ideastream.[162] WNET president William F. Baker called the merger "wonderful news and the right direction for public broadcasting to be moving in... everyone winds up winning, especially the people of Cleveland."[163] Most notably, both stations were almost entirely debt-free, a rarity among mergers in the industry following the Telecommunications Act of 1996.[164] WVIZ's proposed facilities were realized with the Idea Center in Playhouse Square with both stations moving there in the fall of 2005.[165] WCLV's successor station at , which was launched in 2001, moved to the Idea Center in 2010[166] and was donated to ideastream in 2011.[167]

Despite WCPN's separate history, one visible reminder of WBOE's past is in display at the Idea Center: a large Works Progress Administration (WPA) mural painted for the Cleveland Board of Education by Louis Grebenak (husband of Dorothy Grebenak), one of several WPA murals commissioned by the city in the 1930s that was restored by the Intermuseum Conservation Association, a non-profit art conservation group.[168] The WBOE mural was donated to Ideastream and publicly unveiled in the front lobby of the Idea Center in 2014 as part of WCPN's 30th anniversary.[169]

News evolution

WCPN had been substantially evolving prior to the merger. In early 1997, the station had dropped most jazz programming during the midday hours in favor of news-oriented fare including The Diane Rehm Show[170] and The World.[171] The changes also called for another attempt at a reduction in hours to the Sunday ethnic lineup,[172] but met opposition from Ohio governor George Voinovich, Cleveland mayor Michael R. White and Plain Dealer publisher Alex Machaskee.[173] After the Ohio State Legislature inserted language into the state budget mandating the ethnic shows remain as-is in exchange for state funding[174] said changes were rescinded.[175] InfOhio, an early-afternoon program with an emphasis on statewide news was moved to late mornings as InfOhio After Nine[176] while incumbent midday jazz host Dee Perry[177] began hosting a daily arts-oriented newsmagazine, Around Noon.[178] Following the merger, Perry also began hosting Applause, a similarly focused weekly program over WVIZ; Around Noon was renamed The Sound of Applause in 2013, tying it closer to the TV program.[179]

By 2005, WCPN experienced some staff turnover attributed to the merger, with news director Dave Pignanelli leaving for WKSU in the same capacity and the news department shrinking from 18 staffers to nine; WCPN only employed four news staffers when Pignanelli joined in 1996. 90.3 at 9 (the former InfOhio After Nine) host Cindi Deutschman-Ruiz also left the station, with the show renamed The Sound of Ideas under succeeding hosts Dan Moulthrop and Plain Dealer columnist Regina Brett.[180] An additional schedule realignment in 2006 saw a further de-emphasizing from jazz with the moving of Jazz from the Lincoln Center to Friday overnights, the cancellation of Jazz After Hours and locally produced Jazz Tracks with Bobby Jackson and the addition of BBC World Service programming overnights.[181] Sentiment among former personnel was critical toward ideastream placing an emphasis on television over radio; Kit Jensen disputed this, saying that the station's audience and listener support base had both grown substantially, and that issues to secure funding were preventing staff vacancies from being filled. In a 2006 interview, Jensen explained the changes were "...to disrupt ourselves... to break down our own walls in order to partner effectively and... accept that we could not do this on our own... we had to subsume our own organizational ego..."[182] WKSU's format adjustment in July 2013 placing a greater emphasis on news programming resulted in both it and WCPN now largely mirroring each other, carrying much of the same nationally produced shows.[183] WCPN added NPR's Here and Now for early middays in the same time slot as WKSU, within weeks of WKSU's lineup changes.

Dee Perry retired from the station on August 26, 2016, ending a 40-year career in broadcasting, with all local inserts during weekday NPR programming subsequently rebranded The Sound of Applause.[184] Former WNYC-FM personality Amy Eddings, who had been that station's local host for All Things Considered until 2015, joined WCPN as local host for Morning Edition in March 2017.[185] A native of Brunswick,[186] Eddings also began involvement with The Downtowner, a weekly WCPN-produced podcast devoted to downtown Cleveland's revival.[187] Plain Dealer reporter Michael McIntrye joined WCPN as host of The Sound of Ideas,[188] [189] sharing the duties with staffer Rick Jackson.[190] Originally with WCPN as morning anchor, Jackson was moved to WVIZ to host the weekly panel discussion program Ideas and the children's-oriented newsmagazine NewsDepth.[191] Meanwhile, WCPN was successful in reducing the allotted airtime for the weekend ethnic fare in January 2015 after the hosts of the Lithuanian and Serbian programs retired; the resulting schedule changes allowed WCPN to finally add the Sunday edition of All Things Considered.[192] By the end of 2021, only three ethnic programs remained on the lineup.

On June 15, 2021, WCPN rebranded as "WCPN Ideastream Public Media" as part of a group-wide effort to celebrate the entity's 20th anniversary.[193]

WCLV (2022–present)

Kent State University's board of trustees and Ideastream Public Media entered into a public service operating agreement with the university's WKSU on September 15, 2021.[194] As part of the agreement, Ideastream took over the day-to-day operations of WKSU and all its respective translators and repeaters on October 1, 2021, retaining all of WKSU's employees.[195] This agreement had its genesis in a $100,000 CPB grant[196] jointly awarded to WKSU and Ideastream on September 1, 2020, to help expand public media service in Northeast Ohio and encourage collaboration between both entities.[197]

With this arrangement, a realignment of formats, stations and call signs took place on March 28, 2022.[198] On that date, WCPN changed their call letters to WCLV and format to classical music, which was reported as WCLV "moving" to the facility in WCPN's place. The former WCPN's format was "merged" into WKSU, which became Northeast Ohio's lead NPR station employing the off- and on-air staffs from both stations.[199] Amy Eddings was reassigned to WKSU as that station's morning host and The Sound of Ideas and the City Club of Cleveland's Friday Forum were also moved to WKSU.[200] Two of WCPN's three remaining ethnic programs—The Hungarian Program and The Polish Program—were retained and moved to WKSU's HD4 subchannel. Concurrently, WCLV's former facility changed their calls to WCPN and became a WKSU repeater for Lorain County and the western portion of Greater Cleveland.[201] The "new" WCLV at also inherited WCPN's jazz programming for overnights, while WKSU dropped all remaining classical programming from their lineup.

Ideastream general manager Jenny Northern, WCLV air host Bill O'Connell and station president/co-founder Robert Conrad each expressed hope the frequency change would bring back longtime listeners adversely affected following WCLV's 2001 move to the facility. At, WCLV's potential audience was estimated to have increased by as many as one million people, particularly in Akron and Cleveland's eastern suburbs.[202] Conrad's involvement with WCLV since the original WCLV's 1962 establishment is recognized as one of the longest such tenures in the format[203] and his announcing duties for the Cleveland Orchestra broadcasts, uninterrupted since 1965, is also regarded as a record in American radio.[204] Ideastream celebrated WCLV's "60th anniversary", recognizing the date WDGO changed their call letters to WCLV, on November 1, 2022.[205]

Programming

Local personalities heard on WCLV include Jacqueline Gerber, Mark Satola, Rob Greer, Bill O'Connell, John Mills and John Simna; Simna also hosts Symphony at Seven, broadcast continuously over WCLV since 1964 with KeyBank as the sole underwriter throughout the program's entire history.[206] [207] Weekend and seasonal programming includes Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts, Performance Today, From the Top and Pipedreams with J. Michael Barone; the City Club of Cleveland's Friday Forum, which originates over WKSU on Friday afternoons, is rebroadcast over WCLV on Sunday nights.[208] [209] WCLV syndicates the Cleveland Orchestra's radio broadcasts, comedy show Weekend Radio[210] and musical theatre show Footlight Parade, the latter produced by The Musical Theater Project.[211]

