Vulcanisaeta Explained

In taxonomy, Vulcanisaeta is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae.

Description and significance

Vulcanisaeta is an anaerobic, heterotrophic, hyperthermophilic archaeon that grows optimally at 85–90 °C and at pH 4.0–4.5. The organism is isolated from samples collected directly from solfataric fields or piped hot spring water in eastern Japan.

Genome structure

Several Vulcanisaeta genomes have been sequenced, see List of sequenced archaeal genomes. The G + C content of its DNA, which is between 44 and 46%, is predicted to be relatively lower than other members of the Thermoproteaceae genera.

Cell structure and metabolism

The cells of Vulcanisaeta are straight to slightly curved rods, which range from 0.4 to 0.6 μm in width. In some cases, the cells are branched or bear spherical bodies at the terminals. The archaeon utilizes maltose, starch, malate, yeast extract, peptone, beef extract, casamino acids and gelatin as carbon sources, cannot utilize D-arabinose, D-fructose, lactose, sucrose, D-xylose, acetate, butyrate, formate, fumarate, propionate, pyruvate, succinate, methanol, formamide, methylamine or trimethylamine. As electron acceptors, the organism uses sulfur and thiosulfate. Unlike some other genetically similar archaea such as Thermocladium or Caldivirga, Vulcanisaeta grows in the absence of vitamin mixture or archaeal cell-extract solution in the medium.

Ecology

Strains of Vulcanisaeta were found in hot spring areas in Japan. Despite the organisms being the most common rod-shaped crenarchaeote among isolates from hot springs in Japan, it has not isolated from other countries. This contrasts with the genera Thermoproteus and Pyrobaculum, which are distributed worldwide, including the Azores, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the Philippines, Russia, and the United States. Therefore, it is possible that the genus Vulcanisaeta has a restricted distribution that includes Japan.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) ^[1] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)^[2]

See also

• List of Archaea genera

Further reading

• The distribution, diversity and function of predominant Thermoproteales in high-temperature environments of Yellowstone National Park. . Jay ZJ . JP. Beam . MA. Kozubal . Rdem Jennings . DB. Rusch . Inskeep WP . amp . Environmental Microbiology . December 2016 . 18 . 12 . 27130276 . 10.1111/1462-2920.13366 . 4755–4769. free .
• The distribution, diversity, and importance of 16S rRNA gene introns in the order Thermoproteales. . Jay ZJ, Inskeep WP . amp . Biology Direct . July 2015 . 10 . 35 . 35 . 26156036 . 10.1186/s13062-015-0065-6 . 4496867 . free .
• Mavromatis. Konstantinos. Complete genome sequence of Vulcanisaeta distributa type strain (IC-017(T)). Standards in Genomic Sciences. 2010. 3. 2. 117–125. 10.4056/sigs.1113067. 21304741. 3035369.
• Itoh T . Suzuki K . Nakase T . 2002 . Vulcanisaeta distributa gen. nov., sp. nov., and Vulcanisaeta souniana sp. nov., hyperthermophilic, rod-shaped crenarchaeotes isolated from hot springs in Japan . Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. . 52 . 1097–1104 . 12148613 . 10.1099/ijs.0.02152-0 . Pt 4.
• Burggraf S . Huber H . Stetter KO . 1997 . Reclassification of the crenarchael orders and families in accordance with 16S rRNA sequence data . Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. . 47 . 657–660 . 9226896 . 10.1099/00207713-47-3-657 . 3. free .
• Zillig W . Stetter KO . Schafer W . Janekovic D . Wunderl S . Holz I . Palm P . 1981 . Thermoproteales: a novel type of extremely thermoacidophilic anaerobic archaebacteria isolated from Icelandic solfataras . Zentralbl. Mikrobiol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. 1 Orig. . C2 . 205–227 .

Notes and References

1. Web site: J.P. Euzéby . Vulcanisaeta . 2023-06-10 . List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN).
2. Web site: Sayers. etal. Vulcanisaeta . 2023-06-10 . National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database.
3. Web site: The LTP . 10 May 2023.
4. Web site: LTP_all tree in newick format. 10 May 2023.
5. Web site: LTP_06_2022 Release Notes. 10 May 2023.
6. Web site: GTDB release 08-RS214 . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.
7. Web site: ar53_r214.sp_label . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.
8. Web site: Taxon History . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.