| William Keeler | |
| Office: | Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation |
| Term Start: | 1949 |
| Term End: | 1975 |
| Predecessor: | J. B. Milam |
| Successor: | Ross Swimmer |
| Birth Name: | William Wayne Keeler |
| Birth Date: | 5 April 1908 |
| Birth Place: | Dalhart, Texas, U.S. |
| Death Place: | Bartlesville, Oklahoma, U.S. |
| Spouse: | Ruby Hamilton |
| Education: | University of Kansas (BS) |
William Wayne Keeler (April 5, 1908 – August 24, 1987) was an American engineer, oilman, and tribal chief. He was the last appointed and first elected Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation in the 20th century. Educated as a chemical engineer, he worked for Phillips Petroleum Company, where he became chief executive officer at the end of a long career with the company. Throughout his life he also worked in the federal government for the advancement of Indians. President Truman appointed him as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma in 1949. He also served as chairman for the executive committee of the Texas Cherokees and Associate Bands from 1939 until 1972. In 1971, he became the Cherokees' first elected chief since 1903.[1]
Keeler created tribal institutions such as the Cherokee Nation Builders Corporation and a national Cherokee newspaper. He helped establish the Cherokee Foundation and attain $14 million from the federal government over a land dispute. He led the drafting of a new Cherokee constitution in 1975.[1]
Both of Bill Keeler's paternal and maternal grandfathers, George B. Keeler and Nelson F. Carr, were white men who had settled in Cherokee territory and married Cherokee women. They were notable for their roles in founding the community that is now Bartlesville, Oklahoma. Carr owned the sawmill and grist mill in town. George Keeler was one of the men involved in drilling the first oil well in what would become the state of Oklahoma.[2]
Bill Keeler's parents were William and Sarah Louisa Carr, both of whom were of Cherokee descent. William was a stockman who had traveled from Bartlesville to the Texas Panhandle in 1908 to buy cattle. Sarah was then expecting her fourth child, but decided to accompany her husband. She delivered their first son in Dalhart. Only two of their children survived to adulthood: Bill and a sister, Blanche. Young Bill attended Bartlesville public schools. During high school and college, he spent his summers working on construction sites for Phillips Petroleum Company.[3] In 1924, Blanche married Kenneth S. "Boots" Adams, who would later become president of Phillips Petroleum Corporation. The couple divorced in 1945.[4]
Keeler was born into the Long Hair Clan of the Cherokee. He moved to Bartlesville, Oklahoma as a child and lived with his grandmother due to his mother's ill health. She instilled into him "Indian ways" and Cherokee principles of morality. His mother eventually returned and attempted to raise him with white principles and pushed for him to assimilate. The starkly contrasting influences from his mother and grandmother conflicted Keeler in his early life, but he ultimately successfully assimilated into white society. He began working part-time for Phillips Petroleum on various construction sites at age sixteen while still in high school, and continued during the summers while attending college. Keeler graduated from the University of Kansas with a degree in chemical engineering in 1930.[1]
Keeler accepted a full-time engineering position at Phillips' Kansas City, Kansas Refinery even before he graduated. While living there, he met Ruby Lucille Hamilton, who had graduated from the nursing school at Trinity Lutheran Hospital in Kansas City, Missouri. The couple married in Kansas City on September 15, 1933. They remained in Kansas City, where their first two sons were born, until 1939, when he transferred to the Phillips refinery in Borger, Texas as chief chemist. The family moved back to Bartlesville in 1941, where their youngest son was born.[3] During World War II, he supervised the construction of a new refinery Phillips built in Mexico. After the end of the war, he was promoted to manager of Phillips' refining department in Bartlesville.[1] Keeler's work with Phillips Petroleum was quite a step forward for Indians of the time. He managed to climb through the ranks of a white-owned company despite being a Cherokee Indian. After working for nearly half a century with Philips Petroleum, he rose to CEO of the company in 1968 until he was forced to retire in 1973 due to reaching the company's mandatory retirement age.[3] His success with Phillips Petroleum drew the attention of the federal government and displayed him as a leader who could be appointed to higher positions. Keeler was quoted as saying "easterners... are aghast" at finding he was Indian due to his success in the oil industry.[5]
In 1948 he was selected as vice chairman of the tribe's executive committee. Both the Cherokee National Council and the Oklahoma congressional delegation recommended that President Truman appoint Keeler as Chief in 1949, following the death of the previous principal chief, J. B. Milam.[3] Keeler continued to build on the Milam model, and would remain in the chief position until 1975, having been reappointed by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon.[6] During a period from 1945 to 1972 he also served as chairman of the executive committee of the Texas Cherokees and Associate Bands and was instrumental in getting the 1836 Treaty of Bowles Village brought before the Indian Claims Commission. He resigned that post in 1972.[7] Under President Johnson's Administration, Keeler was appointed as a member of the National Advisory Committee for the War on Poverty Program and was put on the President's Committee on Economic Opportunity.[7] Alaskan Governor Walter Hickel appointed Keeler chairman of a task force to find ways to improve utilization of native labor.[7] Also under President Johnson, the Secretary of the Interior, Stewart Udall, appointed Keeler to head a group to with the focus of reorganizing the Bureau of Indian Affairs.[7]
Keeler's success in the oil industry and work with the federal government coincided with his older, more conservative upbringing. Clyde Warrior, an Indian activist during the 1960, once mockingly described him as "a little brown American."[8]
Some consider Keeler to be the most influential person to the Cherokee nation aside from John Ross, who battled the removal of Indians and fought against the "Trail of Tears."