WCLV's HD2 digital subchannel carries a full-time jazz format as "JazzNEO" locally hosted with Dan Polletta, Dee Perry and Simna.[212] WCLV-HD3 rebroadcasts the analog signal of WKSU, while WCLV is simulcast on the HD3 signals of WKSU and its full-power repeater network;[213] WVIZ's 25.8 subchannel rebroadcasts WCLV in an audio-only format.[214]

See also

Bibliography

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Book: Broadcasting Yearbook . ProQuest LLC . 2009 . 978-1-60030-122-3 . 2010 . New Providence, New Jersey . D-422 ("Cleveland: WCPN (FM)") . https://web.archive.org/web/20200703123445/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2010/2010-BC-YB.pdf#718 . July 3, 2020 . live . World Radio History.
  2. Web site: Fybush . Scott . July 11, 2014 . Site of the Week 7/11/2014: Cleveland's Ideastream . April 1, 2022 . Fybush.com . en-US . RadioBB . April 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220401161903/https://www.fybush.com/site-20140711/ . live .
  3. News: Levenson . William B. . April 1941 . FM for Cleveland School System: How Cleveland's WBOE, Now Changed to FM, Serves as Educational Auxiliary . 1 . 5–7, 45–46 . FM Magazine . 6 . July 18, 2022 . World Radio History . April 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220408000743/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-FM-Magazine/FM-1941-Apr.pdf#page=7 . live .
  4. News: Ferrell Jr. . Perry . December 1937 . Ultra-High: When to Listen – What to Listen For . 3 . 628–629, 664–666 . All-Wave Radio . 12 . July 19, 2022 . World Radio History . March 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220322180909/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Wave-Radio/All-Wave-1937-12.pdf . live .
  5. News: November 1, 1937 . Upper Bands Set Aside for Television . 13 . 60–61 . Broadcasting . 9 . July 19, 2022 . World Radio History . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151437/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1937/1937-11-01-BC.pdf . live .
  6. News: February 1, 1938 . Ultra-high Waves Granted Educators . 14 . 17 . Broadcasting . 3 . July 19, 2022 . World Radio History . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151333/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1938/1938-02-01-BC.pdf . live .
  7. Book: Hill, Harold E. . The National Association of Educational Broadcasters: A History . The National Association of Educational Broadcasters . 1954 . Urbana, Illinois . 29 . July 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200713023005/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015005258184&view=1up&seq=67 . July 13, 2020 . live . HathiTrust.
  8. News: November 26, 1938 . Listening to Learn . 8 . 14 . Radio Guide . 6 . live . July 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200703124907/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Guide/1938/Radio-Guide-38-11-26.pdf#page=16 . July 3, 2020 . World Radio History.
  9. News: June 1939 . The Radio Month in Review . 10 . 711, 748–750 . Radio-Craft . 12 . July 19, 2022 . World Radio History . October 2, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211002050544/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Craft/1930s/Radio-Craft-1939-06.pdf . live .
  10. News: March 1, 1939 . Facsimile in Cleveland . 16 . 62 . Broadcasting . 5 . July 19, 2022 . World Radio History . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108154943/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1939/1939-03-01-BC.pdf . live .
  11. News: Robertson . Bruce . February 1, 1939 . Armstrong Soon to Start Staticless Radio . 16 . 19, 56 . Broadcasting . 3 . July 19, 2022 . World Radio History . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151243/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1939/1939-02-01-BC.pdf . live .
  12. News: Powell . Marie M. . September 10, 1939 . 3 R's—by Radio . 5 . The Montana Standard Magazine . Every Week Magazine . Butte, Montana . July 19, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220720004628/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55790271/3-rsby-radio/ . live .
  13. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112059131711&view=1up&seq=765 "FCC Order No. 67"
  14. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044107899262&view=1up&seq=91 "FCC Order No. 69"
  15. News: April 1, 1939 . Radio and Education (photograph caption) . 16 . 74 . Broadcasting . 7 . July 26, 2022 . World Radio History . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151323/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1939/1939-04-01-BC.pdf . live .
  16. News: February 1941 . Radio Education by Short-Wave Makes History in Kentucky . 3 . 3 . FREC Service Bulletin . Federal Radio Education Committee . 2 . Washington, D.C. . live . July 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200712115824/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c2564342&view=1up&seq=69 . July 12, 2020 . HathiTrust.
  17. News: Pruitt . Bert . December 1943 . Education By Radio . 10 . 14–15 . The Broadcast Engineers' Journal . . 12 . July 17, 2022 . World Radio History . September 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210923013042/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Broadcast-Engineers-Journal/BEJ-1943-12.pdf . live .
  18. News: February 10, 1941 . Education by FM . 20 . 49 . Broadcasting . 5 . July 26, 2022 . World Radio History . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151219/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1941/1941-02-10-BC.pdf . live .
  19. News: October 15, 1940 . FM speeds use of radio in adult education . 1–3 . NAEB Newsletter . National Association of Educational Broadcasters . Urbana, Illinois . July 19, 2022.
  20. News: Bailey . Bill . July 2, 1945 . FCC Allocates 88-106 mc Band to FM . 29 . 13–14 . Broadcasting . 1 . July 26, 2022 . World Radio History . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151446/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1945/1945-07-02-BC.pdf . live .
  21. News: July 2, 1945 . FCC Allocations Order Text . 29 . 64, 68 . Broadcasting . 1 . July 26, 2022 . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151446/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1945/1945-07-02-BC.pdf . live .
  22. News: July 20, 1946 . Filling in the Spectrum . 2 . 1 . Television Digest and FM Reports . 29 . live . July 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200609111225/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-TV-Digest/40s/TV-Digest-1946-07.pdf#page=17 . June 9, 2020 . World Radio History.
  23. News: January 1947 . FCC Orders Cessation of FM Broadcasts in Low Band . 9 . 3 . Service Bulletin of the FREC . Federal Radio Education Committee . 1 . Washington, D.C. . live . July 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200925180141/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c2564342&view=1up&seq=261 . September 25, 2020 . HathiTrust.
  24. News: June 23, 1947 . New Frequency Assignments for FM Stations in the United States . 32 . 38 . Broadcasting . 25 . live . July 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200609111409/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1947/1947-06-23-BC.pdf#page=39 . June 9, 2020 . World Radio History.
  25. Letter to FCC dated July 13, 1948.
  26. News: January 3, 1949 . Low-Band FM Dropped by 11 Stations . 36 . 42 . Broadcasting . 2 . July 26, 2022 . World Radio History . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108155239/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1949/1949-01-10-BC.pdf . live .
  27. Carson . Saul . April 11, 1949 . On the Air: Midwest Model . 120 . 28–29 . The New Republic . 15 . New York, New York . . EBSCOhost.
  28. News: March 4, 1946 . Education Meet . 30 . 68 . Broadcasting . 9 . live . July 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200721155936/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1946/1946-03-04-BC.pdf . July 21, 2020 . World Radio History.
  29. News: Hoon . Edward L. . January 10, 1951 . School Time . 7 . Chillicothe Gazette . Chillicothe, Ohio . July 22, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220722012744/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106061319/school-time/ . live .
  30. Book: Durham . Franklin . FM for Education: Suggestions for Planning, Licensing, and Utilizing FM Radio Stations Owned by Schools, Colleges, and Universities, Volumes 7-13 . Broderick . Gertrude G. . Lowdermilk . Ronald R. . United States Office of Education. . 1948 . Washington, D.C. . 13 . July 26, 2022 . Google Books . July 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220727033251/https://books.google.com/books?id=KHL5KQmUqdoC . live .
  31. News: June 20, 1944 . Program Planning for FM School Stations . 2 . 4–6 . Education for Victory . United States Office of Education . 24 . Washington, D.C. . July 19, 2022.
  32. News: October 30, 1945 . Petrillo Order Bars FM Use Of Network . 7 . The Baltimore Sun . Associated Press . Baltimore, Maryland . July 19, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220720004630/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105933130/petrillo-order-bars-fm-use-of-network/ . live .
  33. News: October 30, 1945 . Cleveland Schools' FM Radio Only Slightly Hurt By Latest Petrillo Ban . 8 . The Coshocton Tribune . International News Service . Coshocton, Ohio . July 19, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220720004628/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105932668/cleveland-schools-fm-radio-only/ . live .
  34. Web site: Ramsburg . Jim . DECEMBER IN THE GOLDEN AGE . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211222080408/http://www.jimramsburg.com/december-in-the-golden-age.html . December 22, 2021 . July 19, 2022 . Gold Time Radio . en.
  35. Web site: Hill . Adriene . May 29, 2014 . Public radio's teachable moment . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150415091406/http://www.marketplace.org/topics/education/learning-curve/public-radios-teachable-moment . April 15, 2015 . July 23, 2022 . Marketplace . American Public Media . en-US.
  36. News: May 28, 1953 . Program Offering – To: All NAEB Stations; From: NAEB HEQ.; Re: School Program Series: Meeting the Situation . 56 . Programs, Correspondence, 1951-1954 . National Association of Educational Broadcasters . July 21, 2022.
  37. News: Stagg . Mildred . November–December 1954 . The NAEB Tape Network . 2 . 25–28 . Magnetic Film & Tape Recording . 1 . July 21, 2022 . World Radio History . October 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211012071949/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Audio/Archive-Tape-Recording/50s/Tape-Recording-1954-12.pdf . live .
  38. News: November 1953 . This is the NAEB Tape Network . 18 . 2–3 . WOSU Program Bulletin . Ohio State University . 3 . Columbus, Ohio . July 21, 2022.
  39. News: January 23, 1953 . Plans Evening Broadcasts . 2 . Springfield News-Sun . Associated Press . Springfield, Ohio . July 21, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220722012745/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106057640/plans-evening-broadcasts/ . live .
  40. Proceedings of the [Cleveland] Board of Education, Vol. 79.
  41. Proceedings of the [Cleveland] Board of Education, Vol. 80.
  42. News: January–February 2007 . Healthlines Reaffirms Commitment to Public Health, Adds New Voice to Program . 91 . 1–2 . AMCNO Northern Ohio Physician . The Academy of Medicine of Cleveland & Northern Ohio . 1 . Cleveland, Ohio . July 29, 2022 . July 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220730033753/https://www.amcno.org/assets/docs/2007%20janfebfinal.pdf . live .
  43. News: Clark . Ken . September 27, 1968 . National Educational Radio: Seventh Report, Radio Programs for the Disadvantaged . 3 (51) . Programs, Correspondence, 1968, August–December . National Association of Educational Broadcasters . Washington, D.C. . July 21, 2022.
  44. Book: Howard, Jon R. . Evolution of an educational radio program service network in the United States: a history of networks 1914-1971 . Kansas State University . 1987 . Manhattan, Kansas . 76–80 . July 21, 2022.
  45. News: March 8, 1954 . Cleveland paves way for Tele Education . 153 . 35 . Variety . 13 . New York, New York . July 21, 2022.
  46. News: January 6, 1953 . Cleveland Board Of Education To Study TV Costs . 11 . The Newark Advocate . Associated Press . Newark, Ohio . July 21, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220722012744/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106057212/cleveland-board-of-education-to-study/ . live .
  47. News: August 18, 1961 . Plan To Build 6 Educational TV Stations . 7 . Lancaster Eagle-Gazette . Associated Press . Lancaster, Ohio . July 22, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220722012745/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106057844/plan-to-build-6-educational-tv-stations/ . live .
  48. News: December 5, 1961 . Cleveland Plans Educational TV . 14 . Akron Beacon Journal . Associated Press . Akron, Ohio . July 21, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220722012745/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103279728/cleveland-plans-educational-tv/ . live .
  49. News: June 13, 1961 . Levenson Named Schools' Head At Cleveland . 5 . The News-Messenger . Associated Press . Fremont, Ohio . July 23, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220723195356/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106156371/levenson-named-schools-head-at/ . live .
  50. News: February 14, 1964 . School Chief Won't Tell Why He Quit . 12 . Akron Beacon Journal . Associated Press . Akron, Ohio . July 23, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220723195357/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106155634/school-chief-wont-tell-why-he-quit/ . live .
  51. Web site: Dawidziak . Mark . September 16, 2013 . Betty Cope, founding president of WVIZ Channel 25, dies at 87 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220702031120/https://www.cleveland.com/tv-blog/2013/09/betty_cope_founding_president_of_wviz_channel_25_dies_at_87.html . July 2, 2022 . July 2, 2022 . cleveland.com . The Plain Dealer . en . Cleveland, Ohio.
  52. News: Shippy . Dick . February 1, 1965 . Another Choice of Program: WVIZ Brings Educational Television To Area . A12 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . July 21, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220722012745/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106054500/another-choice-of-program-wviz-brings/ . live .
  53. Swerdlin . Richard . February 15, 1967 . The Overlooked Medium – Radio. Educational Technology . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey . Educational Technology Publications, Inc. . 7 . 3 . 20–21 . 44421872.
  54. News: Schotten . Glenn . April 17, 1963 . Recordings Stimulate Students' Interest . 1 . The Salem News . Salem, Ohio . July 21, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220722012746/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55793254/recordings-stimulate-students-interest/ . live .
  55. O'Hara . Kenneth G. . January 1964 . An Experiment with Individual Grade Books. The Clearing House . Taylor & Francis. 38 . 5 . 306 . 30187832.
  56. News: August 24, 2015 . Students Had Privilege of Interviewing Louis Stokes . Targeted News Service . Washington, D.C. . July 21, 2022 . . ProQuest . July 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220722012750/https://www.proquest.com/docview/1706473045 . live .
  57. News: Cullison . Art . March 18, 1958 . WCUE Wins FM License . 24 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . July 23, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220723195357/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103275130/wcue-wins-fm-license/ . live .
  58. Proceedings of the [Cleveland] Board of Education, Vol. 94.
  59. Web site: WBOE audio track for slideshow about National Public Radio (NPR) Affiliation -1/09/1975 . live . July 18, 2022 . CMSD History – Audio Archive . Cleveland Metropolitan School District . Cleveland, Ohio . en . July 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220720015737/https://www.clevelandmetroschools.org/site/default.aspx?PageType=3&ModuleInstanceID=32805&ViewID=E324842B-E4A3-44C3-991A-1E716D4A99E3&RenderLoc=0&FlexDataID=38437&PageID=19202 .
  60. News: March 28, 1976 . Complete guide to area radio . 22 . Akron Beacon Journal TV Preview . Akron, Ohio . July 17, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717235902/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105800560/complete-guide-to-area-radio/ . live .
  61. Book: Boninger, Walter . Radio Reading Service: The Ohio Story . Ohio Rehabilitations Services Commission . 1977 . Columbus, Ohio . 11–12.
  62. Web site: February 4, 2006 . William Norris Obituary – Death Notice and Service Information . July 15, 2022 . Legacy.com . en . July 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715214625/https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/william-norris-obituary?pid=16583463&view=guestbook . live .
  63. News: Feagler. Dick. Dick Feagler. October 11, 1978. Public radio isn't dead yet. E2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. July 21, 2020. March 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220329180823/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55786630/public-radio-isnt-dead-yet/. live.
  64. News: Frolik . Joe . September 2, 1984 . Public Radio Here At Last . 10–11, 12, 13, 14 . The Plain Dealer Magazine . Cleveland, Ohio . live . September 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240314082428/https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings//wpqktcaluzyueqwhmcbduwvwlqoldugs_wma-gateway006_1662870590107 . March 14, 2024.
  65. News: January 29, 1978 . Guide to area radio stations . 20 . Akron Beacon Journal TV Preview . Akron, Ohio . July 17, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717235851/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105798548/guide-to-area-radio-stations/ . live .
  66. Web site: Script for WBOE radio broadcast, "Living today, Survival! It's your decision: How you can get involved in ecological survival since pollution is a personal thing," Cleveland Public Schools Horticultural Department . July 17, 2022 . clevelandmemory.contentdm.oclc.org . en . Cleveland Memory Project . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717235953/https://clevelandmemory.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/urbanfarm/id/1700/ . live .
  67. Web site: Script for Green Thumb Club Radio Broadcast, "How to enroll for home gardens, revised 1978," Cleveland Public Schools Horticultural Department . July 17, 2022 . clevelandmemory.contentdm.oclc.org . en . Cleveland Memory Project . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717235845/https://clevelandmemory.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/urbanfarm/id/1596/rec/19 . live .
  68. Web site: WBOE Radio Lessons in Horticulture . July 17, 2022 . www.clevelandmemory.org . The Cleveland Memory Project . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220707041418/http://www.clevelandmemory.org/school-gardens/wboe.html . live .
  69. Kmetzko . Mark . July 28, 1977 . Sleepless Nights . 8 . 4 . Scene Entertainment Weekly. 29. 32629317.
  70. Web site: Segall . Grant . June 30, 2016 . 82-year-old leads foot and Segway tours: My Cleveland . July 17, 2022 . cleveland.com . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . en . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717235857/https://www.cleveland.com/mycleveland/2016/06/karl_johnson_82_leads_local_to.html . live .
  71. News: July 7, 1978 . British pianist returns to Hoover Auditorium . 14 . News Herald . Port Clinton, Ohio . July 17, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717235909/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105800980/british-pianist-returns-to-hoover/ . live .
  72. Web site: Kinsey . Linda . July 18, 2014 . John Basalla of Berea on the air and living his dream at WBWC: Faces of the Suns . July 17, 2022 . cleveland.com . en . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717235850/https://www.cleveland.com/faces-of-the-suns/2014/07/john_basalla_of_berea_on_the_a.html . live .
  73. Web site: Basalla . John . June 2, 2014 . A personal look back at WBOE . July 17, 2022 . Marketplace . American Public Media . en-US . June 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210623160125/https://www.marketplace.org/2014/06/02/personal-look-back-wboe/ . live .
  74. Book: Grame, Theodore C. . Ethnic Broadcasting in the United States . American Folklife Center, Library of Congress . 1980 . Washington, D.C. . 101–104 . Google Books . July 17, 2022 . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717235843/https://books.google.com/books?id=vxNaodoPCZ4C . live .
  75. News: September–October 1978 . Coast to Coast: Ohio . 67–68 . Musician, Player and Listener . Amordian Press . 14 . Boulder, Colorado . July 21, 2022.
  76. Web site: Baranick . Alana . October 30, 2008 . Jay Robert Klein: Cleveland schools administrator, greeter for visitors . July 15, 2022 . cleveland.com . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . en . July 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715214629/https://www.cleveland.com/obituaries/2008/10/jay_robert_klein_cleveland_sch.html . live .
  77. News: April 28, 1991 . Thomas C. Altenbernd, volunteer . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 21, 2022 . NewsBank . July 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220722012753/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news%2F173D9D1DA8100EC8&f=basic . live .
  78. News: February 25, 1994 . Deal could end Cleveland desegregation lawsuit . C1, C4 . Akron Beacon Journal . Associated Press . Akron, Ohio . July 16, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025837/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105686489/deal-could-end-cleveland-desegregation/ . live .
  79. News: December 13, 1973 . Desegregate Order . 3 . The Tribune . United Press International . Coshocton, Ohio . July 16, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025837/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105686812/desegregate-order/ . live .
  80. News: December 17, 1973 . Pinkney Worried About Suit . 10 . The Galion Inquirer . United Press International . Galion, Ohio . July 16, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025837/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105686879/pinkney-worried-about-suit/ . live .
  81. News: Stevens . William K. . March 17, 1976 . Cleveland is Likely to Be the Next Battleground in Controversy Over the Busing of Students for Integration . en-US . 21 . The New York Times . New York, New York . July 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . July 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025837/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/17/archives/cleveland-is-likely-to-be-the-next-battleground-in-controversy-over.html . live .
  82. News: Delaney . Paul . September 1, 1976 . Judge Says Cleveland's Schools Are Deliberately Segregated . en-US . 25 . The New York Times . New York, New York . July 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . July 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025837/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/09/01/archives/judge-says-clevelands-schools-are-deliberately-segregated.html . live .
  83. News: August 31, 1976 . Cleveland Race Policies Illegal . 2 . The Tribune . United Press International . Coshocton, Ohio . July 16, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025837/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105686725/cleveland-race-policies-illegal/ . live .
  84. Web site: Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: Cleveland Public Schools. Case Western Reserve University. June 25, 2020. Edward M. Miggins. September 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200927075719/https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-public-schools. live.
  85. News: Peterson . Iver . April 16, 1978 . Defeat of School Levy in Cleveland Strikes Angry Blow at Busing Plan . en-US . 24 . The New York Times . New York, New York . July 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . July 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025837/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/16/archives/defeat-of-school-levy-in-cleveland-strikes-angry-blow-at-busing.html . live .
  86. News: Zaidan . Abe . April 8, 1978 . Cleveland Schools Await Ohio Emergency Session . en-US . Washington Post . Washington, D.C. . July 15, 2022 . 0190-8286 . August 28, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170828164804/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/04/08/cleveland-schools-await-ohio-emergency-session/4768c0c6-7036-4e47-91dc-4e316764b7b0/ . live .
  87. News: Stuart . Reginald . November 13, 1978 . Cleveland Caught in Long Decline . en-US . A1 . The New York Times . New York, New York . July 15, 2022 . 0362-4331 . July 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025839/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/13/archives/cleveland-caught-in-long-decline-cleveland-is-mired-in-a-long.html . live .
  88. News: August 16, 1978 . Decision up to board . 20 . News-Journal . United Press International . Mansfield, Ohio . July 16, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025840/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105685967/decision-up-to-board/ . live .
  89. News: August 26, 1978 . Cleveland School Integration Stalled . 1 . The Tribune . United Press International . Coshocton, Ohio . July 16, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025941/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105686206/cleveland-school-integration-stalled/ . live .
  90. News: Yemma . Andrew A. . September 13, 1978 . Education Idled For 300,000 In Massive Teachers' Strikes . 7 . The Tribune . United Press International . Coshocton, Ohio . July 16, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025942/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105686349/education-idled-for-300000-in-massive/ . live .
  91. News: October 6, 1978 . Teachers Defy Court Order in Cleveland Strike . en-US . Washington Post . Washington, D.C. . July 15, 2022 . 0190-8286 . July 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025952/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/10/06/teachers-defy-court-order-in-cleveland-strike/90de7bfe-1f87-4e9d-bc1b-0762424d1db0/ . live .
  92. News: Feagler. Dick. Dick Feagler. October 6, 1978. A fatality in the school crisis. C2. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. Newspapers.com. July 21, 2020. March 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220329180822/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55792631/a-fatality-in-the-school-crisis/. live.
  93. News: New station at Cleveland. September 10, 1984. 6-B. News-Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. Associated Press. Newspapers.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20220329180819/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55790775/new-station-at-cleveland/. March 29, 2022. July 21, 2020.
  94. News: Zitrin . Richard . September 22, 1975 . Hustler... Perry hunts funds for WKSU-FM . B16 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . live . March 6, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200721225800/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46259525/hustler-perry-hunts-funds-for-wksu-fm/ . July 21, 2020.
  95. News: Miller . William F. . April 3, 1982 . Blind may lose radio reading of newspapers . 7A . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . subscription . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040625/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-130B31BDADE66584%402445063-130A97F4504B2131%406-130A97F4504B2131?clipid=zhjdexerxdfutozztijscdfkkrucdogv_wma-gateway010_1662869850523 . live .
  96. News: Frisby . Michael K. . April 22, 1982 . School board to monitor legal fees . 10A . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . subscription . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040626/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-130B811958C458A3%402445082-130A983DD1A40EBA%409-130A983DD1A40EBA?clipid=bvlhsllhofwneeolkgkmectwiugfgktk_wma-gateway020_1662870023019 . live .
  97. News: Hart . Raymond P. . May 12, 1979 . Public radio expected back in the early fall . 3D . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . subscription . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040628/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-1303F91073AF4863%402444006-1303A3C7225DBA4D%4060-1303A3C7225DBA4D?clipid=jkcrzjjmwzovwvnjsgwbjpjzysnypgqj_wma-gateway003_1662869182761 . live .
  98. News: Hart . Raymond P. . May 3, 1979 . Library bid on WBOE not a closed book . 11E . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040629/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-1303EF09D15309BA%402443997-1303E8E873A70FFB%40110-1303E8E873A70FFB?clipid=prjhyisrhdodkxmzkrtxcuhvygciabfy_wma-gateway013_1662869132050 . live .
  99. News: Elving, Ph.D. . Bruce F. . July 1979 . FCC FM News . 10 . VHF-UHF Digest . Worldwide TV-FM DX Association . July 15, 2022 . September 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200920002125/https://www.wtfda.org/vud70s/1979/07-79%20vud.pdf . live .
  100. News: September 3, 1979 . For the Record: Ownership Changes: Applications . 97 . 76 . Broadcasting . 10 . July 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043910/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1979/BC-1979-09-03.pdf#page=76 . March 8, 2021 . World Radio History.
  101. News: Cook . Daniel . September 10, 1982 . Cleveland may try public radio again . D5 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . live . July 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220329180819/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55789658/cleveland-may-try-public-radio-again/ . March 29, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  102. Web site: FCC Internet Services Staff . October 18, 1982 . Application Search Details: BPED-19791017AD (WCPN) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200723074030/http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=14536 . July 23, 2020 . July 22, 2020 . licensing.fcc.gov.
  103. News: Hart . Raymond P. . August 4, 1979 . Losing bidder to file: Race for WBOE heats up . 3D . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040641/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-130445D8B98998D3%402444090-1303EBA64AF41D9A%4052-1303EBA64AF41D9A?clipid=zvjwvjcanmdqpusrnlwbthdmqcbxgswp_wma-gateway011_1662869008270 . live .
  104. News: Hart . Raymond P. . November 29, 1979 . Merger plan offers WBOE ray of hope . 8D . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040707/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-13059761B8D8603D%402444207-13044CD51B48DC50%4095-13044CD51B48DC50?clipid=extdhvdrherywlgqybaecoggckenxaua_wma-gateway020_1662869038371 . live .
  105. News: Hart . Raymond P. . December 6, 1979 . WBOE compromise deal off . 11B . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040650/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-13063EDF34F57772%402444214-1305A3E02A298580%4037-1305A3E02A298580?clipid=wdosukkdmxprheydxcpvjtsuwgsmyljf_wma-gateway002_1662869063187 . live .
  106. Web site: FCC Internet Services Staff . October 18, 1982 . Application Search Details: BRED-19790711UA (DWBOE-FM) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200723030902/http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=11878 . July 23, 2020 . July 22, 2020 . licensing.fcc.gov.
  107. News: June 29, 1981 . For the Record: In Contest . 100 . 79 . Broadcasting . 26 . July 15, 2022 . World Radio History . January 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220127061203/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1981/BC-1981-06-29.pdf . live .
  108. News: Memorandum Opinion and Order: Cleveland Board of Education . 87, second series . 9–17 . Federal Communications Commission Reports . Federal Communications Commission . Washington, D.C. . live . July 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200703142336/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ien.35559002076713&view=1up&seq=35 . July 3, 2020 . HathiTrust.
  109. News: Egan . D'Arcy . October 25, 2008 . Hosting marsh fellows Sandusky Bay has 18 waterfowl hunting clubs focused on preserving the wetlands habitat . D2 . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . September 12, 2022 . NewsBank . September 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220913153804/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/12410763966DAB30&f=basic . live .
  110. News: August 25, 1981 . Station's control debated . 14 . The Newark Advocate . Associated Press . Newark, Ohio . July 15, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715214626/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105659622/stations-control-debated/ . live .
  111. News: September 10, 1981 . Saga Enters Fourth Year With Same Problems . 10 . The Daily Advocate . Associated Press . Greenville, Ohio . July 15, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715214627/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105659668/saga-enters-fourth-year-with-same/ . live .
  112. News: Ewinger . James . February 14, 1981 . WBOE in magnet plans . 2B . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . subscription . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040654/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-130A3D2228E2B079%402444650-1308F768AA077F98%4036-1308F768AA077F98?clipid=almmtibgiwciyyrljgyzuzbwqmbtyokn_wma-gateway018_1662869721716 . live .
  113. News: Hart . Raymond . July 20, 1980 . WKSU is stretching its arms . 7D, 9D . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . September 12, 2022 . GenealogyBank . September 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220913153804/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-1306EB77A14811A1%402444441-1306E94CCE15D60B%40106-1306E94CCE15D60B?clipid=poqexzbfofwaxgxfccyebkgfenigypys_wma-gateway004_1662869432132 . live .
  114. News: Rosenberg . Donald . July 20, 1980 . WKSU-FM now a super station . 3 . Akron Beacon Journal TV . Akron, Ohio . live . March 7, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200721051505/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46292684/wksu-fm-now-a-super-station/ . July 21, 2020.
  115. News: March 7, 1982 . Stronger WKSU signal opposed . B7 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . live . July 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220329180819/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55791535/stronger-wksu-signal-opposed/ . March 29, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  116. News: Rosenberg . Donald . October 17, 1982 . Listeners would be losers in radio station tiff . F1 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . July 15, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715214627/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105656229/listeners-would-be-losers-in-radio/ . live .
  117. News: Rosenberg . Donald . December 4, 1982 . WCLV-WKSU dispute ends . A10 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . July 15, 2022 . Newspapers.com . July 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715214627/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46292866/wclv-wksu-dispute-ends/ . live .
  118. News: Bailey . John T. . June 10, 1982 . National Public Radio station benefits squelched by dispute . 5B . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . subscription . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040654/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-130CD05041C6D468%402445131-130CCF2567D0C78F%4048-130CCF2567D0C78F?clipid=pbzmiykfaoqemrcqoqdgsaykenyfyoib_wma-gateway015_1662869993811 . live .
  119. News: Hibbert . Kelly . June 25, 1982 . WBOE airing settled at last . 1A, 14A . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040657/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-130D7BA265B0DEF6%402445146-130B90F4985B3B9D%400-130B90F4985B3B9D?clipid=yzjovvukhfjvdpgkybhefdadjxwmwwro_wma-gateway002_1662869944434 . live .
  120. News: July 10, 1982 . Cleveland library withdraws application for radio license . 11 . Dayton Daily News . Dayton, Ohio . Associated Press . live . July 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220329180819/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55789332/cleveland-library-withdraws-application/ . March 29, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  121. News: Kolodzy . Janet . September 10, 1982 . CPR, CCC control WBOE, may return to air in year . 5B . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040659/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-130CD6575355A471%402445223-130CCEA700D3E76D%4028-130CCEA700D3E76D?clipid=tdpmyglkenubjrzwauqywyvvhewfucko_wma-gateway015_1662870230524 . live .
  122. News: Ewinger . James . January 15, 1983 . WERE official named WBOE general manager . 4C . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . subscription . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040701/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-130D8F6601AB5BB9%402445350-130D8A83628A8D56%4031-130D8A83628A8D56?clipid=qsdpwzzvjaqdiaqxshozmwubyiuczmdu_wma-gateway014_1662870299236 . live .
  123. News: Stainer . Harry . July 7, 1983 . Public radio start-up delayed . 9D . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . subscription . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040702/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-130DD9F510EF160D%402445523-130D40579B7902B2%4072-130D40579B7902B2?clipid=tjafwnwrqvgrftqdtwthopibpnzhuhxf_wma-gateway007_1662870360615 . live .
  124. News: July 15, 1984 . All the news that's fit to hear . 6 . The Plain Dealer Sunday Magazine . Cleveland, Ohio . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . subscription . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040704/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-130FD10087A54C57%402445897-130FC9A9608EF8CC%40188?clipid=kjiqxfannvgusdeptvqnknuaqkvasskn_wma-gateway011_1662870501777 . live .
  125. Web site: Stroup . Jeffrey R. . Quincy/Woodhill Facility – Cleveland, OH . July 17, 2022 . Great Lakes Urban-Ex Cleveland, Ohio – Urban Exploration . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717235846/http://greatlakesurbanex.jeffreyrstroup.com/quincy.html . live .
  126. Web site: Busta-Peck . Christopher . May 10, 2010 . Cleveland schools slated for demolition . July 17, 2022 . Cleveland Area History . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717235914/http://www.clevelandareahistory.org/2010/05/cleveland-schools-slated-for-demolition.html . live .
  127. Web site: Ott . Thomas . May 5, 2010 . Cleveland school district places 25 buildings on demolition list . July 17, 2022 . cleveland.com . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . en . January 22, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210122233631/https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2010/05/cleveland_school_district_want.html . live .
  128. News: Sandstorm . Karen . September 11, 1994 . Dialing up distinctive decade: WCPN gives public radio life with news, views, jazz . 1K . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194742/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F807D9192E6479A&f=basic . live .
  129. News: Dawidziak . Mark . July 13, 1984 . Public radio in Cleveland: News and all that jazz . B10 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . live . July 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210817210602/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55792123/public-radio-in-cleveland-news-and-all/ . August 17, 2021 . Newspapers.com.
  130. News: Strassmeyer . Mary . July 25, 1984 . Mary, Mary: Hot jazz coming up... . 4E . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . subscription . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040713/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-130FE4D1E02DE5E9%402445907-130FD88C67A51A57%4095-130FD88C67A51A57?clipid=dkwjxotlrbwzotpcxgexjlfojscjfhtl_wma-gateway014_1662870901594 . live .
  131. News: Frolik . Joe . August 6, 1984 . Party for 1,200 to launch public radio station . 5D . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . September 11, 2022 . GenealogyBank . subscription . September 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912040728/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-13111A8B658C98C1%402445919-131021F68156D02A%4057-131021F68156D02A?clipid=vlvjwxftyrwajcvyangfqfidnhwmytoz_wma-gateway020_1662870712208 . live .
  132. News: Dawidziak . Mark . September 8, 1984 . Production group offers cause for networks' concern . B4 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . live . July 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220329180820/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55791382/production-group-offers-cause-for/ . March 29, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  133. News: Kersey . Nancy Bigler . September 10, 1984 . History in making: Cleveland turns out for public radio turn on . 1D, 7D . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . September 13, 2022 . GenealogyBank . September 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220913153804/https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40GB3NEWS-130FD213700E615A%402445954-130FD1C777E181ED%4052-130FD1C777E181ED?clipid=dtvczzrwtnhowsvlnakcsbyciladgnfs_wma-gateway008_1662871156477 . live .
  134. September 1, 1984 . New Public Station Ready For Debut In Cleveland . 96 . 14 . . 35 . live . April 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200703123451/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/80s/1984/BB-1984-09-01.pdf#page=14 . July 3, 2020 . World Radio History.
  135. News: Dawidziak . Mark . April 1, 1984 . WKSU to survive, manager pledges . D1-D2 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . April 2, 2022 . Newspapers.com . April 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403051520/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98925857/wksu-to-survive-manager-pledges/ . live .
  136. News: Dyer . Bob . Dawidziak . Mark . May 31, 1987 . Public stations still find money coming their way . D1–D2 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . live . April 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220404042753/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99039722/public-stations-still-find-money-coming/ . April 4, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  137. News: Dyer . Bob . September 15, 1985 . WKSU, WCPN friendly amid public-radio war . E1, E5 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . April 3, 2022 . Newspapers.com . April 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403051728/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98966396/wksu-wcpn-friendly-amid-public-radio/ . live .
  138. News: Barrett . Bill . April 25, 1985 . Jazz extravaganza saving some of best for last . 2C . News-Journal . Mansfield, Ohio . April 3, 2022 . Newspapers.com . April 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403051724/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98966320/jazz-extravaganza-saving-some-of-best/ . live .
  139. News: Freligh . Rebecca . April 22, 1989 . Jazz lover stands tall amid stacks of wax and on the air: Avoids excess commentary . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . April 3, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194753/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173F0054C99C9DF8&f=basic . live .
  140. News: Dyer . Bob . November 2, 1986 . A few fast notes to munch your breakfast by . B2 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . subscription . April 4, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194744/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0EDF1495ADB42935&f=basic . live .
  141. News: Dyer . Bob . September 27, 1987 . Radio listeners want real news, not vaudeville . C1 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . April 2, 2022 . Newspapers.com . April 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403051522/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83484937/radio-listeners-want-real-news-not/ . live .
  142. News: Dyer . Bob . June 15, 1986 . The 'Get-Down Man' is returning to the airwaves . C2 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . April 2, 2022 . Newspapers.com . April 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403051525/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98934600/the-get-down-man-is-returning-to-the/ . live .
  143. News: Sowd . David . June 3, 1989 . WCPN agrees to reinstate some ethnic programming . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . April 3, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194744/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173F002BB07B29D0&f=basic . live .
  144. News: Dyer . Bob . April 12, 1987 . WDMT bites the dust: 'No pot of (black) gold' . C2 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . April 3, 2022 . Newspapers.com . April 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403051519/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98966226/wdmt-bites-the-dust-no-pot-of-black/ . live .
  145. News: Dyer . Bob . May 10, 1987 . Ohio listeners continue to move out of range . D2 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . April 2, 2022 . Newspapers.com . April 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403051725/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98933418/ohio-listeners-continue-to-move-out-of/ . live .
  146. News: August 24, 1988 . Voinovich asks radio probe . C3 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . April 2, 2022 . Newspapers.com . April 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403051726/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98934325/voinovich-asks-radio-probe/ . live .
  147. News: September 18, 1988 . Metzenbaum stalls budget bill . 2A . The Newark Advocate . Associated Press . Newark, Ohio . April 2, 2022 . Newspapers.com . April 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403051730/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98934501/metzenbaum-stalls-budget-bill/ . live .
  148. News: Sowd . David . July 14, 1989 . Ethnics back on 'CPN, maybe' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . April 3, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194741/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173EA6F653140C68&f=basic . live .
  149. News: Dyer . Bob . June 18, 1989 . Sunday ethnic programs return to WCPN in July . E2 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . April 2, 2022 . Newspapers.com . April 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403051522/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98934426/sunday-ethnic-programs-return-to-wcpn/ . live .
  150. News: Sowd . David . May 3, 1989 . Cleveland's public radio station loses 3 founding 'fathers' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . April 3, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194754/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173EA93F35D37AE0&f=basic . live .
  151. News: Dyer . Bob . November 20, 1988 . WONE jocks play like birds again . B2 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . April 4, 2022 . Newspapers.com . April 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220404043315/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99025283/wone-jocks-play-like-birds-again/ . live .
  152. News: Sowd . David . January 14, 1990 . Where's local radio news? Cutbacks leave a big void . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . August 19, 2021 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194752/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173EA82095FE2C38&f=basic . live .
  153. News: Suddes . Thomas . May 27, 1989 . Senate readies its version of budget . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . April 4, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194753/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173EA8141E195280&f=basic . live .
  154. News: Santiago . Roberto . February 25, 1993 . WCPN begs so it can make ends meet . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . 6E . subscription . May 8, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194812/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F8070F9DA0608E9&f=basic . live .
  155. News: Sowd . David . January 26, 1990 . NPR turns here for assist . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . April 3, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194802/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/173D9D2582BD5EC8&f=basic . live .
  156. News: Dyer . Bob . February 11, 1990 . Era of dominating radio personalities may be over . D2 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . April 4, 2022 . Newspapers.com . April 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220404042753/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99037115/era-of-dominating-radio-personalities/ . live .
  157. News: Dyer . Bob . July 26, 1990 . WKSU bidding goodbye to the blues . C4 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . April 4, 2022 . Newspapers.com . April 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220404043325/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99036775/wksu-bidding-goodbye-to-the-blues/ . live .
  158. News: Jensen . Kathryn P. . January 19, 1995 . Public radio's place . 11B . The Plain Dealer . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194754/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F8083F556DFCB25&f=basic . live .
  159. News: Brown . Roger . December 1, 1997 . WKSU beefs up signal . 5E . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194755/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F80CE205B411C7C&f=basic . live .
  160. News: O'Connor . Clint . April 6, 2003 . Public broadcasting's ideastream is more than the sum of its parts . J1 . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194755/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0FA4960B8D718211&f=basic . live .
  161. News: Rutti . Ronald . February 2, 2000 . WVIZ wants to build a CSU campus studio . 2C . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194804/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F345CF427038C78&f=basic . live .
  162. News: Washington . Julie E. . November 29, 2009 . Ideastream partners WVIZ Channel 25 and WCPN 90.3 enjoy benefits of merger . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . live . November 30, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200704162446/https://www.cleveland.com/tv/2009/11/ideastream_partners_wviz_chann.html . July 4, 2020.
  163. News: Feran . Tom . October 14, 2000 . WVIZ, WCPN plan to merge . 1A . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194829/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F80DBF782DC67A6&f=basic . live .
  164. News: Feran . Tom . October 17, 2000 . Merger readies station for the future . 1E . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194825/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F80DBFA74C12D2B&f=basic . live .
  165. News: O'Connor . Clint . July 31, 2005 . Changes put strain on WCPN: Public radio station struggling to adjust to partnership with WVIZ . A1 . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 7, 2022 . NewsBank . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220214/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/10BB687FE4B01AE8&f=basic . live .
  166. News: Washington . Julie E. . February 19, 2011 . WCLV FM/104.9 Fits Right in at Idea Center in Cleveland . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . live . March 22, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110220083228/http://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2011/02/wclv_fm1049fits_right_in_at_id.html . February 20, 2011.
  167. News: Lewis . Zachary . September 25, 2012 . Cleveland's WCLV FM/104.9 planning switch to non-commercial format . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . live . September 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120929004534/http://www.cleveland.com/musicdance/index.ssf/2012/09/wclv_fm-1049_planning_switch_t.html . September 29, 2012.
  168. Web site: Litt . Steven . February 6, 2014 . CMHA, Cleveland State and ICA Art Conservation preserve WPA treasures from the Depression . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200721155625/https://www.cleveland.com/arts/2014/02/cmha_partners_with_ica_art_con.html . July 21, 2020 . July 21, 2020 . cleveland.com . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . en.
  169. Web site: Knowles . Dennis . October 30, 2014 . 90.3 WCPN Turns 30; Singer Vanessa Rubin; Downtown Cleveland Documentary . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200721155539/https://www.ideastream.org/programs/applause/903-wcpn-turns-30-singer-vanessa-rubin-downtown-cleveland-documentary . July 21, 2020 . July 21, 2020 . ideastream . en.
  170. News: Brown . Roger . January 22, 1997 . 15 things causing static this morning . 4F . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194826/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F80C4F64FABDCE5&f=basic . live .
  171. News: Brown . Roger . December 30, 1996 . 'The World' doing decent job with foreign news . 7D . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194826/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F808DA9EFC78649&f=basic . live .
  172. News: Hardis . Sondra J. . December 11, 1996 . Keeping a place for Nationalities on WCPN . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . 10B . subscription . May 8, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194831/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F808D9829838B73&f=basic . live .
  173. News: Miller . William F. . December 1, 1996 . Ethnic broadcasters oppose station's plans . 6B . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194833/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F808D8F33678834&f=basic . live .
  174. News: Marrison . Benjamin . Suddes . Thomas . May 29, 1997 . Senate budget requires ethnic format at WCPN . 1B . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194927/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F80C6A7EF74DAA4&f=basic . live .
  175. News: Miller . William F. . June 21, 1997 . Ethnic radio broadcasters sign contract with WCPN . 1B . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194840/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F80C7C018A43156&f=basic . live .
  176. News: Brown . Roger . August 10, 1998 . WCPN finds plenty of interest in Guthrie . 1E . The Plain Dealer . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194839/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F80D05A5CC08D13&f=basic . live .
  177. News: Brown . Roger . July 21, 1996 . Classy voice of jazz: WCPN's Dee Perry is not standing still . 2J . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194839/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F808D0A56A54C34&f=basic . live .
  178. News: Crump . Sarah . October 23, 1998 . Familiar Romans at the Allen . 7B . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194840/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/0F80D0B101DE5111&f=basic . live .
  179. News: Dawidziak . Mark . June 27, 2013 . WCPN changing lineup, adding 'Here & Now' and turning 'Around Noon' into 'The Sound of Applause' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . May 8, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194840/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/147389C1F5082FE8&f=basic . live .
  180. News: Washington . Julie E. . September 15, 2006 . Arts & Entertainment Weblog: New host on WCPN midmorning show . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 6, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194841/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/11452CE324622DB0&f=basic . live .
  181. News: Washington . Julie E. . July 1, 2006 . WCPN is adding 9 shows to schedule . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . E6 . subscription . May 8, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194844/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/1129D2AA56BA9A80&f=basic . live .
  182. Web site: Paterson . Rob . August 26, 2006 . Kit Jensen on Public Radio – Trusted Space . July 6, 2022 . Rob's Thoughts . June 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210612114951/https://smartpei.typepad.com/robs_thoughts/2006/08/kit_jensen_on_p.html . live .
  183. News: Heldenfels . Rich . July 22, 2013 . WKSU shakes up on-air lineup . B1, B3 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . live . April 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220414044355/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99710236/wksu-shakes-up-on-air-lineup/ . April 14, 2022 . Newspapers.com.
  184. News: Petkovic . John . August 21, 2016 . Radio's Perry to trade listening for doing . D1 . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 7, 2022 . NewsBank . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220216/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/15EF3E75A4DCC098&f=basic . live .
  185. Web site: Zaleski . Annie . August 14, 2017 . Morning Star: Amy Eddings Returns To The Airwaves . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220414044357/https://clevelandmagazine.com/in-the-cle/people/articles/morning-star-amy-eddings-returns-to-the-airwaves . April 14, 2022 . April 13, 2022 . . en.
  186. Web site: William . Logan . May 10, 2022 . WKSU's Amy Eddings, a Brunswick High School alum, is a lifetime learner . July 3, 2022 . medina-gazette.com . Medina Gazette . Medina, Ohio . en . July 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220703181538/https://medina-gazette.com/news/301911/wksus-amy-eddings-a-brunswick-high-school-alum-is-a-lifetime-learner/ . live .
  187. Web site: Segall . Grant . October 4, 2018 . Amy Eddings hosts WCPN's Morning Edition and co-produces Ideastream's Downtowner: My Cleveland . July 7, 2022 . cleveland.com . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . en . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220213/https://www.cleveland.com/life-and-culture/erry-2018/10/aae60ba8fe3254/amy-eddings-hosts-wcpns-mornin.html . live .
  188. News: Bamforth . Emily . March 11, 2018 . 'Barukhzy' spells success for Westlake 8th-grader Danilova . B2 . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 7, 2022 . NewsBank . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220216/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/16A974BE404CEB68&f=basic . live .
  189. Web site: July 24, 2019 . The Plain Dealer Investigations Team . subscription . live . July 7, 2022 . cleveland.com . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . NewsBank . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220215/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/174E3DF2D0261FF0&f=basic .
  190. News: Morona . Joey . April 27, 2018 . Ideastream's Rick Jackson is the new host of 'Academic Challenge' on WEWS Ch. 5 . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 7, 2022 . NewsBank . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220216/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/16B8EEC3F1DF6520&f=basic . live .
  191. News: Dawidziak . Mark . September 15, 2013 . 'Ideas' replacing 'Feagler' on WVIZ . D6 . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . subscription . July 7, 2022 . NewsBank . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220216/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/148D5A7AC1C7D368&f=basic . live .
  192. News: January 10, 2015 . WCPN ethnic shows are changing it up . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . A4 . subscription . May 8, 2022 . NewsBank . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194840/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/152C5D7A75592A60&f=basic . live .
  193. ideastream Celebrates 20th Anniversary with Rebrand and Renewed Vision to Strengthen the Community; Becomes Ideastream Public Media . June 15, 2021 . Ideastream . Cleveland, Ohio . Andrus . Calle . Vaselaney . Stacey . June 26, 2022 . June 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220627003641/https://wcpn.ideastream.org/about/press-releases/ideastream-celebrates-20th-anniversary-with-rebrand-and-renewed-vision-to-strengthen-the-community-becomes-ideastream-public . live.
  194. Web site: Lieszkovszky . Ida . September 15, 2021 . WKSU And Ideastream Public Media Enter Into Merger Agreement . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210916120717/https://www.ideastream.org/news/wksu-and-ideastream-public-media-enter-into-merger-agreement . September 16, 2021 . September 19, 2021 . Ideastream Public Media . ideastream . en . Neither Ideastream Public Media or WKSU management were involved in the reporting or editing of this story, nor did they review it before publication. Ida Lieszkovszky is a freelance reporter working in Northeast Ohio. This story was reviewed by an editor outside both organizations..
  195. Web site: Venta . Lance . September 15, 2021 . Ideastream To Begin Operating WKSU; Swap Frequencies Of WCPN & WCLV Cleveland . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210916200229/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/212656/kent-state-university-to-vote-on-wksu-operating-agreement-with-ideastream/ . September 16, 2021 . September 19, 2021 . RadioInsight . en-US . RadioBB.
  196. Web site: Marotta . Eric . September 14, 2021 . WKSU-Ideastream WCPN merger: Kent State board of trustees to vote on management agreement . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211204135526/https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/2021/09/14/wksu-ideastream-wcpn-merger-kent-state-university-trustees-considering-management-agreement/8326363002/ . December 4, 2021 . September 19, 2021 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . en-US.
  197. Web site: Marotta . Eric . September 9, 2021 . Are public radio stations WKSU and WCPN planning to merge? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211204142936/https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/2021/09/09/public-radio-stations-wksu-and-wcpn-considering-merger-sources-say/5756322001/ . December 4, 2021 . September 19, 2021 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio . en-US.
  198. Web site: Venta . Lance . February 25, 2022 . Ideastream Sets Cleveland Public Radio Frequency Change Date . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220225133046/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/220460/ideastream-sets-cleveland-public-radio-frequency-change-date/ . February 25, 2022 . February 25, 2022 . RadioInsight . en-US.
  199. Web site: Gaetjens . Bob . September 15, 2021 . WKSU expected to merge with Cleveland's Ideastream by Oct. 1 following Kent State trustees approval . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210917144806/https://www.record-courier.com/story/news/education/campus/2021/09/15/wksu-89-7-fm-merge-operation-ideastream-kent-state-university-90-3-fm-104-9-fm/8345698002/ . September 17, 2021 . September 19, 2021 . Record-Courier . Kent, Ohio . en-US.
  200. Web site: Allard . Sam . March 17, 2022 . Here Are Your Daily Hosts for the Newly Merged WCPN and WKSU on 89.7 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220414044356/https://www.clevescene.com/news/here-are-your-daily-hosts-for-the-newly-merged-wcpn-and-wksu-on-897-38565722 . April 14, 2022 . April 13, 2022 . . en.
  201. Web site: Morona . Joey . September 15, 2021 . WKSU, WCPN deal approved by Kent State, combined NPR station to operate at 89.7 FM starting in 2022 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210917172321/https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2021/09/wksu-wcpn-deal-approved-by-kent-state-combined-npr-station-to-operate-at-897-fm-starting-in-2022.html . September 17, 2021 . September 19, 2021 . cleveland.com . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . en.
  202. Web site: September 14, 2021. Ideastream Public Media & WKSU: Frequently Asked Questions. live. September 19, 2021. Ideastream Public Media. ideastream. en. December 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211217224830/https://www.ideastream.org/ideastream-public-media-wksu-frequently-asked-questions.
  203. Web site: Lewis . Zachary . December 11, 2021 . Classical music, WCLV take up key roles in public radio merger . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211229025701/https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2021/12/classical-music-wclv-take-up-key-roles-in-public-radio-merger.html . December 29, 2021 . March 28, 2022 . cleveland.com . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . en.
  204. News: Hardy . Pam . October 31, 2012 . WCLV classical radio's Robert Conrad honored for 'great idea' by ideastream at station's 50th anniversary . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . live . subscription . December 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221209215257/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/1424B436D42C0060&f=basic . December 9, 2022 . NewsBank.
  205. Web site: Gerber . Jacqueline . November 1, 2022 . WCLV Observes 60 Years on the Air Nov. 1 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221130033016/https://wclv.ideastream.org/wclv/wclv-observes-60-years-on-the-air-nov-1 . November 30, 2022 . November 29, 2022 . WCLV . Cleveland, Ohio . en.
  206. News: Carnegie . Jim . October 22, 2004 . 40 years, same sponsor . 21 . RBR's Daily Morning Epaper . Radio Business Report . 207 . live . December 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20041207174009/https://www.rbr.com/epaper/issue207-04-hill.html . December 7, 2004.
  207. Web site: Segall . Grant . January 15, 2020 . Robert Conrad has led WCLV since 1962: My Cleveland . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220721025506/https://www.cleveland.com/life-and-culture/j66j-2020/01/5e36d04ec95683/robert-conrad-has-led-wclv-since-1962-my-cleveland.html . July 21, 2022 . December 25, 2022 . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland, Ohio . en.
  208. Web site: WCLV Schedule . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221130034140/https://www.ideastream.org/schedule/wclv . November 30, 2022 . November 29, 2022 . Ideastream Public Media . Cleveland, Ohio.
  209. Web site: March 14, 2022 . New Program Schedules Coming March 28 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220627005100/https://www.ideastream.org/new-program-schedules-coming-march-28 . June 27, 2022 . March 28, 2022 . Ideastream Public Media . Cleveland, Ohio . en.
  210. Web site: September 26, 2012 . Classical WCLV Going Noncommercial . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190306113039/https://www.ohio.com/article/20120926/NEWS/309269121 . March 6, 2019 . March 4, 2019 . Akron Beacon Journal . Akron, Ohio.
  211. Web site: Eakin . Cynthia Schuster . December 26, 2019 . Musical Theater Project's 'Kids Love Musicals' reaches 9,000 area students . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200114172818/https://www.currentsneo.com/musical-theater-projects-kids-love-musicals-reaches-9000-area-students/ . January 14, 2020 . December 9, 2022 . Currents . en . Chagrin Falls, Ohio.
  212. Web site: Maziasz . Drew . February 23, 2024 . Ideastream Public Media's music streaming service JazzNEO readies for launch . February 25, 2024 . Ideastream Public Media.
  213. Web site: How to Access Ideastream Public Media Broadcasts . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221213172908/https://www.ideastream.org/how-to-access-ideastream-public-media-broadcasts . December 13, 2022 . December 18, 2022 . Ideastream Public Media . Cleveland, Ohio . en.
  214. Web site: RabbitEars TV Query for WVIZ . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160314213325/http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=WVIZ . March 14, 2016 . March 25, 2022 . RabbitEars.Info.

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